王娟玲,
黄明镜,
赵聪,
刘化涛
山西省农业科学院旱地农业研究中心 太原 030031
基金项目: 国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项201503124
山西省重点研发计划重点项目201703D211002
详细信息
作者简介:黄学芳, 主要研究方向为农田水肥资源高效利用与生态环境。E-mail:hxfwmf@163.com
中图分类号:S154.4;S158.3;S127计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-05-15
录用日期:2018-05-23
刊出日期:2018-08-01
Sustainability of soil-crop systems under different long-term fertilizations in Chestnut Cinnamon soil areas
HUANG Xuefang,,WANG Juanling,
HUANG Mingjing,
ZHAO Cong,
LIU Huatao
Center for Arid Farming Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503124
the Science and Technology Key Program of Shanxi Province, China201703D211002
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Corresponding author:HUANG Xuefang, E-mail: hxfwmf@163.com
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摘要
摘要:利用长期施肥定位试验开展土壤-作物系统的可持续性评价，可为农田合理施肥和管理提供理论支撑。在黄土丘陵区栗褐土农田进行了26年长期肥料定位试验，设置8个处理，分别是不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥[120.0 kg（N）·hm-2，N]、氮[120.0 kg（N）·hm-2]和磷[75 kg（P2O5）·hm-2]肥配施（NP）、单施低量有机肥（22 500 kg·hm-2，M1）、低量有机肥与氮肥配合施用（M1N）、低量有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用（M1NP）、高量有机肥（45 000 kg·hm-2）与氮肥配合施用（M2N）和高量有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用（M2NP）。测定了19项指标，根据三角性面积法计算了土壤养分指数、土壤微生物指数、作物指数和可持续性指数，分析讨论了长期施肥对栗褐土区土壤-作物系统可持续性的影响。结果表明：1）N、M1处理的可持续性指数较CK分别提高27.1%、141.7%，但较临界值（1.30）低53.1%和10.8%；NP处理的可持续性指数虽然较N处理提高62.3%，但仍比临界值（1.30）低23.8%。说明长期单施氮肥、低量有机肥和氮磷配施下土壤-作物系统均不可持续。2）施用无机肥处理（N和NP）的土壤养分指数、土壤微生物指数和作物指数较CK提高7.1%和46.4%、-6.0%和25.4%、40.0%和60.0%；单施低量有机肥（M1）的土壤养分指数、土壤微生物指数和作物指数较CK提高98.2%、41.8%和31.7%。说明施用无机肥有利于作物指数的提升，而施用有机肥有利于土壤养分指数和土壤微生物指数的提升。3）M1N处理的土壤养分指数（1.06）、土壤微生物指数（1.04）、作物指数（1.00）和可持续性指数（1.38）均超过或等于临界值，使土壤-作物系统具有较好的可持续性。4）M1NP、M2N、M2NP处理的土壤养分指数较M1N处理分别提高21.7%、37.7%和72.6%，土壤微生物指数较M1N处理分别提高15.4%、7.7%和18.3%，作物指数与M1N处理相比差异很小，可持续性指数较M1N处理分别提高28.3%、32.6%和68.1%。说明在M1N基础上再增施磷肥或有机肥，可持续性指数可进一步提升是由于土壤养分指数和土壤微生物指数提高的缘故，同时也增加了潜在的环境风险。适量有机肥与无机氮配合施用（M1N）是实现栗褐土区土壤-作物系统可持续生产的较佳施肥模式。
关键词:土壤-作物系统/
长期施肥/
栗褐土/
可持续性指数/
土壤养分指数/
土壤微生物指数/
作物指数
Abstract:The sustainability of soil-crop systems was evaluated based on a long-term fertilization experiment to provide theoretical support for farmland fertilization and management. The long-term fertilizer experiment consisting of 8 treatments and a CK was carried out in the Chestnut Cinnamon soil of loess hilly-gully region for 26 years. The treatments included:non-fertilization (CK), 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea (N), 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea + 75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 calcium superphosphate (NP), 22 500 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer (M1), M1 + N (M1N), M1 + NP (M1NP), 45 000 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer + 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea (M2N) and M2 + NP (M2NP). A total of 19 indicators of the soil-crop system were measured, and soil nutrient index, soil microbial index, crop index and sustainability index were calculated by the triangle area method. The effects of long-term fertilization on the sustainability of soil-crop systems in the Chestnut Cinnamon soil region were discussed. The results indicated that:1) the sustainability indexes of N and M1 treatments increased respectively by 27.1% and 141.7% compared with CK, but were 53.1% and 10.8% lower than the critical value (1.30). Although the sustainability index of NP treatment was 62.3% higher than N treatment, it was 23.8% lower than the critical value (1.30). This indicated that soil-crop systems under long-term application of single nitrogen, or low organic fertilizer or nitrogen and phosphorus were all unsustainable. 2) Nutrient index, microbial index and crop index of inorganic fertilizer (N, NP) treatments increased respectively by 7.1% and 46.4%, -6.0% and 25.4%, 40.0% and 60.0% compared with CK. Nutrient index, microbial index and crop index of single application of organic fertilizer (M1) were respectively 98.2%, 41.8% and 31.7% higher than those of CK, showing inorganic fertilizer application improved crop index, organic fertilizer application improved nutrient index and microbial index. 3) Soil nutrient index (1.06), soil microbial index (1.04), crop index (1.00) and sustainability index (1.38) of M1N all exceeded or equaled the critical value, which was good for the sustainability of soil-crop systems. 4) Soil nutrient indexes of M1NP, M2N and M2NP increased respectively by 21.7%, 37.7% and 72.6% compared with M1N, and the corresponding soil microbial index increased by 15.4%, 7.7% and 18.3% over M1N. There were small differences in crop indexes of the above treatments, compared with M1N. Sustainability indexes of the above treatments increased respectively by 28.3%, 32.6% and 68.1% compared with M1N. The results indicated that increasing application of phosphorus or organic fertilizer over M1N further enhanced sustainability index because of enhanced soil nutrient index and microbial index, but also increased potential environmental risk. A combination of moderate amounts of organic and inorganic N application (M1N) was a comparatively better fertilization model, which ensured sustainable production of soil-crop systems in Chestnut Cinnamon soil region.
Key words:Soil-crop system/
Long-term fertilization/
Chestnut Cinnamon soil/
Sustainability index/
Soil nutrient index/
Soil microbial index/
Crop index
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图1三角形方法计算土壤-作物系统的可持续性指数
Figure1.Calculation of sustainability of soil-crop system with triangle method
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同长期施肥处理下土壤养分指标及临界值
Table1.Soil nutrient indicators under different long-term fertilization treatments and their threshold values
| 处理 Treatment | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total N (g·kg-1) | 全磷 Total P (g·kg-1) | 碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzable N (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1) |
| CK | 5.73±0.16d | 0.42±0.01d | 0.70±0.02d | 25.89±2.54d | 4.80±0.13d | 86.61±7.98d |
| N | 6.49±0.18cd | 0.51±0.02c | 0.69±0.03d | 27.97±2.16d | 4.64±0.15d | 87.34±6.58d |
| NP | 6.84±0.13c | 0.52±0.01c | 0.89±0.06b | 32.05±3.25cd | 19.41±1.55c | 88.69±8.45d |
| M1 | 11.49±0.22b | 0.78±0.01b | 0.81±0.04bc | 38.56±2.59c | 19.85±1.28c | 195.84±12.32b |
| M1N | 12.10±0.32b | 0.76±0.02b | 0.76±0.03cd | 50.24±5.35b | 16.35±1.49c | 172.05±11.25c |
| M1NP | 12.53±0.15b | 0.75±0.03b | 1.09±0.03a | 49.90±1.39b | 32.88±2.65b | 157.92±12.36c |
| M2N | 15.45±0.26a | 0.97±0.02a | 0.86±0.04b | 59.72±2.68a | 29.54±2.47b | 256.74±15.36a |
| M2NP | 15.30±0.18a | 1.03±0.02a | 1.15±0.05a | 65.96±4.36a | 54.94±3.05a | 256.69±17.52a |
| 临界值?Threshold | 9.47 | 0.64 | 0.82 | 105.00 | 15.00 | 125.00 |
| 变异系数?CV (%) | 31.6 | 26.4 | 19.1 | 30.4 | 62.8 | 40.2 |
| CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]; NP:氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]和磷肥[75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2]配施; M1:单施低量有机肥(22 500 kg·hm-2); M1N:低量有机肥与氮肥配施; M1NP:低量有机肥与氮磷肥配施; M2N:高量有机肥(45 000 kg·hm-2)与氮肥配施; M2NP:高量有机肥与氮磷肥配施。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。CK: non fertilization; N: application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; NP: combined application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea and 75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 calcium superphosphate; M1: application of 22 500 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer; M1N: combination of M1 and N treatments; M1NP: combination of M1 and NP treatments; M2N: combined application of 45 000 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer and 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; M2NP: combination of M2 and NP treatments. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2不同长期施肥处理下土壤微生物指标及临界值
Table2.Soil microbiological indicators under different long-term fertilization treatments and their threshold values
| 处理 Treatment | 细菌 Bacterium (×106CFU·g-1) | 放线菌 Actinomyces (×104CFU·g-1) | 真菌 Fungus (×103CFU·g-1) | 无机磷细菌 Phosphorus solubilization bacterium (×104CFU·g-1) | 有机磷细菌 Organic phosphate-dissolving bacterium (×104CFU·g-1) |
| CK | 22.16±3.69c | 16.81±1.86c | 2.53±0.77d | 22.18±5.65c | 50.81±4.44bc |
| N | 26.13±1.15c | 20.78±5.94bc | 2.48±0.83d | 14.11±4.03d | 39.92±4.06c |
| NP | 38.96±1.89b | 20.83±3.58bc | 2.62±0.92cd | 26.18±6.45bc | 62.50±1.61ab |
| M1 | 50.86±8.37ab | 22.09±3.56b | 3.09±1.01c | 30.87±1.21ab | 60.97±2.02ab |
| M1N | 55.19±1.53a | 23.42±4.23ab | 3.78±0.95b | 33.06±4.44a | 64.52±9.27ab |
| M1NP | 50.95±1.46ab | 27.03±4.92a | 6.33±1.24a | 30.65±2.02ab | 77.82±12.1a |
| M2N | 53.85±1.79a | 24.22±3.06ab | 4.23±1.04b | 36.29±7.66a | 75.00±3.63a |
| M2NP | 55.33±0.31a | 26.05±6.26a | 6.77±1.12a | 35.48±4.44a | 68.55±2.82ab |
| 临界值?Threshold | 47.32 | 23.49 | 4.19 | 29.52 | 64.18 |
| 变异系数?CV (%) | 23.04 | 10.44 | 41.38 | 25.09 | 19.34 |
| CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]; NP:氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]和磷肥[75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2]配施; M1:单施低量有机肥(22 500 kg·hm-2); M1N:低量有机肥与氮肥配施; M1NP:低量有机肥与氮磷肥配施; M2N:高量有机肥(45 000 kg·hm-2)与氮肥配施; M2NP:高量有机肥与氮磷肥配施。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。CK: non fertilization; N: application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; NP: combined application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea and 75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 calcium superphosphate; M1: application of 22 500 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer; M1N: combination of M1 and N treatments; M1NP: combination of M1 and NP treatments; M2N: combined application of 45 000 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer and 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; M2NP: combination of M2 and NP treatments. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同长期施肥处理下作物(玉米)指标及临界值
Table3.Crop (maize) indicators under different long-term fertilization treatments and their threshold values
| 处理 Treatment | 籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm-2) | 籽粒全氮 Grain total N content (kg·hm-2) | 籽粒全磷 Grain total P content (kg·hm-2) | 籽粒全钾 Grain total K content (kg·hm-2) | 收获指数 Harvest index (%) | 籽粒蛋白质 Grain protein content (%) | 籽粒淀粉 Grain starch content (%) | 籽粒脂肪 Grain fat content (%) |
| CK | 3 200.8±865.9e | 25.38±8.08e | 7.89±2.29d | 9.45±3.31c | 40.73±2.35c | 6.06±0.59d | 70.60±0.42d | 3.19±0.03b |
| N | 6 408.0±663.3c | 81.90±9.04c | 12.10±1.87c | 15.80±3.02b | 51.47±1.62ab | 8.22±0.22b | 71.96±0.48a | 3.20±0.13ab |
| NP | 7 867.7±406.8b | 104.90±7.20b | 17.66±1.56b | 21.43±2.06a | 55.45±3.52a | 8.59±0.50b | 71.97±0.19a | 3.22±0.13ab |
| M1 | 5 773.5±911.4d | 59.11±15.64d | 13.77±3.06c | 16.31±3.21b | 49.95±2.43b | 6.94±0.48c | 71.28±0.42bc | 3.22±0.11ab |
| M1N | 8 007.6±666.9ab | 115.31±9.86a | 18.30±2.68ab | 21.15±1.89a | 53.65±3.26ab | 9.94±0.13a | 71.59±0.24abc | 3.36±0.05ab |
| M1NP | 8 461.1±754.1a | 117.70±10.14a | 20.20±2.58a | 23.00±3.20a | 53.00±2.68ab | 10.19±0.81a | 71.76±0.45ab | 3.30±0.12ab |
| M2N | 7 905.6±653.8ab | 116.49±11.33a | 19.30±2.74ab | 21.60±2.65a | 53.53±3.12ab | 10.08±0.40a | 71.63±0.06ab | 3.32±0.07ab |
| M2NP | 8 185.1±981.9ab | 116.66±12.7a | 19.89±2.47a | 22.45±2.26a | 51.88±2.47ab | 10.17±0.03a | 71.11±0.22cd | 3.39±0.08a |
| 临界值 Threshold | 8 085.42 | 114.21 | 19.07 | 21.93 | 53.50 | 9.79 | 71.61 | 3.32 |
| 变异系数 CV (%) | 13.4 | 22.3 | 18.3 | 14.4 | 3.4 | 13.8 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
| CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]; NP:氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]和磷肥[75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2]配施; M1:单施低量有机肥(22 500 kg·hm-2); M1N:低量有机肥与氮肥配施; M1NP:低量有机肥与氮磷肥配施; M2N:高量有机肥(45 000 kg·hm-2)与氮肥配施; M2NP:高量有机肥与氮磷肥配施。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。CK: non fertilization; N: application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; NP: combined application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea and 75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 calcium superphosphate; M1: application of 22 500 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer; M1N: combination of M1 and N treatments; M1NP: combination of M1 and NP treatments; M2N: combined application of 45 000 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer and 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; M2NP: combination of M2 and NP treatments. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4长期不同施肥处理的土壤养分、微生物、作物和土壤-作物系统可持续性指数
Table4.Soil nutrient index, soil microbial index, crop index and sustainability index of soil-crop system under different long-term fertilization treatments
| 处理 Treatment | 土壤养分指数 Soil nutrient index | 土壤微生物指数 Soil microbial index | 作物指数 Crop index | 可持续性指数 Sustainability index |
| CK | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.48 |
| N | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.84 | 0.61 |
| NP | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.96 | 0.99 |
| M1 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 0.79 | 1.16 |
| M1N | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.38 |
| M1NP | 1.29 | 1.20 | 1.02 | 1.77 |
| M2N | 1.46 | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.83 |
| M2NP | 1.83 | 1.23 | 1.01 | 2.32 |
| 临界值 Threshold | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.30 |
| 变异系数 CV (%) | 39.8 | 24.1 | 16.6 | 48.2 |
| CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]; NP:氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm-2]和磷肥[75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2]配施; M1:单施低量有机肥(22 500 kg·hm-2); M1N:低量有机肥与氮肥配施; M1NP:低量有机肥与氮磷肥配施; M2N:高量有机肥(45 000 kg·hm-2)与氮肥配施; M2NP:高量有机肥与氮磷肥配施。CK: non fertilization; N: application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; NP: combined application of 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea and 75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 calcium superphosphate; M1: application of 22 500 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer; M1N: combination of M1 and N treatments; M1NP: combination of M1 and NP treatments; M2N: combined application of 45 000 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer and 120.0 kg(N)·hm-2 urea; M2NP: combination of M2 and NP treatments. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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