王淑英^1,,,
樊廷录¹,
丁宁平²,
赵刚¹,
张建军¹,
李尚中¹,
王磊¹,
党翼¹,
程万莉¹,
唐小明¹
1.甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室 兰州 730070
2.平凉市农业科学研究院 平凉 744500
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300110
公益性行业（农业）科研专项201303104
公益性行业（农业）科研专项201503124
国家玉米产业技术体系兰州综合试验站项目CARS-02-60
“十二五”农村领域国家科技计划课题2013AA102902

详细信息

作者简介:王淑英, 主要研究方向为旱地水土资源高效利用。E-mail:wang_shying@163.com

中图分类号:S153.6+1

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收稿日期:2017-11-03
录用日期:2018-01-28
刊出日期:2018-07-01

Change characteristics of soil phosphorus and phosphorus fertilizer efficiency in Black Loessial soil of dryland in the Loess Plateau under long-term fertilization

WANG Shuying^1,,,
FAN Tinglu¹,
DING Ningping²,
ZHAO Gang¹,
ZHANG Jianjun¹,
LI Shangzhong¹,
WANG Lei¹,
DANG Yi¹,
CHENG Wanli¹,
TANG Xiaoming¹
1. Dryland Agricultural Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Pingliang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pingliang 744500, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300110
the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201303104
the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503124
the Project of Lanzhou Experimental Station on Maize of China Agriculture Research SystemCARS-02-60
the National Technology R&D Program on Rural Areas of China2013AA102902

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Corresponding author:WANG Shuying, E-mail: wang_shying@163.com

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摘要
摘要:依托甘肃平凉定位试验（1979年-），分析长期不同施肥下土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征，为黄土旱塬雨养农田合理施用磷肥提供参考。试验包括6个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮磷配合（NP）、秸秆还田加氮和隔年施磷（SNP）、单施农家肥（M）和农家肥加氮磷（MNP），种植制度为4年冬小麦-2年春玉米的一年1熟轮作制。结果表明，试验进行38年后，长期无磷投入（CK、N）处理耕层土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量及磷活化系数比试验开始时下降，而施磷处理（NP、SNP、M和MNP）土壤全磷分别增加22.8%、14.0%、38.6%和56.1%，Olsen-P相应提高99.1%、48.4%、206.4%和375.6%，磷活化系数分别是开始时的1.7倍、1.3倍、2.2倍和3.1倍。随试验年限延长，CK处理耕层土壤全磷基本不变；N和SNP耕层土壤全磷呈下降趋势，每年下降速率为1.9 mg·kg^-1和2.6 mg·kg^-1；NP、M和MNP处理呈增加趋势，每年增加速率分别为1.2 mg·kg^-1、1.9 mg·kg^-1和2.8 mg·kg^-1。CK和N处理Olsen-P呈下降趋势，年下降速率分别为0.03 mg·kg^-1和0.09 mg·kg^-1；NP、SNP、M和MNP处理土壤Olsen-P呈增加趋势，年增量分别为0.29 mg·kg^-1、0.24 mg·kg^-1、0.46 mg·kg^-1和0.89 mg·kg^-1。作物产量与耕层土壤Olsen-P含量呈极显著正相关（小麦R²=0.116 9，n=132；玉米R²=0.332 4，n=54）。施磷处理（NP、SNP、M和MNP）玉米的磷肥回收率、利用率和农学效率大于小麦，而生理效率小麦大于玉米；各处理磷肥效率4个指标的大小顺序均为SNP > NP > MNP > M，玉米磷肥效率的4个指标都随试验年限延长而提高。M较MNP处理P投入减少了14.2%，小麦、玉米磷素效率降低14.3%~69.5%、0.8%~75.5%。总之，有机无机结合是黄土旱塬区培肥地力、提高作物产量和资源利用效率的施肥措施。
关键词:黑垆土/
长期施肥/
土壤磷素/
磷肥回收率/
磷肥利用率/
磷肥农学效率/
磷肥生理效率
Abstract:Using a long-term fertilization experiment set up in 1978 in Pingliang, Gansu Province, changes in soil phosphorus (P) and P fertilizer efficiency (PFE) were determined and used to guide rational application of P fertilizer in dry farmlands. Six fertilizer treatments-no fertilizer (CK), chemical nitrogen (N), chemical nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), straw plus chemical NP (SNP), farmyard manure (M) and farmyard manure plus chemical NP (MNP)-were used in the cropping system of 4-year continues winter wheat followed by 2-year spring corn. After 38 years, the total soil phosphorus and Olsen-P contents in CK and N treatments decreased, and phosphorus activation coefficient dropped. Total soil phosphorus contents under NP, SNP, M and MNP treatments increased respectively by 22.8%, 14.0%, 38.6% and 56.1%. Then Olsen-P contents increased respectively by 99.1%, 48.4%, 206.4% and 375.6%, while P activation coefficients were 1.7, 1.3, 2.2 and 3.1 times as that in 1978. Total soil P contents in N and SNP treatments were negatively correlated with the number of experimental years with annual decline rates of 1.9 mg·kg^-1 and 2.6 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Total soil P contents under NP, M and MNP treatments were positively correlated with the number of experimental years, with annual increase rates of 1.2 mg·kg^-1, 1.9 mg·kg^-1 and 2.8 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Total soil P contents under CK remained basically unchanged with the number of experimental years. Soil available P contents under CK and N treatments decreased with increasing number of experimental years, and the annual decline rates were respectively 0.03 mg·kg^-1 and 0.09 mg·kg^-1. Soil available P contents under NP, SNP, M and MNP treatments were positively correlated with the number of experimental years, with annual increase rates of respectively 0.29 mg·kg^-1, 0.24 mg·kg^-1, 0.46 mg·kg^-1 and 0.89 mg·kg^-1. Crop yield was positively correlated with soil available P (wheat R²=0.116 9, n=132; corn R²=0.332 4, n=54). P using rate (PUR), P recovery rate (PRR) and P agronomic efficiency (PAE) of corn were greater than those of wheat for all 4 P treatments (NP, SNP, M and MNP), but P physiological efficiency (PPE) of wheat was greater than that of corn. The ranked order of above four indexes of P fertilizer efficiency (PFE) for different treatments was SNP > NP > MNP > M. The four indexes of PFE of maize were positively correlated with the number of experimental years. Compared with MNP treatment, P input with M decreased 14.2%. Wheat and corn PFE decreased by 14.3%-69.5% and 0.8%-75.5%, respectively. In summary, combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was optimal choice for improving soil fertility, increasing crop yield and enhancing resource use efficiency in Heilu soil of the Loess Plateau dryland.
Key words:Black Loessial soil/
Long-term fertilization/
Soil phosphorus/
Phosphate recovery rate/
Phosphate using rate/
Phosphorus agronomic efficiency/
Phosphate physiological efficiency

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图11978—2016年长期不同施肥处理下土壤全磷含量变化
Figure1.Changes of soil P contents under different long-term fertilization treatments from 1978 to 2016


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图21978—2016年长期不同施肥处理下土壤有效磷含量变化
Figure2.Changes of soil Olsen-P contents under different long-term fertilization treatments from 1978 to 2016


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图31978—2016年长期不同施肥处理下土壤磷活化系数(PAC)的变化
Figure3.Changes of soil P active coefficients (PAC) under different long-term fertilization treatments from 1978 to 2016


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图4作物产量与耕层土壤有效磷含量关系
Figure4.Relationship between crop yield and soil Olsen-P content in 0-20 cm soil layer


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表11979—2016年各试验处理全年施肥量和磷素养分输入量
Table1.Annual application amounts of fertilizes and P inputs from different sources of different treatments during 1979-2016

处理 Treatment	施化肥氮量 Chemical N application rate [kg(N)·hm-2]	施化肥磷量 Chemical P application rate [kg(P2O5)·hm-2)	秸秆/农家肥量 Straw/farm manure amount (t·hm-2)	磷素输入量P input (kg·hm-2)
				有机物料 Farm manure/straw	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	总量 Total amount
CK	0	0	0	0	0	0
N	90	0	0	0	0	0
NP	90	75	0	0	33	33
SNP	90	75 (隔年施Every two years)	3.75 (秸秆Straw)	6.4	16.5	22.9
M	0	0	75 (农家肥Farm manure)	200	0	200
NPM	90	75	75 (农家肥Farm manure)	200	33	233

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表2长期不同施肥处理下作物磷肥农学利用效率和生理效率的变化
Table2.Changes of agronomic and physiological efficiencies of P fertilizer under different long-term fertilization treatments

	处处理 Treatment	小麦Wheat					玉米Corn
		平均 Average (kg·kg-1)	变异系数 CV (%)	年变化率 Annual change rate (kg·kg-1·a-1)	R2 (n=26)		平均 Average (kg·kg-1)	变异系数 CV (%)	年变化率 Annual change rate (kg·kg-1·a-1)	R2 (n=10)
						农学利用效率 Agronomic efficiency					NP	55.64	49.41	0.862 9	0.118 5		84.39	52.82	2.161 2	0.379 3
SNP	87.51	42.42	1.300 5	0.147 7	147.03		52.25	4.579 5	0.573 2*
M	8.26	64.03	0.276 0	0.327 3*	15.03		61.60	0.591 8	0.659 1*
MNP	11.40	41.14	0.175 9	0.169 7*	18.78		46.60	0.430 6	0.390 7
生理效率 Physiological efficiency	NP	267.27	47.10	6.748 7	0.345 8**	212.17	13.04	0.616 5	0.080 1
	SNP	295.50	23.81	-3.133 3	0.238 6*	225.84	14.08	1.488 4	0.353 7
	M	191.23	49.49	2.775 4	0.103 3	191.37	14.23	1.623 9	0.573 8*
	MNP	222.77	29.74	2.813 0	0.216 9*	192.92	7.03	0.566 7	0.281 4
??*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01.

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表3长期不同施肥处理下作物磷肥当季利用率和回收率的变化
Table3.Changes of using and recovery rates of P fertilizer under different long-term fertilization treatments

	处理 Treatment	小麦Wheat					玉米Corn
		平均 Average (%)	变异系数 CV (%)	年变化率 Annual change rate (%·a-1)	R2 (n=26)		平均 Average (%)	变异系数 CV (%)	年变化率 Annual change rate (%·a-1)	R2 (n=10)
						当季利用率 Using rate					NP	22.87	61.21	-0.421 5	0.108 91		39.22	43.06	0.846 4	0.405 0*
SNP	29.98	53.20	0.859 8	0.349 6**	63.32		45.57	1.667 6	0.538 8*
M	4.35	56.77	0.073 5	0.106 8	7.58		51.03	0.236 9	0.606 0**
MNP	5.20	42.08	0.000 9	0.000 2	9.64		42.53	0.191 2	0.350 6
当季回收率 Recovery rate	NP	25.22	71.65	-0.822 8	0.249 5**	35.89	52.77	0.816 9	0.300 1
	SNP	33.37	36.98	0.280 9	0.062 4	58.52	63.78	1.625 0	0.305 8
	M	4.74	57.19	0.007 3	0.000 9	7.03	63.41	0.232 1	0.437 8*
	MNP	15.55	42.63	-0.155 1	0.065 8	28.72	42.79	0.506 8	0.274 2
??*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01.

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