郑祥洲^1,,
王亚萨^{1, 2},
张玉树¹,
张晶¹,
丁洪^1,,
1.福建省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 福州 350013
2.福建农林大学资源与环境学院 福州 350002
基金项目: 福建省自然科学基金项目2015J01111
福建省自然科学基金项目2015J01159
国家自然科学基金项目31270556
福建省公益类科研院所专项2016R1021-4
福建省农业科学院创新团队项目STIT2017-1-9

详细信息

作者简介:郑祥洲, 主要从事氮素生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail: z85103@163.com

通讯作者:丁洪, 主要从事氮素生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail:hongding@China.com

中图分类号:S154.1

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收稿日期:2017-07-20
录用日期:2017-10-07
刊出日期:2018-03-01

Effects of herbicides on urea nitrogen transformation and greenhouse gas emission of soil in citrus orchards with different planting years

ZHENG Xiangzhou^1,,
WANG Yasa^{1, 2},
ZHANG Yushu¹,
ZHANG Jing¹,
DING Hong^1,,
1. Institute of Soils and Fertilizers, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Funds: the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province2015J01111
the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province2015J01159
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31270556
the Special Fund for Public Welfare Research Institute of Fujian Province2016R1021-4
the Innovation Team Project of Fujian Academy of Agriculture SciencesSTIT2017-1-9

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Corresponding author:DING Hong, E-mail:hongding@China.com

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摘要
摘要:为探讨除草剂施用对柑橘园土壤氮转化及温室气体排放的影响，在实验室培养条件下，研究了0年（林地）、种植10年和30年的柑橘园土壤中分别添加除草剂草甘膦和丁草胺后，尿素态氮含量、硝化和反硝化作用以及温室气体排放的变化。研究结果表明，橘园土壤中尿素第1 d的水解率、氮肥硝化率、反硝化作用损失总量以及N₂O和CO₂排放量显著高于林地土壤（P < 0.05）。与10年橘园土壤相比，30年橘园土壤显著增加了尿素的水解速率、氮肥硝化率和CO₂排放量（P < 0.05），但二者的反硝化损失量没有显著差异。施用草甘膦和丁草胺都显著促进了林地土壤的尿素水解（P < 0.05），第1 d尿素态氮含量分别降低11.20%和12.43%；但对3种土壤氮肥的硝化率均没有明显影响。施用丁草胺显著降低了林地土壤的CO₂排放量（P < 0.05），对两种橘园土壤的CO₂排放没有明显影响，但明显增加了两种橘园土壤的N₂O排放总量（P < 0.05），分别比不施除草剂增加56.27%和85.41%；施用草甘膦对3种土壤的N₂O和CO₂排放均没有明显影响。可见，草甘膦和丁草胺的施用不会对柑橘园土壤的氮转化过程产生影响，但丁草胺显著增加了柑橘园土壤的N₂O排放。
关键词:丁草胺/
草甘膦/
氮肥/
橘园土壤/
氮转化/
温室气体
Abstract:Soil microbes significantly influence the transformation and fate of nitrogen in soils by participating in the biology and biochemistry processes of soil nitrogen cycle. Research has shown that herbicides inhibit non-target soil microbes and the related biochemical processes. Therefore, herbicides have significant effects on plant uptake and utilization of nitrogen and its release from soil into the environment. This experiment aimed to explore the effects of herbicides on the transformation of urea nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions in soils planted with citrus orchards for different years. It was important to evaluate the environmental safety of herbicides and nitrogen application in orchard soils. Thus a 2-factor, 3-level complete block design experiment[with herbicide factors of no herbicide, glyphosate of 10 mg·kg^-1 a.i. and butachlor of 10 mg·kg^-1 a.i.; and planting year factors of 0-year (woodland), 10-year and 30-year citrus orchard] was conducted under laboratory conditions with 200 mg(N)·kg^-1(dry soil) urea applied in each treatment. The results showed that urea hydrolysis rate, nitrification rate, denitrification loss and greenhouse gas emission of citrus orchard (10 and 30 years) were higher than those of the woodland (P < 0.05). Compared with woodland, the 10-year and 30-year citrus orchards increased soil total denitrification loss by 5.12 and 4.30 times, total N₂O emission by 7.80 and 2.74 times, and total CO₂ emission by 19.62% and 39.64%, respectively. Soil urea hydrolysis rate, nitrification rate and CO₂ emission in the 30-year citrus orchard were significantly greater than those in the 10-year citrus orchard. Compared with the 10-year citrus orchard soil, total CO₂ emission increased by 16.74%, but total denitrification loss was no significantly different in the 30-year citrus orchard soil. Glyphosate and butachlor significantly boosted urea hydrolysis in woodland soil, but had no effect on nitrification in the 30-year citrus orchard soil. Butachlor had significant negative effect on woodland CO₂ emission, but showed no effect on citrus orchard soil. Compared with the zero herbicide treatment, butachlor significantly (P < 0.05) boosted N₂O emission, respectively by 56.27% and 85.41% in the 10-year and 30-year citrus orchard soils. Glyphosate had no effect on soil total CO₂ and N₂O emission in soils under the three treatments of citrus planting year. Herbicides glyphosate and butachlor had no significant effect on nitrogen transformation in citrus orchard soils, but butachlor significantly boosted N₂O emission in citrus orchard soils.
Key words:Butachlor/
Glyphosate/
Nitrogen fertilizer/
Citrus orchard soil/
Nitrogen transformation/
Greenhouse gas

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表1供试不同年限橘园土壤的理化性质
Table1.Soil properties of the tested citrus orchards grown for different years

橘园种植年限 Planting years of citrus orchard (a)	pH	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1)	铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen (mg·kg-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg-1)
0 (林地Woodland)	4.87	0.52	6.1	29.33	14.89
10	3.57	1.43	18.7	31.81	74.30
30	3.67	1.96	37.1	5.03	45.76

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表2除草剂对不同种植年限橘园土壤尿素态氮含量的影响
Table2.Effects of herbicides on soil urea contents of citrus orchards grown for different years

mg·kg-1
橘园种植年限 Planting years of citrus orchard (a)	除草剂种类和用量 Herbicide and application rate	培养时间 Incubation time (d)
		1	3	5	8	12	18
0 (林地?Woodland)	不施除草剂?No herbicide	191.77a	114.67a	73.99abc	37.73ab	4.55ab	4.28a
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	170.30b	117.02a	66.93c	37.77ab	4.12b	4.53a
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	167.93b	116.98a	70.02bc	38.48ab	5.11ab	3.56ab
10	不施除草剂?No herbicide	143.52c	119.40a	74.36ab	42.98a	4.81ab	3.36ab
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	149.09c	121.44a	76.22a	35.11b	5.50ab	3.71ab
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	147.50c	117.45a	79.31a	35.77b	5.73ab	3.67ab
30	不施除草剂?No herbicide	98.30d	59.47b	10.44d	4.63c	5.74ab	3.82ab
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	108.58d	51.04b	9.66d	6.80c	6.07a	2.54b
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	107.82d	46.10b	9.53d	3.33c	5.66ab	3.82ab
同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments (P＜0.05).

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表3除草剂对不同种植年限橘园土壤铵态氮含量的影响
Table3.Effects of herbicides on soil NH₄⁺-N contents of citrus orchards grown for different years

mg·kg-1
橘园种植年限 Planting years of citrus orchard (a)	除草剂种类和用量 Herbicide and application rate	培养时间?Incubation time (d)
		1	3	5	8	12	18	24	33
0 (林地?Woodland)	不施除草剂?No herbicide	61.27c	146.25b	209.70c	227.22a	262.29a	251.78a	255.22a	259.83a
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	73.60b	140.29b	210.63c	227.23a	256.52a	254.99a	246.79ab	252.73a
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	72.50b	137.20b	215.44c	225.97a	252.69a	252.04a	240.51b	251.67a
10	不施除草剂?No herbicide	65.14c	109.26c	173.95d	184.18b	209.43b	170.33b	126.59c	63.51b
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	60.68c	103.46c	172.13d	187.05b	207.98b	170.00b	130.50c	62.61b
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	61.77c	108.61c	176.07d	199.09b	205.83b	157.54c	117.29d	66.49b
30	不施除草剂?No herbicide	84.67a	177.74a	233.45a	181.04b	164.90c	110.81d	63.56e	16.12c
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	83.34a	169.04a	226.86ab	185.79b	170.38c	110.00d	55.38e	31.29c
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	84.35a	174.89a	218.51bc	178.63b	161.75c	111.30d	56.05e	20.63c
同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments (P＜0.05).

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表4除草剂对不同种植年限橘园土壤硝化率的影响
Table4.Effects of herbicides on soil nitrification rates of citrus orchards grown for different years

%
橘园种植年限 Planting years of citrus orchard (a)	除草剂种类和用量 Herbicide and application rate	培养时间?Incubation time (d)
		1	3	5	8	12	18	24	33
0 (林地?Woodland)	不施除草剂?No herbicide	1.47b	1.04d	1.25b	1.84d	1.70c	2.04c	1.01d	3.68c
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.58b	0.69d	1.20b	1.66d	1.56c	1.94c	1.03d	3.39c
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.66b	1.21d	1.48b	1.52d	1.45c	2.43c	1.40d	3.66c
10	不施除草剂?No herbicide	3.40a	10.32a	10.90a	18.64bc	27.06b	45.31b	64.79c	92.33ab
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	4.56a	7.63b	11.28a	21.50a	26.55b	48.26b	62.16c	94.07ab
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	4.36a	7.94b	11.95a	17.72c	27.16b	47.96b	64.82c	85.57b
30	不施除草剂?No herbicide	0.20b	6.24c	8.79a	21.24ab	31.96a	58.33a	74.53b	98.20a
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.86b	5.75c	8.93a	19.29abc	30.47a	58.74a	82.51a	95.36a
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.58b	5.58c	9.60a	20.07abc	31.90a	57.43a	79.91a	99.85a
同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments (P＜0.05).

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表5除草剂对不同种植年限橘园土壤反硝化损失的影响
Table5.Effects of herbicides on temporary changes of soil denitrification of citrus orchards grown for different years

μg(N)·kg-1·h-1
橘园种植年限 Planting years of citrus orchard (a)	除草剂种类和用量 Herbicide and application rate	培养时间?Incubation time (d)
		3	5	8	12	18	24	33
0 (林地?Woodland)	不施除草剂?No herbicide	0.04b	0.04b	0.05a	0.05b	0.05c	0.04b	0.04b
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.04b	0.04b	0.05a	0.05b	0.04c	0.04b	0.05b
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.04b	0.05b	0.05a	0.05b	0.04c	0.05b	0.05b
10	不施除草剂?No herbicide	0.38a	0.21a	0.08a	0.22ab	0.31a	0.18a	0.62a
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.38a	0.12ab	0.09a	0.27ab	0.19ab	0.19a	0.69a
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.47a	0.21a	0.11a	0.40a	0.17b	0.32a	0.63a
30	不施除草剂?No herbicide	0.10b	0.14ab	0.11a	0.17ab	0.23ab	0.27a	0.66a
	草甘膦?Glyphosate 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.11b	0.11ab	0.11a	0.10b	0.25ab	0.20a	1.05a
	丁草胺?Butachlor 10 mg·kg-1(soil)	0.09b	0.17ab	0.11a	0.13b	0.27ab	0.27a	0.73a
同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments (P＜0.05).

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表6不同种植年限不同除草剂处理橘园土壤尿素氮肥反硝化作用损失总量
Table6.Loss amounts of urea nitrogen by denitrification in soil of citrus orchards grown for different years under different herbicide treatments

μg(N)×kg-1
橘园种植年限 Planting years of citrus orchard (a)	不施除草剂 No herbicide application	施草甘膦 Glyphosate application	施丁草胺 Butachlor application
0 (林地?Woodland)	35.54±0.97b(a)	34.29±2.31b(a)	35.56±0.76b(a)
10	217.46±62.86a(a)	209.95±21.54a(a)	253.20±55.91a(a)
30	188.44±43.74a(a)	208.59±72.09a(a)	196.82±24.20a(a)
括号内同行不同字母表示施用不同除草剂后差异达显著水平(P＜0.05), 括号外同列不同字母表示不同年限柑橘园土壤间差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters in brackets in the same line indicate significant differences among different herbicide treatments (P＜0.05). Different lowercase letters out of brackets indicate significant differences among different planting years (P＜0.05).

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表7除草剂对不同种植年限柑橘园土壤中N₂O和CO₂排放总量的影响
Table7.Effects of herbicides on total N₂O and CO₂ emission from citrus orchard soils grown for different years

橘园种植年限 Planting years of citrus orchard (a)	N2O排放总量Total N2O emission [μg(N)·kg-1]				CO2排放总量Total CO2 emission [mg(CO2)·kg-1]
	不施除草剂No herbicide application	施草甘膦Glyphosate application	施丁草胺Butachlor application		不施除草剂No herbicide application	施草甘膦Glyphosate application	施丁草胺Butachlor application
0 (林地Woodland)	36.92±2.16c(a)	36.19±1.03c(a)	35.92±0.82c(a)		537.14±55.63c(a)	515.78±31.66c(a)	427.64±40.12c(b)
10	324.96±77.57a(b)	340.52±84.83a(b)	507.81±69.02a(a)		637.25±28.41b(a)	608.54±86.67b(a)	603.39±50.91b(a)
30	137.95±24.71b(b)	176.27±51.91b(b)	255.77±28.99b(a)		743.91±50.11a(a)	814.52±79.58a(a)	789.73±58.98a(a)
括号内同行不同字母表示施用不同除草剂后差异达显著水平(P＜0.05);括号外同列不同字母表示不同年限柑橘园土壤间差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters in brackets in the same line indicate significant differences among different herbicide treatments (P＜0.05). Different lowercase letters out of brackets in the same column indicate significant differences among different planting years (P＜0.05).

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