氮肥配施生化抑制剂对黄泥田土壤钾素淋溶特征的影响

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周旋^{1, 2, 3,},
吴良欢^{1, 2,,},
董春华³
1.教育部环境修复与生态健康重点实验室/浙江大学环境与资源学院杭州 310058
2.浙江省农业资源与环境重点实验室杭州 310058
3.湖南省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所长沙 410125
基金项目: 国家科技支撑计划项目2015BAD23B03
国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目2015CB150502
苕溪流域农村污染治理技术集成与规模化工程示范2014ZX07101-012

详细信息

作者简介:周旋, 主要从事肥料与养分资源综合管理研究。E-mail: zhouxuan_123@126.com

通讯作者:吴良欢, 主要从事有机营养与养分综合管理研究。E-mail: finm@zju.edu.cn

中图分类号:F323.21

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收稿日期:2017-08-22
录用日期:2017-10-10
刊出日期:2018-05-01

Effects of combined nitrogen fertilization with biochemical inhibitors on leaching characteristics of soil potassium in yellow clay soils

ZHOU Xuan^{1, 2, 3,},
WU Lianghuan^{1, 2,,},
DONG Chunhua³
1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Ministry of Education/College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
3. Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
Funds: The study was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China2015BAD23B03
the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China2015CB150502
the Rural Non-point Pollution Control Technology Integration and Scale Demonstration Project of Tiaoxi Catchment of Zhejiang Province, China2014ZX07101-012

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Corresponding author:WU Lianghuan E-mail: finm@zju.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:中国南方黄泥田土壤中养分淋失严重，尤其是氮（N）和钾（K），不仅造成资源浪费和潜在环境威胁，还严重制约作物的可持续生产。采用室内土柱模拟培养，研究尿素（U）和尿素硝铵（UAN）中单独添加脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺（NBPT）和硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-（三氯甲基）吡啶（CP），及两者配合施用对黄泥田土壤中K素淋溶特征的影响，探讨提高黄泥田供钾能力的施肥技术。不同氮肥种类淋溶液中，K⁺平均浓度大小表现为UAN处理（103.0 mg·kg^-1）高于U处理（93.9 mg·kg^-1），且抑制剂处理间存在明显差异。培养结束时（第72 d），UAN处理K⁺淋失量较U处理高6.7%。U各处理淋溶液中K⁺累积量大小表现为U > U+NBPT > U+NBPT+CP > U+CP > CK，其中U+NBPT、U+CP和U+NBPT+CP处理较U处理分别降低8.7%、20.2%和14.9%；UAN各处理淋溶液中K⁺累积量表现为UAN > UAN+NBPT > UAN+NBPT+CP > UAN+CP > CK，其中UAN+NBPT、UAN+CP和UAN+NBPT+CP处理较UAN处理分别降低6.0%、13.8%和9.2%。不同施肥处理K⁺淋溶率表现为UAN > UAN+NBPT > U > UAN+NBPT+CP > UAN+CP > U+NBPT > U+NBPT+CP > U+CP。培养中期（第36 d），U和UAN处理肥际微域中土壤速效钾含量显著降低，而添加CP处理有效维持土壤中较高的速效钾含量。与单施NBPT相比，配施CP可以减少黄泥田土壤中NO₃^-淋溶，增加土壤晶格对K⁺的固定，减轻K⁺淋溶风险，有效时间超过72 d。对各处理淋溶液中K⁺累积量（y）随NO₃^-累积量（x）的变化进行拟合，其中以线性方程（y=ax+b）和Elovich方程（y=alnx+b）的拟合度最高，且抑制剂处理间a、b值均存在明显差异。总之，在黄泥田土壤中单施CP，或与NBPT配施可以有效增加K⁺吸附，降低土壤中K⁺淋溶损失，减轻养分淋失风险，提高肥料利用率。
关键词:钾淋溶/
黄泥田土壤/
脲酶抑制剂/
硝化抑制剂/
尿素/
尿素硝铵
Abstract:Soil nutrient leaching in yellow clay soils, especially nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) leaching, is extremely serious in South China. This has resulted in not only waste of resources and potential environmental threat, but also in serious restriction on sustainable production of crops. In this study, the effects of urease inhibitor[N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT], nitrification inhibitor[2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine, CP] and their combined application on leaching characteristics of K in yellow clay soils were investigated in an indoor soil column simulation with urea (U) and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) application. The study aimed to improve the capability of soil K through rational application of biochemical inhibitors. In the leaching solution of different N fertilizers, higher average K⁺ concentration was obtained under UAN treatments (average in 103.0 mg·kg^-1) than under U treatments (average in 93.9 mg·kg^-1), with obvious differences among inhibitor treatments. At the end of incubation (72 days after incubation), UAN treatments increased K⁺ leaching average by 6.7% more than U treatments. K⁺ accumulation in leaching solution under U treatments was in the order of U > U+NBPT > U+NBPT+CP > U+CP > CK. Compared with U treatment, U+NBPT, U+CP and U+NBPT+CP treatments reduced K⁺ accumulation by 8.7%, 20.2% and 14.9%, respectively. K⁺ accumulation under UAN treatments was in the order of UAN > UAN+NBPT > UAN+NBPT+CP > UAN+CP > CK. Compared with UAN treatment, K⁺ accumulation in UAN+NBPT, UAN+CP and UAN+NBPT+CP treatments were reduced respectively by 6.0%, 13.8% and 9.2%. Additionally, leaching rate of K⁺ across different treatments was in the order of UAN > UAN+NBPT > U > UAN+NBPT+CP > UAN+CP > U+NBPT > U+NBPT+CP > U+CP. In the middle of incubation (36 days after incubation), soil available K content of fertilizer microsites under U and UAN treatments decreased significantly. The addition of CP effectively maintained high availability of K content in the topsoil. Compared with the addition of NBPT alone, combined application of NBPT and CP reduced NO₃^- leaching, increased K⁺ fixation on soil lattice and mitigated leaching risk of K⁺ for more than 72 days in yellow clay soils. Equation models were used to describe the relationship between K⁺ accumulation (y) and NO₃^- accumulation (x) in leaching solution. The linear equation (y=ax+b) and Elovich equation (y=alnx+b) fitted well, with a and b values for inhibitor treatments obviously different. In conclusion, the application of CP alone or in combination with NBPT in yellow clay soils effectively increased the adsorption of K⁺, minimized soil K⁺ leaching loss, mitigated the risk of nutrient leaching and improved fertilizer utilization rate.
Key words:Potassium leaching/
Yellow clay soil/
Urease inhibitor/
Nitrification inhibitor/
Urea/
Urea ammonium nitrate

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图1不同氮肥配施生化抑制剂处理下土壤淋溶液中K⁺浓度
Figure1.K⁺ concentrations in soil leaching solutions in different treatments of N fertilizations combined with biochemical inhibitors

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图2不同氮肥配施生化抑制剂处理下土壤淋溶液中K⁺累积淋失量
Figure2.K⁺ accumulation in soil leaching solution in different treatments of N fertilizations combined with biochemical inhibitors

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图3不同氮肥配施生化抑制剂处理下土壤K⁺淋溶率
柱上不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平.
Figure3.K⁺ leaching rates of soil under different treatments of N fertilizations combined with biochemical inhibitors
Different letters above the bars mean significant differences among treatments at 5% level.

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图4不同氮肥配施生化抑制剂处理下土壤淋溶液中NO₃^-淋失累积量
Figure4.NO₃^- accumulation in soil leaching solution in different treatments of N fertilizations combined with biochemical inhibitors

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图5不同氮肥配施生化抑制剂处理下K⁺在黄泥田土壤肥际微域中的迁移量
Figure5.Movement amount of K⁺ applied in fertilizer microsites in yellow clayey soil under different treatments of N fertilizations combined with biochemical inhibitors

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表1不同氮肥配施生化抑制剂下土柱试验处理
Table1.Experimental treatments of soil column of different N fertilizations combined with biochemical inhibitors

处理 Treatment	氮肥种类 N fertilize type	施N量 N rate (kg·hm^-2)	抑制剂 Inhibitor		施K量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2)	施P量 P₂O₅ rate (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	氮肥种类 N fertilize type	施N量 N rate (kg·hm^-2)	类型 Type	添加量(以N为基础) Rate (%) (based on N)	施K量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2)	施P量 P₂O₅ rate (kg·hm^-2)
CK	CK	—	—	—	150	150
U	尿素Urea	300	—	—	150	150
U+NBPT	尿素Urea	300	NBPT	0.5	150	150
U+CP	尿素Urea	300	CP	0.3	150	150
U+NBPT+CP	尿素Urea	300	NBPT+CP	0.5+0.3	150	150
UAN	尿素硝铵Urea ammonium nitrate	300	—	—	150	150
UAN+NBPT	尿素硝铵Urea ammonium nitrate	300	NBPT	0.5	150	150
UAN+CP	尿素硝铵Urea ammonium nitrate	300	CP	0.3	150	150
UAN+NBPT+CP	尿素硝铵Urea ammonium nitrate	300	NBPT+CP	0.5+0.3	150	150
NBPT: N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺; CP: 2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶。NBPT: N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide; CP: 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine.

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表2不同氮肥配施生化抑制剂处理土壤K⁺淋失量(y, kg·hm^-2)与NO₃^-淋失量(x, kg·hm^-2)的拟合方程
Table2.Fitting equations between leaching amounts of K⁺ (y, kg·hm^-2) and NO₃^- (x, kg·hm^-2) of soils under different treatments of N fertilizations combined with biochemical inhibitors

处理Treatment	y=ax+b			y=alnx+b			y=ax^b			lny=ax+b
处理Treatment	a	b	R²	a	b	R²	a	b	R²	a	b	R²
CK	8.9	-58.0	0.99^**	136.6	-289.0	0.99^**	0.3	2.1	0.94^**	0.1	9.2	0.86^**
U	3.0	28.4	0.90^**	77.7	-129.0	0.96^**	5.9	0.9	0.80^**	0.0	38.1	0.66^**
U+NBPT	3.3	22.1	0.90^**	75.7	-123.8	0.98^**	4.5	1.0	0.80^**	0.0	32.2	0.64^**
U+CP	6.1	-7.3	0.92^**	92.7	-158.0	0.97^**	2.1	1.4	0.83^**	0.1	20.1	0.72^**
U+NBPT+CP	5.2	-1.0	0.94^**	92.4	-162.3	0.98^**	2.5	1.3	0.83^**	0.1	23.5	0.71^**
UAN	2.4	14.2	0.96^**	84.2	-183.5	0.96^**	2.4	1.0	0.97^**	0.0	31.7	0.77^**
UAN+NBPT	2.8	-2.9	0.99^**	85.1	-192.3	0.92^**	1.5	1.2	0.99^**	0.0	23.6	0.83^**
UAN+CP	5.3	-41.8	0.97^**	98.3	-216.1	0.82^**	0.8	1.5	0.97^**	0.1	12.3	0.96^**
UAN+NBPT+CP	3.9	-10.5	0.94^**	102.4	-232.2	0.92^**	1.2	1.3	0.95^**	0.0	23.7	0.80^**
^表示在0.01水平上显著相关。^ means significant correlation at 0.01 probability level.

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