施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N<sub>2</sub>O和NO排放的影响

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肖乾颖^{1, 2,},
黄有胜³,
胡廷旭^{1, 2},
朱波^1,,
1.中国科学院山地表生过程与生态调控重点实验室/中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所成都 610041
2.中国科学院大学北京 100049
3.四川省农业机械化干部学校成都 610017
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41330744
国家自然科学基金项目41271321
国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目2012CB417101

详细信息

作者简介:肖乾颖, 主要研究方向为土壤氮素循环。E-mail:qianying_xiao@126.com

通讯作者:朱波, 主要研究方向为土壤养分循环及面源污染控制。E-mail:bzhu@imde.ac.cn

中图分类号:S145.6

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收稿日期:2017-12-12
录用日期:2017-12-18
刊出日期:2018-02-01

Effects of fertilization regimes on N₂O and NO emissions from agro-ecosystem of purplish soil

XIAO Qianying^{1, 2,},
HUANG Yousheng³,
HU Tingxu^{1, 2},
ZHU Bo^1,,
1. Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Sichuan Provincial College for Engineer of Agri-mechanization, Chengdu 610017, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41330744
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41271321
the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)2012CB417101

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Corresponding author:ZHU Bo, E-mail: bzhu@imde.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:依托紫色土施肥方式与养分循环长期试验平台（2002年-），采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期（2013年10月至2014年10月）农田生态系统N₂O和NO排放的野外原位观测试验。长期施肥方式包括单施氮肥（N）、传统猪厩肥（OM）、常规氮磷钾肥（NPK）、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥（OMNPK）和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥（RSDNPK）等5种，氮肥用量相同[小麦季130 kg（N）·hm^-2，玉米季150 kg（N）·hm^-2]，不施肥对照（CK）用于计算排放系数，对比不同施肥方式对紫色土典型农田生态系统土壤N₂O和NO排放的影响，以期探寻紫色土农田生态系统N₂O和NO协同减排的施肥方式。结果表明，所有施肥方式下紫色土N₂O和NO排放速率波动幅度大，且均在施肥初期出现峰值；强降雨激发N₂O排放，但对NO排放无明显影响。在整个小麦-玉米轮作周期，N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理的N₂O年累积排放量分别为1.40 kg（N）·hm^-2、4.60 kg（N）·hm^-2、0.95 kg（N）·hm^-2、2.16kg（N）·hm^-2和1.41 kg（N）·hm^-2，排放系数分别为0.41%、1.56%、0.25%、0.69%、0.42%；NO累积排放量分别为0.57 kg（N）·hm^-2、0.40 kg（N）·hm^-2、0.39 kg（N）·hm^-2、0.46 kg（N）·hm^-2和0.17 kg（N）·hm^-2，排放系数分别为0.21%、0.15%、0.15%、0.17%、0.07%。施肥方式对紫色土N₂O和NO累积排放量具有显著影响（P < 0.05），与NPK处理比较，OM和OMNPK处理的N₂O排放分别增加384%和127%，同时NO排放分别增加3%和18%；RSDNPK处理的NO排放减少56%。表明长期施用猪厩肥显著增加N₂O和NO排放，而秸秆还田有效减少NO排放。研究表明，土壤温度和水分条件均显著影响小麦季N₂O和NO排放（P < 0.01），对玉米季N₂O和NO排放没有显著影响（P>0.05），土壤无机氮含量则是在小麦-玉米轮作期N₂O和NO排放的主要限制因子（P < 0.01）。全量秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是紫色土农田生态系统N₂O和NO协同减排的优化施肥方式。
关键词:施肥方式/
紫色土/
N₂O/
NO/
排放量/
排放系数
Abstract:Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions from agro-ecosystem of purplish soil were measured (starting from October 2003) in a long-term purplish soil fertilization platform (established in 2002) using closed static-chamber and gas chromatography systems. Single synthetic nitrogen fertilizer (N), pig manure (OM), regular synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK), pig manure combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer (OMNPK) and returned crop residues combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer (RSDNPK) under the same total nitrogen rate were set, and N₂O and NO emissions from croplands of purplish soil were monitored under these fertilization regimes. No fertilizer treatment (CK) was used as control in the calculations of the emission coefficients. The results showed large fluctuations in emission rates of N₂O and NO, with N₂O and NO peak emissions at the early stage of fertilization. N₂O emission was enhanced by heavy rainfall, but rainfall had no significant effect on NO emission. For the whole wheat-maize rotation period, cumulative annual emissions of N₂O in N, OM, NPK, OMNPK and RSDNPK treatments were 1.40, 4.60, 0.95, 2.16 and 1.41 kg(N)·hm^-2; and with emission coefficients of 0.41%, 1.56%, 0.25%, 0.69% and 0.42%, respectively. The cumulative emissions of NO in N, OM, NPK, OMNPK and RSDNPK treatments were 0.57, 0.40, 0.39, 0.46 and 0.17 kg(N)·hm^-2; and with emission coefficients of 0.21%, 0.15%, 0.15%, 0.17% and 0.07%, respectively. Fertilizer application regimes significantly (P < 0.05) influenced cumulative N₂O and NO emissions. Compared with conventional NPK fertilizer, pig manure amendment stimulated N₂O and NO emissions, with increases of 384% and 3% for OM and 127% and 18% for OMNPK, respectively. Returned crop residues combined with regular synthetic NPK fertilizer decreased NO emission by 56%. The application of pig manure (OM) increased N₂O and NO emissions, whereas returned crop residues plus regular synthetic NPK fertilizer (RSDNPK) decreased NO emission. The research also showed that both soil temperature and moisture conditions significantly influenced N₂O and NO emissions during wheat season (P < 0.01), but not during maize season (P> 0.05). However, soil inorganic nitrogen content was the main limiting factor for N₂O and NO emissions during the whole wheat-maize rotation year (P < 0.01). Returned crop residues plus regular NPK fertilizer was recommended as the optimal fertilization regime for simultaneous mitigation of N₂O and NO emissions.
Key words:Fertilization regime/
Purplish soil/
N₂O/
NO/
Emission flux/
Emission coefficient

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图12013—2014年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期内降雨量和不同施肥方式下土壤孔隙充水率及土壤5 cm温度
OM:猪厩肥处理; NPK:氮磷钾肥处理; OMNPK:猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥处理; RSDNPK:秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥处理; N:氮肥处理; CK:不施肥处理。
Figure1.Rainfall and water-filled pore space (WFPS), soil temperature in the topsoil (5 cm) under different fertilization regimes during winter wheat-summer maize rotation from 2013 to 2014
OM: pig manure treatment; NPK: regular synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment; OMNPK: pig manure combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; RSDNPK: returned crop residues combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; N: synthetic N fertilizer treatment; CK: no fertilization treatment.

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图22013—2014年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期内不同施肥方式下土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和无机氮(NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N)含量变化
OM:猪厩肥处理; NPK:氮磷钾肥处理; OMNPK:猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥处理; RSDNPK:秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥处理; N:氮肥处理; CK:不施肥处理。
Figure2.Dynamic changes of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic N (NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N) contents under different fertilization regimes during winter wheat-summer maize rotation from 2013 to 2014
OM: pig manure treatment; NPK: regular synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment; OMNPK: pig manure combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; RSDNPK: returned crop residues combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; N: synthetic N fertilizer treatment; CK: no fertilization treatment.

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图32013—2014年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期内不同施肥方式下土壤N₂O排放通量变化
OM:猪厩肥处理; NPK:氮磷钾肥处理; OMNPK:猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥处理; RSDNPK:秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥处理; N:氮肥处理; CK:不施肥处理。
Figure3.Variations of soil N₂O emission fluxes under different fertilization regimes during winter wheat-summer maize rotation from 2013 to 2014
OM: pig manure treatment; NPK: regular synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment; OMNPK: pig manure combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; RSDNPK: returned crop residues combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; N: synthetic N fertilizer treatment; CK: no fertilization treatment.

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图42013—2014年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期内不同施肥方式下土壤NO排放通量变化
OM:猪厩肥处理; NPK:氮磷钾肥处理; OMNPK:猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥处理; RSDNPK:秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥处理; N:氮肥处理; CK:不施肥处理。
Figure4.Variations of soil NO emission fluxes under different fertilization regimes during winter wheat-summer maize rotation from 2013 to 2014
OM: pig manure treatment; NPK: regular synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment; OMNPK: pig manure combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; RSDNPK: returned crop residues combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; N: synthetic N fertilizer treatment; CK: no fertilization treatment.

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表1冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统不同施肥方式下N₂O和NO的累积排放量和排放系数
Table1.N₂O and NO cumulative emissions and emission coefficients under different fertilization regimes in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system

	处理Treatment	累积排放量Accumulated emission (kg·hm^-2)			排放系数Emission coefficient (%)
	处理Treatment	冬小麦季Winter wheat season	夏玉米季Summer maize season	轮作周期Total	冬小麦季Winter wheat season	夏玉米季Summer maize season	轮作周期Total
N₂O	CK	0.13±0.23d	0.11±0.22d	0.24±0.22e	—	—	—
	N	0.71±0.13bc	0.69±0.02bc	1.40±0.15c	0.45	0.39	0.41
	OM	1.41±0.09a	3.19±0.55a	4.60±0.64a	0.98	2.05	1.56
	NPK	0.42±0.16cd	0.53±0.02c	0.95±0.16d	0.22	0.28	0.25
	OMNPK	0.87±0.11b	1.29±0.01b	2.16±0.12b	0.57	0.79	0.69
	RSDNPK	0.52±0.07bcd	0.89±0.04bc	1.41±0.11c	0.30	0.52	0.42
NO	CK	-0.01±0.00e	-0.01±0.00e	-0.02±0.00e	—	—	—
	N	0.34±0.05a	0.23±0.01abc	0.57±0.06a	0.27	0.16	0.21
	OM	0.07±0.09de	0.33±0.01a	0.4±0.08c	0.06	0.23	0.15
	NPK	0.25±0.05ab	0.14±0.03cd	0.39±0.08c	0.20	0.10	0.15
	OMNPK	0.18±0.04bc	0.28±0.04ab	0.46±0.08b	0.15	0.19	0.17
	RSDNPK	0.11±0.02cd	0.06±0.01d	0.17±0.03d	0.09	0.05	0.07
??CK:不施肥处理; N:氮肥处理; OM:猪厩肥处理; NPK:氮磷钾肥处理; OMNPK:猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥处理; RSDNPK:秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥处理。“—”表示不施肥作为对照计算排放系数, 同列不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著(Duncan多重比较)。表中数据为平均值±标准误差。CK: no fertilization treatment; N: synthetic N fertilizer treatment; OM: pig manure treatment; NPK: regular synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment; OMNPK: pig manure combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; RSDNPK: returned crop residues combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment. “—” represents no fertilizer(CK) as control for calculation of emission coefficient. Different small letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, Duncan) among fertilization regimes. The values in the table are mean ± S.E.

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表2冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统不同施肥方式下土壤N₂O和NO排放通量与环境因子的相关分析
Table2.Correlation coefficients between environment factors and N₂O and NO emission fluxes under different fertilization regimes in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system

	处理Treatment	作物生长季Crop growing season	土温(5 cm) Soil temperature (5 cm)	WFPS	DOC	NH₄⁺-N	NO₃^--N
N₂O	CK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.114	0.245	-0.303	-0.143	-0.005
		夏玉米Summer maize	0.143	0.345	0.102	0.013	0.025
	N	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.266	0.473^**	0.540	0.117	0.311^*
		夏玉米Summer maize	0.183	0.140	-0.118	0.182	-0.185
	OM	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.392^**	0.599^**	0.005	0.117	0.426^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.115	-0.168	-0.098	-0.080	0.545^**
	NPK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.236	0.499^**	0.018	0.083	0.498^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.115	0.079	-0.058	0.073	0.112
	OMNPK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.318^*	0.593^**	0.104	0.445^**	0.527^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.193	0.004	0.109	-0.191	0.522^**
	RSDNPK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.322^*	0.462^**	-0.027	0.010	0.518^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.150	-0.097	0.027	0.347	0.161
NO	CK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.184	0.162	0.019	0.152	-0.106
		夏玉米Summer maize	0.234	0.153	0.013	0.136	0.177
	N	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.319^*	0.483^**	0.071	0.263	0.267
		夏玉米Summer maize	0.252	-0.295	-0.043	0.531^**	0.366
	OM	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.312^*	0.309^**	0.080	0.136	0.412^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.145	-0.378^*	-0.084	-0.081	0.527^**
	NPK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.354^*	0.529^**	0.066	0.162	0.493^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.068	-0.350	-0.104	0.395^*	0.593^**
	OMNPK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.327^*	0.501^**	0.119	0.527^**	0.522^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.150	-0.124	-0.097	0.045	0.670^**
	RSDNPK	冬小麦Winter wheat	0.327^*	0.360^*	-0.014	-0.025	0.528^**
		夏玉米Summer maize	-0.098	-0.153	0.113	0.337	0.196
??CK:不施肥处理; N:氮肥处理; OM:猪厩肥处理; NPK:氮磷钾肥处理; OMNPK:猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥处理; RSDNPK:秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥处理。和分别代表在0.05和0.01水平极显著相关, 表中数值为皮尔森相关系数。CK: no fertilization treatment; N: synthetic N fertilizer treatment; OM: pig manure treatment; NPK: regular synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment; OMNPK: pig manure combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment; RSDNPK: returned crop residues combined with synthetic NPK fertilizer treatment. “” and “**” indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. The values in the table are Pearson correlation coefficients.

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