毛海兰^1,,
王俊^{1, 2,,},
付鑫¹,
李蓉蓉¹,
赵丹丹¹
1.西北大学城市与环境学院 西安 710127
2.西北大学陕西省地表系统与环境承载力重点实验室 西安 710127
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目31570440

详细信息

作者简介:毛海兰, 主要从事农田土壤碳氮研究。E-mail: maohl0414@163.com

通讯作者:王俊, 主要从事农田生态学研究。E-mail: wangj@nwu.edu.cn

中图分类号:S153.6+2

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出版历程

收稿日期:2017-06-30
录用日期:2017-10-17
刊出日期:2018-03-01

Seasonal dynamics of soil organic carbon fractions under straw and plastic film mulching of spring maize

MAO Hailan^1,,
WANG Jun^{1, 2,,},
FU Xin¹,
LI Rongrong¹,
ZHAO Dandan¹
1. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
2. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an 710127, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31570440

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Corresponding author:WANG Jun, E-mail: wangj@nwu.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:基于黄土高原8 a的春玉米覆盖定位试验，研究了秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在可矿化碳及颗粒有机碳在作物不同生育期的季节变化特征，探讨旱作农田不同碳组分对地表覆盖的响应规律。结果表明：1）秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤有机碳及其各组分含量在玉米生长期间总体呈苗期下降、拔节期上升、大喇叭口-抽雄期下降、灌浆和收获期回升的变化趋势。2）与不覆盖对照相比，秸秆覆盖在大部分作物生育期均显著提高了土壤有机碳各组分含量，有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳；而地膜覆盖在作物生育后期导致土壤有机碳及各组分含量显著下降。3）秸秆覆盖下表层土壤颗粒有机碳对总有机碳变化具有重要贡献，地膜覆盖后土壤有机碳变化可能主要来自于潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳，而土壤微生物量碳相对含量在不同处理间差异不大。4）对照和地膜覆盖处理土壤潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳的相对含量在大喇叭口-抽雄期均有显著下降，而秸秆覆盖下两种组分的相对含量则保持平稳，表明秸秆覆盖对生育后期土壤潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳有重要的补给作用。总之，黄土高原的春玉米田秸秆覆盖具有明显的提升土壤有机碳及组分含量的作用，地膜覆盖则无明显效果，且在春玉米生育后期降低了土壤总有机碳及各组分的含量。
关键词:秸秆覆盖/
地膜覆盖/
土壤有机碳/
碳组分/
春玉米/
生育期
Abstract:It is important to investigate soil microbial biomass carbon, potential mineralized carbon and particulate organic carbon under different tillage patterns, mulching methods and fertilization regimes for evaluation of soil carbon pool change due to agricultural management. Based on a long-term mulching experiment in dry highland of the Losses Plateau, this study investigated dynamic changes of soil organic carbon at different crop growth stages under straw and plastic film mulching conditions. The aim of the study was to explore seasonal responses of soil organic carbon and its fractions to surface mulching and deepen the understanding of soil carbon cycle in dry farmland. The data were collected from the 8 years experiment with the treatments of straw mulching, plastic film mulching and no mulching (CK) at pre-sowing, seeding, jointing, belling-heading, filling and harvest stages of spring maize. The seasonal dynamics of soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, potential mineralized carbon and particulate organic carbon in 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers were determined. The results showed that:1) the contents of soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, potential mineralized carbon and particulate organic carbon showed a tendency of decreasing at seedling stage, increasing at jointing stage, decreasing again at belling-heading stage and recovering at filling and harvest stages. 2) Compared with the CK, straw mulching effectively increased the contents of soil organic carbon and its fractions at most growth stages of spring maize, which improved soil fertility and enhanced carbon sequestration. Plastic film mulching did not show significant effects at the early growth stages, but decreased soil organic carbon and its fractions contents at the later stages of spring maize. 3) The ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon did not change with growth stages among treatments. However, particulate organic carbon in 0-10 cm under straw mulching was significantly higher than that under CK and plastic film mulching treatments, indicating that it hugely contributed to the dynamics of soil organic carbon in the topsoil layer under straw mulching treatment. The dynamics of soil organic carbon under plastic film mulching were mainly attributed to changes in particulate organic carbon and potential mineralized carbon. 4) The proportions of potential mineralized carbon and particulate organic carbon decreased at belling-filling stage with plastic film mulching or without any form of mulching, but did not change throughout the growing season with straw mulching. This indicated that straw mulching recharged soil potential mineralized carbon and particulate organic carbon during later growth stages. In conclusion, straw mulching of spring maize in the Loess Plateau significantly increased soil organic carbon and its fractions contents with obvious seasonal variations, while plastic film mulching showed decreasing effect at later growth stages of spring maize.
Key words:Straw mulching/
Plastic film mulching/
Soil organic carbon/
Organic carbon fractions/
Spring maize/
Growing stage

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图12016年春玉米生育期内降水及气温分布
Figure1.Precipitation and temperature during the growing season of spring maize in the investigation year of 2016


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表1试验布设前试验地0~40 cm土壤基本化学性质
Table1.Soil chemical properties at 0-40 cm depths before the experiment

土层 Soil layer (cm)	有机碳 Organic carbon (g·kg-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1)	pH
0~10	8.73	0.81	5.4	139.9	8.18
10~20	8.32	0.73	3.6	119.4	8.17
20~40	6.28	0.58	1.6	122.0	8.24

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表2长期不同地表覆盖下春玉米不同生育期土壤有机碳含量动态
Table2.Soil organic carbon contents under long term different mulching treatments at different growth stages of spring maize

g·kg-1
土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	播前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口—抽雄期 Belling-heading stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	收获期 Harvest stage
0~10	CK	10.40±0.39bA	10.14±0.44bA	10.63±0.25bA	10.00±0.02bA	10.08±0.11bA	10.13±0.08bA
	SM	11.28±0.44aAB	10.82±0.21aBC	11.42±0.37aA	10.52±0.15aC	10.58±0.04aC	11.33±0.29aAB
	PM	10.26±0.33bA	9.81±0.07bA	10.18±0.17bA	9.86±0.20bA	9.91±0.05cA	10.03±0.13bA
10~20	CK	9.84±0.15bA	9.44±0.22bA	9.84±0.21bA	9.46±0.04aA	9.84±0.16bA	9.72±0.29bA
	SM	10.44±0.25aAB	10.24±0.45aAB	10.31±0.16aAB	9.52±0.04aC	10.16±0.05aB	10.67±0.28aA
	PM	9.72±0.13bAB	9.41±0.10bB	9.81±0.08bA	8.98±0.08bC	9.48±0.11cAB	9.62±0.43bAB
20~40	CK	8.71±0.17aA	8.30±0.28bB	7.55±0.12bC	7.27±0.05bC	7.41±0.21bC	8.65±0.21aA
	SM	8.74±0.41aAB	8.52±0.47aAB	8.10±0.14aBC	7.69±0.21aC	7.78±0.10aC	8.81±0.53aA
	PM	8.64±0.45aA	8.10±0.29bB	7.53±0.11bC	7.26±0.08bC	7.37±0.14bC	8.56±0.15aA
CK:不覆盖对照; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2覆盖秸秆; PM:地膜覆盖。同一土层、同列数据后不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05), 同一土层、同行数据后不同大写字母表示各生育期间差异显著(P＜0.05)。CK: no mulching; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2 straw mulching; PM: plastic film mulching. For the same soil layer and in the same column, different small letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among treatments. For the same soil layer and in the same row, different capital letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among growth stages.

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表3长期不同地表覆盖下春玉米不同生育期土壤微生物量碳含量动态
Table3.Soil microbial biomass carbon contents under long term different mulching treatments at different growth stages of spring maize

mg·kg-1
土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	播前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口—抽雄期 Belling-heading	灌浆期 Filling stage	收获期 Harvest stage
0~10	CK	316.59±33.51bA	283.51±32.28bA	317.88±15.51bA	306.87±34.22bA	285.55±11.28bA	309.71±14.46bA
	SM	339.66±26.76aAB	288.68±32.28aC	379.91±15.51aA	337.01±21.75aB	361.86±14.77aAB	373.52±11.89aAB
	PM	295.12±16.10bA	262.84±31.02bA	292.04±23.69bA	241.11±25.11bA	270.78±11.28cA	273.92±13.42bA
10~20	CK	295.12±32.20bA	226.65±58.71bAB	240.35±15.51bAB	186.32±57.73aB	246.16±11.28bAB	287.92±8.98bA
	SM	305.85±24.59aAB	242.16±32.28aBC	284.28±11.84aAB	191.79±62.24aC	322.47±45.12aA	350.18±23.77aA
	PM	267.76±13.75bA	211.15±39.02bA	235.18±8.95bA	186.32±50.22bA	228.93±14.77cA	239.68±14.46bA
20~40	CK	257.56±12.30aA	190.47±32.28bB	188.66±23.69bB	142.48±41.37bC	224.01±8.53bAB	254.20±11.88aA
	SM	262.93±12.30aAB	200.81±15.51aC	223.81±6.26aBC	153.44±52.84aD	228.93±14.77aBC	282.74±15.57aA
	PM	246.83±16.10aA	180.13±23.69bB	178.32±15.51bB	137.00±50.23bB	169.85±29.54bB	189.35±15.57aB
CK:不覆盖对照; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2覆盖秸秆; PM:地膜覆盖。同一土层、同列数据后不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05), 同一土层、同行数据后不同大写字母表示各生育期间差异显著(P＜0.05)。CK: no mulching; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2 straw mulching; PM: plastic film mulching. For the same soil layer and in the same column, different small letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among treatments. For the same soil layer and in the same row, different capital letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among growth stages.

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表4长期不同地表覆盖下春玉米不同生育期土壤微生物量碳相对含量动态
Table4.Proportions of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon under long term different mulching treatments at different

%
土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	播前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口—抽雄期 Belling-heading	灌浆期 Filling stage	收获期 Harvest stage
0~10	CK	3.04±0.21aA	2.81±0.44aA	2.99±0.08abA	3.07±0.34aA	2.83±0.11bA	3.06±0.45aA
	SM	3.02±0.27aAB	2.67±0.35aB	3.33±0.24aA	3.20±0.18aA	3.42±0.16aA	3.30±0.06aA
	PM	2.88±0.08aA	2.68±0.32aA	2.87±0.18bA	2.44±0.22bA	2.56±0.11bA	2.73±0.10bA
10~20	CK	3.00±0.29aA	2.41±0.67aA	2.44±0.11bA	1.97±0.61aA	2.50±0.15bA	2.96±0.10aA
	SM	2.93±0.26aAB	2.37±0.33aBC	2.76±0.14aAB	2.02±0.67aC	3.18±0.45aA	3.29±0.30aA
	PM	2.76±0.13aA	2.24±0.39aA	2.40±0.07bA	2.08±0.57aA	2.41±0.13bA	2.49±0.07bA
20~40	CK	2.96±0.19aAB	2.31±0.46aBC	2.50±0.29aABC	1.96±0.58aC	3.02±0.05aA	2.94±0.21aAB
	SM	3.02±0.27aAB	2.37±0.31aBC	2.68±0.05aAB	2.00±0.69aC	2.94±0.21aAB	3.22±0.35aA
	PM	2.86±0.08aA	2.22±0.25aA	2.37±0.23aA	1.89±0.71aA	2.31±0.45bA	2.21±0.16bA
CK:不覆盖对照; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2覆盖秸秆; PM:地膜覆盖。同一土层、同列数据后不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05), 同一土层、同行数据后不同大写字母表示各生育期间差异显著(P＜0.05)。CK: no mulching; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2 straw mulching; PM: plastic film mulching. For the same soil layer and in the same column, different small letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among treatments. For the same soil layer and in the same row, different capital letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among growth stages.

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表5长期不同地表覆盖下春玉米不同生育期土壤潜在可矿化碳含量动态
Table5.Soil potential mineralized carbon contents under long term different mulching treatments at different growth stages of spring maize

mg·kg-1
土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	播前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口—抽雄期 Belling-heading	灌浆期 Filling stage	收获期 Harvest stage
0~10	CK	271.04±6.64bB	257.71±9.99bB	292.45±12.72aA	229.17±13.48aC	225.46±18.14bC	225.46±6.64bC
	SM	287.10±3.30aAB	278.41±5.00aBC	305.16±22.93aA	256.13±6.70aC	279.70±18.14aB	289.27±4.88aAB
	PM	262.90±6.87bB	251.17±9.99bB	287.58±4.33aA	159.52±23.68bD	222.27±16.06bC	205.26±9.75cC
10~20	CK	227.70±3.30bB	205.40±9.98bC	247.95±6.36aA	188.73±9.98bD	206.11±4.60bC	207.38±6.38bC
	SM	264.00±6.60aA	232.64±8.22aB	273.38±19.08aA	233.66±8.22aB	244.61±8.03aB	266.51±4.10aA
	PM	227.04±10.80bAB	204.31±8.65bBC	243.71±19.42aA	144.91±8.65cD	201.64±3.55bBC	192.49±9.75cC
20~40	CK	204.60±6.60aA	136.75±2.29aC	171.66±6.36aB	121.32±13.48aD	134.21±9.58aCD	185.05±3.19bB
	SM	210.10±6.87aB	141.11±5.00aD	184.37±12.72aC	140.42±13.63aD	142.51±12.89aD	229.72±8.45aA
	PM	201.30±3.30aA	116.05±6.54bC	172.71±4.85aB	114.58±13.48aC	125.71±8.37aC	181.86±6.38bB
CK:不覆盖对照; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2覆盖秸秆; PM:地膜覆盖。同一土层、同列数据后不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05), 同一土层、同行数据后不同大写字母表示各生育期间差异显著(P＜0.05)。CK: no mulching; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2 straw mulching; PM: plastic film mulching. For the same soil layer and in the same column, different small letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among treatments. For the same soil layer and in the same row, different capital letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among growth stages.

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表6长期不同地表覆盖下春玉米不同生育期土壤潜在可矿化碳相对含量动态
Table6.Proportions of potential mineralized carbon to soil organic carbon under long term different mulching treatments at different growth stages of spring maize

%
土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	播前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口—抽雄期 Belling-heading	灌浆期 Filling stage	收获期 Harvest stage
0~10	CK	2.61±0.14aAB	2.54±0.01aB	2.75±0.08aA	2.29±0.14aC	2.24±0.16bC	2.23±0.05bC
	SM	2.55±0.13aA	2.57±0.08aA	2.67±0.18aA	2.44±0.10aA	2.64±0.16aA	2.55±0.02aA
	PM	2.56±0.08aB	2.56±0.09aB	2.83±0.07aA	1.61±0.21bD	2.24±0.16bC	2.05±0.08cC
10~20	CK	2.31±0.01bB	2.18±0.07aBC	2.52±0.09aA	2.00±0.15bD	2.09±0.02bCD	2.14±0.13bCD
	SM	2.53±0.04aAB	2.28±0.16aC	2.65±0.21aA	2.46±0.12aABC	2.41±0.09aBC	2.50±0.03aABC
	PM	2.34±0.09bAB	2.17±0.11aBC	2.48±0.22aA	1.61±0.23cD	2.13±0.03bBC	2.00±0.05bC
20~40	CK	2.35±0.08aAB	1.65±0.08aC	2.27±0.07aA	1.67±0.18aC	1.81±0.11aC	2.14±0.08bB
	SM	2.41±0.13aAB	1.66±0.04aC	2.28±0.17aB	1.83±0.17aC	1.83±0.15aC	2.61±0.16aA
	PM	2.33±0.10aA	1.44±0.13bC	2.29±0.06aA	1.58±0.17aBC	1.71±0.15aB	2.12±0.10bA
CK:不覆盖对照; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2覆盖秸秆; PM:地膜覆盖。同一土层、同列数据后不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05), 同一土层、同行数据后不同大写字母表示各生育期间差异显著(P＜0.05)。CK: no mulching; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2 straw mulching; PM: plastic film mulching. For the same soil layer and in the same column, different small letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among treatments. For the same soil layer and in the same row, different capital letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among growth stages.

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表7长期不同地表覆盖下春玉米不同生育期土壤颗粒有机碳含量动态
Table7.Soil particulate organic carbon contents under long term different mulching treatments at different growth stages of spring maize

g·kg-1
土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	播前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口—抽雄期 Belling-heading	灌浆期 Filling stage	收获期 Harvest stage
0~10	CK	1.88±0.03bA	1.77±0.04bAB	1.81±0.04bAB	1.31±0.12bD	1.48±0.12bC	1.67±0.15bB
	SM	2.66±0.11aA	2.31±0.10aBC	2.44±0.09aB	1.88±0.09aD	2.23±0.11aC	2.70±0.11aA
	PM	1.85±0.06bA	1.71±0.06bB	1.76±0.02bAB	1.10±0.05cE	1.43±0.03bD	1.56±0.13bC
10~20	CK	1.61±0.05aA	1.25±0.07bC	1.50±0.10bAB	1.04±0.15bD	1.40±0.10bBC	1.45±0.07bAB
	SM	1.79±0.15aA	1.70±0.14aA	1.74±0.04aA	1.65±0.04aA	1.75±0.05aA	1.87±0.12aA
	PM	1.41±0.06bA	1.22±0.04bB	1.39±0.08bA	0.90±0.07bC	1.17±0.11cB	1.40±0.02bA
20~40	CK	1.18±0.07aA	1.02±0.06aBC	1.08±0.05bB	0.72±0.06bD	0.78±0.05bD	0.95±0.04bC
	SM	1.30±0.17aAB	1.10±0.04aABC	1.16±0.04aABC	0.94±0.11aC	1.04±0.13aBC	1.36±0.27aA
	PM	1.16±0.11aA	1.01±0.04aB	0.95±0.02cB	0.70±0.04bC	0.75±0.11bC	0.91±0.08bB
CK:不覆盖对照; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2覆盖秸秆; PM:地膜覆盖。同一土层、同列数据后不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05), 同一土层、同行数据后不同大写字母表示各生育期间差异显著(P＜0.05)。CK: no mulching; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2 straw mulching; PM: plastic film mulching. For the same soil layer and in the same column, different small letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among treatments. For the same soil layer and in the same row, different capital letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among growth stages

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表8长期不同地表覆盖下春玉米不同生育期土壤颗粒有机碳相对含量动态
Table8.Proportions of particulate organic carbon to soil organic carbon under long term different mulching treatments at different growth stages of spring maize

%
土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	播前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口—抽雄期 Belling-heading	灌浆期 Filling stage	收获期 Harvest stage
0~10	CK	18.07±0.95bA	17.45±0.46bA	17.06±0.42bA	13.11±1.18bC	14.70±1.31bBC	16.49±1.52bAB
	SM	23.58±0.46aA	21.32±0.67aB	21.39±0.56aB	17.84±0.91aC	21.10±1.06aB	23.81±0.61aA
	PM	18.08±0.96bA	17.38±0.61bA	17.33±0.42bA	11.18±0.35cC	14.41±0.20bB	15.59±1.12bB
10~20	CK	16.38±0.21aA	13.22±0.46bC	15.19±0.68bAB	10.95±1.61bD	14.20±0.97bBC	14.92±0.34bAB
	SM	17.11±1.10aA	16.58±0.72aA	16.90±0.52aA	17.35±0.55aA	17.22±0.39aA	17.53±0.68aA
	PM	14.55±0.41bA	13.00±0.30bBC	14.20±0.75bAB	9.98±0.70bD	12.36±1.04cC	14.57±0.66bA
20~40	CK	13.57±0.54aA	12.33±0.71aB	14.33±0.48aA	9.86±0.71bD	10.51±0.54bCD	10.96±0.44bC
	SM	14.96±2.45aA	12.88±0.49aA	14.26±0.21aA	12.21±1.80aA	13.33±1.61aA	15.39±2.12aA
	PM	13.48±1.79aA	12.53±0.21aA	12.64±0.34bA	9.60±0.60bB	10.20±1.27bB	10.62±0.76bB
CK:不覆盖对照; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2覆盖秸秆; PM:地膜覆盖。同一土层、同列数据后不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05), 同一土层、同行数据后不同大写字母表示各生育期间差异显著(P＜0.05)。CK: no mulching; SM: 9 000 kg·hm-2 straw mulching; PM: plastic film mulching. For the same soil layer and in the same column, different small letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among treatments. For the same soil layer and in the same row, different capital letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05 level among growth stages.

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