兴安1,
孙忠祥1,
黄元仿1,,,
曹梦1,
李贞1,
张世文2
1.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
2.安徽理工大学地球与环境学院 淮南 232001
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300801
国家自然科学基金项目41571217
详细信息
作者简介:卓志清, 主要从事土地利用与景观生态研究。E-mail:zhiqingzhuo@cau.edu.cn
通讯作者:黄元仿, 主要从事水土资源高效利用研究。E-mail:yfhuang@cau.edu.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2017-10-08
录用日期:2018-01-16
刊出日期:2018-06-01
Synergies and trade-offs of agro-ecosystem in dry-farming areas in Northeast China
ZHUO Zhiqing1,,XING An1,
SUN Zhongxiang1,
HUANG Yuanfang1,,,
CAO Meng1,
LI Zhen1,
ZHANG Shiwen2
1. College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300801
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41571217
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Corresponding author:HUANG Yuanfang, E-mail:yfhuang@cau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:随着传统农业向现代农业过渡，农业已由单一的生产功能向多功能方向转变，全面评价农业生态系统的协同性对区域可持续发展具有指导意义。本文基于2005—2015年东北旱作区85县市的社会经济数据和土壤属性数据，应用协同模型和统计参数均方根误差（RMSE）分析了不同时段东北旱作区农业生态系统发展的协同性及农业生产、生活和生态功能之间权衡关系的时空演变特征。结果表明：1）2005—2015年，东北旱作区农业生态系统综合协同度下降0.12，整体处于低度协同水平；区域农业生产功能和生态功能协同度分别下降0.03、0.45，而农业生活功能协同度小幅上升。除辽宁省旱作区外，吉林、黑龙江省旱作区农业生态系统协同度均明显下降，表明区域农业生态系统的生产功能、生活功能及生态功能之间的协同性向无序方向演变。2）研究区农业生态系统的各功能之间存在时空权衡关系。2005—2010年，农业生产-生态、农业生活-生态功能之间的权衡关系整体表现为收益于农业生态功能，而2010—2015年则分别收益于农业生产功能和农业生活功能，各功能之间权衡关系变化及收益方向的转变是导致东北旱作区农业生态系统整体协同度出现波动的直接原因。3）应用协同函数和统计均方根误差可以定量化描述区域农业生态系统发展的有序程度及系统内部各功能之间的关系，能够更直接有效地识别引起东北旱作区农业系统变化的因素，结果可为区域农业生态系统可持续发展提供参考。
关键词:东北旱作区/
农业生态系统/
农业生产功能/
农业生态功能/
农业生活功能/
协同发展/
权衡分析
Abstract:In the process of transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, the role of agriculture has been changing from single to multiple functions. Comprehensive evaluation of the degree of synergy of agro-ecosystems can guide sustainable regional development. The dry farming area in Northeast China is not only an important grain production base, but also a severe soil erosion area in China. Due to excessive long-term fertilizer application, unreasonable farming systems and management measures, agro-ecological environments in the dry farming areas have faced enormous pressure. In this research, the grain production and soil data for 85 counties in dry farming areas of Northeast China were used as basic materials, which included socio-economic data from agricultural statistics yearbooks of three northeastern provinces from 2005 to 2015 and soil physic-chemical parameters obtained from soil samples collected in the study area in May 2017. The spatial variations in synergy and trade-offs among agro-production functions, agro-living functions and agro-ecological functions of agro-ecosystem were analyzed based on the synergetic model and root mean square error (RMSE) at different time periods. The aim of this research was to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the three agro-ecosystem functions stated above. The results showed that the degree of the synergy of agro-ecosystem was low for the dry farming areas in Northeast China, dropping by 0.12 for the period 2005-2015. The degrees of synergy of agro-production function and agro-ecological function were dropped by 0.03 and 0.45, respectively. However, the synergy degree of agro-living function increased slightly. Except for drying farming areas in Liaoning Province, the synergy degree of agro-ecosystem decreased significantly in Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province, indicating that the synergy among three functions of agro-ecosystem was in disorder. There were spatial and temporal trade-off relationships among various functions of agro-ecosystem. For the period 2005-2010, the trade-offs between agro-production function and agro-ecological function, and between agro-living function and agro-ecological function benefited from the ecological function. However, the trade-offs benefited from the production functions and living functions for the period 2010-2015. The main reasons were the fluctuations in the trade-off relationships among three functions of agriculture and changes in the related benefit directions. It was suggested that the synergy degree of agro-ecosystem and the relationships among agro-production function, agro-living function and agro-ecological function were quantitatively describable using the synergetic model and root mean square error. It was an effective way of identifying the structural factors that caused changes in agro-ecosystems by the two methods. The results provided critical references for sustainable development of agro-ecosystem in the dry farming areas of Northeast China.
Key words:Dry farming areas in Northeast China/
Agro-ecosystem/
Agricultural production function/
Agricultural ecological function/
Agricultural living function/
Synergetic development/
Trade-off analysis
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图1东北旱作农业区分布图
Figure1.Distribution of dry farming areas of Northeast China
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图22005—2015年东北旱作区农业生态系统生产功能(A)、生活功能(B)和生态功能(C)协同度时空变化
Figure2.The temporal and spatial variations of synergy degree of agro-ecosystem from 2005 to 2015 in the dry farming areas of Northeast China (A: agricultural production function; B: agricultural living function; C: agricultural ecological function)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32005—2015年东北旱作区农业生态系统综合协同度时空变化
Figure3.The temporal and spatial variations of agro-ecosystem overall synergy degree from 2005 to 2015 in the dry farming areas of Northeast China
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4东北各省旱作区农业生产、生态、生活功能协同度变化
Figure4.The variations of synergy degree of three agricultural functions in the dry farming areas of Northeast provinces in China
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图52005—2010年和2010—2015年东北旱作区农业生态系统各功能权衡关系变化
Figure5.The trade-offs among three agricultural functions in the dry farming areas of Northeast China during 2005-2010 and 2010-2015
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1东北旱作区农业生态系统协同评价指标体系
Table1.The synergy valuation index system of agro-ecosystem in the dry farming areas of Northeast China
| 系统 System | 子系统 Subsystem | 功能 Function | 指标 Indicator | 序参量解析 Meaning of indicator | 趋向 Trend |
| 农业生态系统 Agro-ecosystem | 农业生产子系统 Agricultural production subsystem | 农业生产功能 Agricultural production function | 人均耕地面积 Per capita cultivated area(hm2·cap.-1) | 反映现有耕地资源状况 Reflecting the existing cultivated land | 正 Positive |
| 劳动力平均耕地面积 Per agricultural labor cultivated area(hm2·cap.-1) | 反映农业发展的经营规模 Reflecting the operation scale of the farming | 正 Positive | |||
| 粮食单产 Grain yield per hectare (t·hm-2) | 衡量农业土地的生产能力 Measuring the productive capacity of cultivated land | 正 Positive | |||
| 单位农机总动力 Total horsepower of farm machinery(MW·hm-2) | 反映农业机械化生产水平 Reflecting the level of farming mechanization | 正 Positive | |||
| 化肥产出率 Output ratio of chemical fertilizer (%) | 衡量区域化肥利用效率 Measuring the efficiency of chemical fertilizer | 正 Positive | |||
| 有效灌溉率 Effective irrigated area rate (%) | 反映农业生产的水利化条件 Reflecting the irrigation condition of agricultural production | 正 Positive | |||
| 农业生活子系统 Agricultural living subsystem | 农业生活功能 Agricultural living function | 区域人均 GDP Per capita GDP (￥·cap.-1) | 反映区域经济发展水平 Reflecting the level of economic development | 正 Positive | |
| 农民人均年纯收入 Per capita annual net income of rural households (￥·cap.-1) | 衡量农民各项生产活动的收益 Measuring the income of agricultural activities | 正 Positive | |||
| 人均粮食占有量 Per capita grain possession(kg·cap.-1) | 表征区域人均粮食保障能力 Reflecting the food security capability | 正 Positive | |||
| 单位面积农业产值 Agricultural output value per unit area of farmland (￥·hm-2) | 衡量农业生产的经济能力 Measuring the economic capacity of agricultural production | 正 Positive | |||
| 农业产值比例 Proportion of agricultural output value (%) | 表征区域农业经济的重要性 Reflecting the importance of agriculture economy | 正 Positive | |||
| 农村劳动力比例 Proportion of rural labor force | 反映农村劳动力转移程度 Reflecting rural labor migration | 逆 Negative | |||
| 农业生态子系统 Agricultural ecological subsystem | 农业生态功能 Agricultural ecological function | 旱涝保收面积 Area of ensuring stable yields despite drought and flood (hm2) | 表征农业抗灾能力 Reflecting the hazard resistance ability of agriculture | 正 Positive | |
| 化肥施用量 Amount of fertilizer applied(t·hm-2) | 反映化肥施用对土壤的影响 Reflecting the influence of fertilizer application on soil | 逆 Negative | |||
| 农药施用量 Amount of pesticide applied(kg·hm-2) | 反映农业生产带来的污染程度 Reflecting the pollution degree caused by agricultural production | 逆 Negative | |||
| 农膜使用量 Amount of agricultural film(kg·hm-2) | 反映农膜污染程度 Reflecting the pollution degree caused by agricultural film utilization | 逆 Negative | |||
| 水源涵养量 Water retention capacity(m3·hm-2) | 反映土壤水分保持能力 Reflecting the ability of soil moisture retention | 正 Positive | |||
| 土壤碳储存 Soil carbon storage (t·a-1) | 反映农田土壤碳储存能力 Reflecting the carbon storage capacity of farmland soil | 正 Positive |
下载: 导出CSV表2东北旱作区农业生态系统协同度变化区间及描述
Table2.The change interval and description of synergy degree of agro-ecosystem in the dry farming areas of Northeast China
| 分级 Grade | 协同度T(Sm) Synergy degree T(Sm) | 系统状态 System state | 意义 Meaning |
| Ⅰ | -1 < T(Sm)≤-0.5 | 不协同 Very low synergy degree | 农业生态系统中各子系统之间的协同状态被打破, 农业生态系统向无序发展。 The state of synergy among subsystems has been broken seriously, and the agro-ecosystem becomes disordered. |
| Ⅱ | -0.5 < T(Sm)≤0 | 低度协同 Low synergy degree | 农业生态系统中的部分子系统之间的协同状态被打破, 农业生态系统稳定性出现较大波动。 The state of synergy among subsystems has been broken, and the stability of agro-ecosystem has a large fluctuation. |
| Ⅲ | 0 < T(Sm)≤0.5 | 较协同 High synergy degree | 农业生态系统中各子系统之间处于协同与非协同状态的临界边缘, 农业生态系统呈现较小波动。 The state of synergy among subsystems is in critical stage, and the stability of agro-ecosystem has a little fluctuation. |
| Ⅳ | 0.5 < T(Sm)≤1 | 协同 Very high synergy degree | 农业生态系统中各子系统之间处于协同和有序状态, 农业生态系统向有序方向发展。 All the subsystems are in a better synergy state, and the development of agro-ecosystem realizes sustainable development. |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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