郭升?,
马德帝
西北农林科技大学资源环境学院 杨凌 712100
基金项目: 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目2017JM4012
陕西省科技统筹创新工程计划项目2016KTZDNY03-06
国家自然科学基金项目41201279
详细信息
通讯作者:蒋锐, 主要从事流域与农田氮迁移过程与机制、面源污染研究。E-mail: jiangrui@nwsuaf.edu.cn
?同等贡献者中图分类号:S153.6+2
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收稿日期:2017-08-23
录用日期:2017-10-28
刊出日期:2018-03-01
Review of plastic film mulching system and its impact on soil ecological envi-ronment in China's rainfed drylands
JIANG Rui?,,,GUO Sheng?,
MA Dedi
College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
Funds: the Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province of China2017JM4012
the Science and Technology for Co-ordination and Innovation Project of Shaanxi Province, China2016KTZDNY03-06
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41201279
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Corresponding author:JIANG Rui, E-mail: jiangrui@nwsuaf.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:覆膜技术作为一项有效提高粮食产量的重要手段，在中国西北地区雨养农业中得到广泛的推广应用。本文综述了地膜覆盖体系关于作物产量、土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤养分转化和迁移以及微生物数量和活性等方面的研究进展，以期为旱地雨养农业发展和完善覆膜技术体系提供理论支撑。研究表明：玉米、小麦和马铃薯覆膜处理增产显著，其平均增产率分别为26.2%、37.1%和29.8%；同时，增产受到覆膜方式影响，全覆膜处理增产效果最好，其玉米、小麦和马铃薯平均产量分别比半覆膜处理高30.0%、5.1%和26.4%。覆膜下玉米、小麦与马铃薯的水分利用效率分别比不覆膜处理高42.8%、10.9%和92.8%。覆膜处理影响硝酸盐在土体的空间分布，硝酸盐在膜下出现表聚现象；同时覆膜能够提高氮肥利用效率，减少氮素淋溶损失，降低氨挥发。但关于覆膜下反硝化过程的研究结论不一，还需进一步深入的探讨。覆膜对有机碳的影响与气候、土壤、作物、覆膜年限等有关，其研究结论尚有争议。另外，覆膜增加了农田土壤微生物量，改变土壤物理性状。尽管覆膜显著提高作物产量，其对生态环境却可能存在一定的影响，比如"奢侈耗水"现象，温室气体排放增加，土壤有机质耗竭，农膜残留等问题。因此，进一步系统研究覆膜对土壤生态环境的影响机理，完善覆膜技术体系与应用，全面评估覆膜体系的生态环境影响，对其在中国干旱地区农业生产的可持续发展具有重要意义。
关键词:地膜覆盖/
作物产量/
土壤环境/
养分利用效率/
水分利用效率/
养分迁移转化/
西北地区
Abstract:Plastic film mulching, as an important and effective cultivation mode that improves grain yield, has been widely used in rainfed agricultural areas in Northwest China. This study reviewed crop yield, soil moisture content, soil temperature, soil nutrient transformation and transport, and microbial population and activity under plastic film mulching conditions. The review was designed to provide theoretical support for improving plastic film mulching system in China's rainfed dry regions. Researches results showed that maize, wheat and potato increased yields significantly under plastic film mulching compared to no mulching condition. Yield increase was influenced by plastic film cover mode, with an average increase rate of 26.2%, 37.1% and 29.8%, respectively. Full-film mulching most significantly increased crop yield. Average yields of maize, wheat and potato were respectively 30.0%, 5.1% and 26.4% higher than ridge and furrow system with ridge mulching. Water use efficiencies of maize, wheat and potato under film mulching increased respectively by 42.8%, 10.9% and 92.8% over no mulching. Film mulching influenced vertical distribution of nitrate in the soil profile, with nitrate accumulation in the topsoil layer under plastic film mulching. Also film mulching improved nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, and reduced nitrogen leaching and ammonia volatilization. However, there were some different conclusions on denitrification under film mulching system, which required further studies. The influence of film mulching on organic carbon was related to climate, soil, crop and mulching time, which meant that the results were not consistent. In addition, film mulching increased farmland soil microbial biomass and changed soil physical properties. Although film mulching significantly improved crop yields, it certainly affected the ecological environment via such processes as "extravagant water deprivation", increased greenhouse gas emission, soil organic matter exhaustion, mulch film residues, etc. Thus further systematic research on the controlling mechanisms, improvement strategies of film mulching technology and comprehensive evaluation of the effect of film mulching system on ecological environment needed urgent attention for sustainable development of agricultural production in China's arid areas.
Key words:Plastic film mulching/
Crop yield/
Soil environment/
Nutrient use efficiency/
Water use efficiency/
Nutrient transport and transformation/
Northwest China
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图1不同覆膜方式相对于不覆膜处理的作物增产率
玉米、小麦和马铃薯的样本量分别为36、40和43。箱线图边线为25%和75%数据范围, 中线为中位数, "□"为平均数, 箱图上下"×"为异常值边界; 采用F检验判断显著性差异, *和**分别表示在0.05、0.01水平上差异显著。
Figure1.Yield increase rates of different crops under different plastic film mulching methods compared with no mulching
Samples numbers of maize, wheat and potato are 36, 40 and 43, respectively. The boundary lines of boxplot are 25% and 75% of the data range. The center lines are the medians, "□" shows average, and "×" shows the abnormal value. Using F test to determine significant difference. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.
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图2不同覆膜方式下相对于不覆膜处理作物生育期缩短时间的差异
玉米、小麦和马铃薯的样本量分别为22、13和22。箱线图边线为25%和75%数据范围, 中线为中位数, "□"为平均数, 箱图上下"×"为异常值边界; 采用F检验判断显著性差异, *表示在0.05水平上差异显著。
Figure2.Differences in shortening of growth period of crops under different mulching methods compared with no mulching
Samples numbers of maize, wheat and potato are 22, 13 and 22, respectively. The boundary lines of boxplot are 25% and 75% of the data range. The center lines are the medians, "□" shows average, and "×" shows the abnormal value. Using F test to determine significant difference. * means significant differences at 0.05 probability level.
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图3覆膜处理对作物产量的影响
玉米、小麦和马铃薯的样本量分别为45、39和51。箱线图边线为25%和75%数据范围, 中线为中位数, "□"为平均数, 箱图上下"×"为异常值边界; 采用F检验判断显著性差异, **表示在0.01水平上差异显著。
Figure3.Effect of plastic film mulching on crop yield
Samples numbers of maize, wheat and potato are 45, 39 and 51, respectively. The boundary lines of boxplot are 25% and 75% of the data range. The center lines are the medians, "□" shows average, and "×" shows the abnormal value. Using F test to determine significant difference. ** means significant differences at 0.01 probability level.
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图4覆膜对作物总耗水量(a)和水分利用效率(b)的影响
玉米、小麦和马铃薯的样本量分别为13、9和7。箱线图边线为25%和75%数据范围, 中线为中位数, "□"为平均数, 箱图上下"×"为异常值边界。
Figure4.Effect of plastic film mulching on total water consumption of crops
Samples numbers of maize, wheat and potato are 13, 9 and 7, respectively. The boundary lines of boxplot are 25% and 75% of the data range. The center lines are the medians, "□" shows average, and "×" shows the abnormal value.
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