边振兴,
李晓璐,
于淼^,
沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院 沈阳 110161
基金项目: 沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院青年创新项目20140102

详细信息

作者简介:边振兴, 研究方向为农地利用与保护。E-mail:zhx-bian@syau.edu.cn

通讯作者:于淼, 研究方向为数理统计与景观生态学。E-mail:yumiao77@163.com

中图分类号:Q14;S181;S2

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收稿日期:2017-10-23
录用日期:2017-12-10
刊出日期:2018-04-01

The plant diversity of agro-landscapes in typical maize planting areas in the Northeast Plain, China-A case study of Changtu County

BIAN Zhenxing,
LI Xiaolu,
YU Miao^,
College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, China
Funds: the Youth Innovation Project of College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University20140102

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Corresponding author:YU Miao, E-mail:yumiao77@163.com

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摘要
摘要:非耕作生境是农业景观中的重要组成部分，为生物提供食物和栖息地，对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以辽宁省昌图县为例，选取了20个非耕作生境比例为0~50%的网格（1 km×1 km）为样区，采用典型样地法对调查区域内农业景观中的林地、田间路、草地、沟渠、果园5类主要非耕作生境中的植物群落进行调查，探讨不同非耕作生境类型和比例中植物多样性及其与景观异质性之间的关系。研究结果表明，随着非耕作生境比例增加，植物物种多样性和均匀度先增加后减小，在20%~30%时达到峰值；非耕作生境比例在0~40%范围内时，植物物种丰富度同样呈现先增加后减小，且在20%~30%时达到峰值；非耕作生境比例高于40%时，植物物种丰富度再次出现峰值且高于20%~30%。随着非耕作生境比例的增加，农业景观香浓多样性、香浓均匀度指数和景观斑块形状复杂程度逐渐增加，蔓延度恰好相反。不同生境中重要值最高的均为禾本科植物，但植物种不同；优势种优势度为果园>沟渠>草地>田间路>林地。果园、草地和沟渠的物种多样性和均匀度指数显著高于林地和田间路，丰富度指数为草地>林地>沟渠>果园>田间路，且草地、果园和田间路的不同调查区域间植物群落指数存在较大的变异性。草地、果园、沟渠、田间路和林地中景观异质性与物种多样性相关性顺次降低。研究结论表明，东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观中，最适宜非耕作生境比例为20%~30%；非耕作生境中林地、沟渠对物种多样性维持、湿生植物多样性保护具有积极作用；不同生境干扰类型和方式不同，景观异质性与植物物种多样性相关性程度也不同。在今后农业景观生物多样性保护中应综合考虑非耕作生境的类型和比例，干扰的类型和方式等多种因素对生物多样性、生态服务及农业产量的影响。
关键词:典型玉米种植区/
农业景观/
非耕作生境/
景观异质性/
植物多样性/
东北平原
Abstract:Non-cropped habitats in agricultural landscapes constitute an important landscape for biodiversity preservation. Such habitats in agro-ecosystems can support both food production and biodiversity. In order to explore the relationship between plant species diversity and heterogeneity of agricultural landscape, and furthermore, to probe the suitable proportion of non-cropped habitats in agricultural landscape, we investigated plant diversity in Changtu County in the Northeast Plain, China. A total of 20 sampling plots (1 km×1 km) were selected for area proportions 0-50% of non-cropped habitats, and were divided into five groups according to area proportion of non-cropped habitats, which were 0-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40% and 40%-50%. The plant species in non-cropped habitats were investigated using the Braun-Blanquet method. The surveyed non-cropped habitats included woodland, grassland, ditch, orchard and field road. The heterogeneity indexes of agricultural landscape with different proportions of non-cropper habitats were calculated. The results showed that plant species diversity and evenness of agricultural landscapes gradually increased initially and later decreased with increasing area proportion of non-cropped habitats. Peak plant species diversity and evenness were in landscapes with 20%-30% area of non-cropped habitats. Meanwhile, plant species richness gradually increased initially and decreased later when area proportion of non-cropped habitats was 0-40%. However, peak plant species richness was in agricultural landscape with 40%-50% area of non-cropped habitats. The Shannon diversity index, Shannon evenness index of agricultural landscape increased with increasing of area proportion of non-cropped habitats, while landscape contagion metrics showed contrary tendency, indicating that lower area proportion of non-cropped habitats induced higher landscape dominance. The plant species with highest important values in different non-cropped habitats was Gramineae plants, but the species were different. The order of dominant degree of dominant species was orchard, ditch, grassland, field road and woodland. Species diversity and evenness in orchard, grassland and ditch were significantly higher than those in woodland and field road. Species richness (from high to low) was grassland, woodland, ditch, orchard and field road. There were obvious variation in plant community diversity among orchards, grasslands and ditches. The correlation between landscape heterogeneity and species diversity decreased from grassland to orchard, ditch, field road and to woodland. Thus the optimum area proportion of non-cropped habitats was 20%-30% within agricultural landscapes in typical maize planting areas in the Northeast Plains, China. Woodland and ditch had a positive effect on species diversity and on maintenance and conservation of hygrophytes. Different non-cropped habitats disturbances resulted in different correlation coefficients between landscape heterogeneity and plant species diversity. Thus future research should concentrate on comprehensive analysis of various factors such as area proportion of non-cropped habitats and habitat disturbances that influenced biodiversity, ecosystem services and agricultural production.
Key words:Typical maize planting area/
Agricultural landscape/
Non-cropped habitat/
Landscape heterogeneity/
Plant species diversity/
Northeast Plain of China

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图1研究区在东北平原的位置及其内20个不同非耕作生境比例的植物群落调查区域的分布
Figure1.Location of the study area in the Northeast China Plain and dDistribution of 20 investigation areas of plant communities with different area proportions of non-cropped habitats


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图2研究区景观类型和不同类型非耕作生境中样方布设示意图
Figure2.Landscape classification map and the schematic diagram of sample plots distribution in different non-cropped habitats


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图3农业景观中不同非耕作生境的植物群落物种-累积重要值变化情况
Figure3.Variations of cumulative importance values with plant species number in different non-cropped habitats of agricultural landscape


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图4不同非耕作生境比例农业景观的植物群落物种多样性特征指数
不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P < 0.05)。
Figure4.Plant diversity characteristic indexes of agricultural landscapes with different non-cropped habitats proportions
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 0.05 level.


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图5农业景观中不同类型非耕作生境的植物群落物种多样性特征指数
不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P < 0.05)。
Figure5.Plant species diversity characteristic indexes of different non-cropped habitats of agricultural landscape
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 0.05 level.


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表1不同非耕作生境比例农业景观的景观异质性指数
Table1.Landscape heterogeneity indexes of agricultural landscapes with different non-cropped habitats proportions

非耕作生境比例 Non-cropped habitats proportion (%)	景观异质性指数 Landscape heterogeneity index				非耕作生境比例区间 Non-cropped habitats proportional scale (%)	景观异质性指数 Landscape heterogeneity index
	CONTAG	SHDI	SHEI			CONTAG	SHDI	SHEI
9.33	71.12	1.12	0.47		0~10	73.81±3.54a	0.81±0.17b	0.419±0.06b
8.88	73.73	0.68	0.42
7.13	83.53	0.39	0.24
7.55	66.86	1.05	0.54
14.47	69.16	1.03	0.49		10~20	71.04±1.90ab	0.89±0.07b	0.45±0.04b
12.33	67.10	1.01	0.52
10.80	72.07	0.74	0.42
11.31	75.84	0.79	0.36
25.58	69.73	1.14	0.48		20~30	66.85±2.84ab	1.05±0.08ab	0.52±0.05ab
21.33	69.44	1.06	0.48
20.26	69.89	0.82	0.46
23.51	58.33	1.20	0.67
33.80	72.64	1.04	0.45		30~40	65.70±2.59ab	1.20±0.18ab	0.57±0.05ab
30.98	61.50	1.69	0.68
36.35	66.69	0.87	0.54
36.18	61.97	1.18	0.61
42.53	66.32	1.16	0.56		40~50	63.17±2.29b	1.36±0.15a	0.60±0.03a
40.43	67.42	1.13	0.54
40.07	57.35	1.77	0.69
41.72	61.41	1.37	0.63
CONTAG为景观蔓延度, SHDI为景观多样性, SHEI为景观均匀度; 不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P < 0.05)。CONTAG is landscape contagion metrics; SHDI is landscape Shannon diversity index; SHEI is landscape Simpson evenness index. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 0.05 level.

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表2农业景观中不同类型非耕作生境的优势植物种
Table2.Dominant plant species in different non-cropped habitats of agricultural landscape

生境类型 Habitat type	编号 Number	种名 Species	科名 Family	属名 Genus	重要值 Important value
林地 Woodland	1	多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum	禾本科Gramineae	黑麦草属Lolium	0.16
	2	矮蒿Artemisia lancea	菊科Asteraceae	蒿属Artemisia	0.07
	3	尖嘴薹草Carex leiorhyncha	莎草科Cyperaceae	薹草属Carex	0.06
	4	猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia	菊科Asteraceae	蒿属Artemisia	0.06
	5	金色狗尾草Setaria pumila	禾本科Gramineae	狗尾草属Setaria	0.05
	合计Total	5	3	4	0.40
田间路 Field road	1	多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum	禾本科Gramineae	黑麦草属Lolium	0.13
	2	独穗飘拂草Fimbristylis ovata	莎草科Cyperaceae	飘拂草属Fimbristylis	0.07
	3	假泽早熟禾Poa pseudo-palustris	禾本科Gramineae	早熟禾属Poa	0.07
	4	五刺金鱼藻 Ceratophyllum platyacanthum subsp. oryzetorum	金鱼藻科 Ceratophyllacea	金鱼藻属 Ceratophyllum	0.05
	5	猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia	菊科Asteraceae	蒿属Artemisia	0.04
	合计Total	5	4	5	0.36
草地 Grassland	1	多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum.	禾本科Gramineae	黑麦草属Lolium	0.10
	2	斑地锦Euphorbia maculata	大戟科Euphorbiaceae	大戟属Euphorbia	0.06
	3	狗尾草Setaria viridis	禾本科Gramineae	狗尾草属Setaria	0.05
	4	矮蒿Artemisia lancea	菊科Asteraceae	蒿属Artemisia	0.05
	5	五刺金鱼藻或直酢浆草 Ceratophyllum platyacanthum subsp. oryzetorum or Oxalis corniculata var. stricta	金鱼藻科或酢浆草科 Ceratophyllacea or Oxalidaceae	金鱼藻属或酢浆草属 Ceratophyllum or Oxalis	0.05
	合计Total	5	4	5	0.31
果园 Orchard	1	假泽早熟禾Poa pseudo-palustris	禾本科Gramineae	早熟禾属Poa	0.28
	2	无芒稗Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis	禾本科Gramineae	稗属Echinochloa	0.11
	3	多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum	禾本科Gramineae	黑麦草属Lolium	0.07
	4	藜Chenopodium album	藜科Chenopodiaceae	藜属Chenopodium	0.06
	5	猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia	菊科Asteraceae	蒿属Artemisia	0.05
	合计Total	5	3	5	0.57
沟渠 Ditch	1	菵草Beckmannia syzigachne	禾本科Gramineae	菵草属Beckmannia	0.10
	2	多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum	禾本科Gramineae	黑麦草属Lolium	0.09
	3	长戟叶蓼Polygonum maackianum	蓼科Polygonaceae	蓼属Polygonum	0.07
	4	矮蒿Artemisia lancea	菊科Asteraceae	蒿属Artemisia	0.07
	5	绢毛悬钩子Rubus lineatus	蔷薇科Rosaceae	悬钩子属Rubus	0.07
	合计Total	5	4	5	0.40

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表3不同类型的非耕作生境中景观异质性与物种多样性相关性
Table3.Correlation between landscape heterogeneity and species diversity in different non-cropped habitats

生境类型 Habitat type	景观异质性指数 Landscape heterogeneity index	植物群落多样性指数Vegetation community diversity index
		H'			R			E
		r	P		r	P		r	P
草地Grassland	CONTAG	-0.949*	0.014		-0.973**	0.005		-0.771	0.127
沟渠Ditch		-0.106	0.894		0.234	0.766		0.256	0.744
果园Orchard		-0.928	0.243		0.570	0.614		0.920	0.257
林地Woodland		-0.367	0.147		0.377	0.136		0.324	0.205
田间路Field road		0.052	0.878		-0.055	0.872		-0.061	0.859
草地Grassland	SHDI	0.949*	0.014		0.973**	0.005		0.771	0.127
沟渠Ditch		0.891	0.109		-0.450	0.550		-0.736	0.264
果园Orchard		-0.403	0.736		-0.167	0.893		0.383	0.750
林地Woodland		-0.079	0.763		0.132	0.614		0.072	0.785
田间路Field road		-0.050	0.884		0.231	0.494		0.085	0.805
草地Grassland	SHEI	0.949*	0.014		0.973**	0.005		0.771	0.127
沟渠Ditch		-0.464	0.536		0.438	0.562		0.561	0.439
果园Orchard		-0.996	0.059		0.781	0.429		0.993	0.073
林地Woodland		-0.223	0.390		0.201	0.438		0.180	0.488
田间路Field road		0.210	0.535		-0.338	0.310		-0.230	0.497
H': Shannon-Wiener多样性指数; R: Margalet丰富度指数; E: Pielow均匀度指数; r: Pearson相关性系数; P:显著性; **: 0.01水平(双侧)显著相关; *: 0.05水平(双侧)显著相关。H': Shannon-Wiener diversity index; R: Margalet richness index; E: Pielow evenness index; r: Pearson correlation coefficient; P: significance; **: significant correlations at 0.01 level (bilateral); *: significant correlations at 0.05 level (bilateral).

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