任丽伟2,
刘天学3,,,
张亿博2,
张明珠2
1.中国气象局·河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点实验室/河南省气象科学研究所 郑州 450003
2.鹤壁市气象局鹤壁 458030
3.河南农业大学 郑州 450002
基金项目: 中国气象局·河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点开放实验室开放研究基金项目AMF201502
国家重点研发计划2017YFD0301101
详细信息
作者简介:李树岩, 主要从事农业气象方面研究。E-mail:lsy_126com@126.com
通讯作者:刘天学, 主要研究方向为玉米高产栽培。E-mail:13783605978@163.com
中图分类号:S372计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-01-15
录用日期:2018-04-25
刊出日期:2018-08-01
Suitable sunshine and temperature for mechanical grain harvesting of summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
LI Shuyan1,,REN Liwei2,
LIU Tianxue3,,,
ZHANG Yibo2,
ZHANG Mingzhu2
1. China Meteorological Administration·Henan Province Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Safeguard and Applied Technique/Henan Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450003, China
2. Hebi Meteorological Bureau, Hebi 458030, China
3. Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Funds: the Open Research Fund of China Meteorological Administration and Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Safeguard and Applied TechniqueAMF201502
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2017YFD0301101
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Corresponding author:LIU Tianxue, E-mail:13783605978@163.com
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摘要
摘要:机械粒收技术是现代玉米生产的关键技术，籽粒机收率低已成为黄淮海夏玉米全程机械化生产的主要限制因素。籽粒含水量是决定能否机械粒收的关键指标，但直接测定籽粒含水量工作量繁重，取样误差因素多，破坏性大。利用生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率与光温条件的拟合关系，通过建立不同品种达到机收标准所需光温指标来反推籽粒含水量，间接实现对籽粒含水量的动态监测，指导适时机收，可克服上述缺点，为促进夏玉米机械粒收技术发展，指导农业生产发挥重要作用。本研究选择24个鹤壁主要种植玉米品种为供试材料，采取统一授粉，每隔3 d连续测定籽粒含水量变化。利用播种至收获期积温和乳熟至收获期日照时数与不同时期籽粒含水量进行回归分析，建立各品种拟合方程，以籽粒含水量达到28%为适宜机收的阈值，推算相应的光温指标。研究结果表明，除‘新单38’外，籽粒含水量均表现为果穗上部 < 果穗中部 < 果穗下部，‘先玉335’、‘登海701’、‘德单5号’和‘新单61’果穗上中下各部分的籽粒含水量差别较大。各品种达到适宜机收标准时所需播种到收获期积温在2 941~3 147℃·d范围内变化，所需乳熟至收获期日照时数为179~235 h。将各品种光温指标分别排序，光照和积温确定的品种位次较一致。经检验各品种达到机收标准的光温指标与收获期籽粒含水量呈极显著正相关，表明研究建立的光温指标能准确反映各品种籽粒含水量的变化，可用来指导机收。根据各品种光温指标大小，‘新单65’、‘新单68’、‘登海618’、‘新单38’、‘隆平206’、‘登海3号’、‘先玉335’和‘新单80’等品种达到机收标准所需的光温条件较少，更适宜籽粒机收；‘豫禾988’、‘郑单958’、‘登海662’、‘登海518’、‘新单66’、‘登海605’、‘德单5号’和‘益丰29’，成熟后脱水较慢，相对而言较不适宜籽粒机收。
关键词:黄淮海/
夏玉米/
籽粒机收/
籽粒含水量/
光温指标
Abstract:Mechanical grain harvest is a key technology in modern maize production. Low percent of mechanical harvest is the factor limiting fully mechanized production of summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Grain moisture content is the key index of mechanical grain harvest, but measurement of grain moisture content is tedious and complicated, prone to error and destruction while sampling. Grain moisture content is closely related to weather conditions. Based on the relationship among dehydration rate after physiological maturity, sunshine duration and accumulated temperature, grain moisture can indirectly be calculated. Thus building sunshine and temperature indexes for the suitability of mechanical grain reaping of different varieties can overcome the above shortcomings. It also can guide timely mechanical harvest and promote the development of mechanical grain harvest technology. In 2015 and 2016, 24 main cultivated cultivars in the Agro-meteorological Experiment Station of Chinese Meteorological Administration in Hebi City, Henan Province were investigated. Controlled pollination was used in every cultivar. Grain weight and moisture content were measured every third day after milk line reached half kernels of middle ear grains. The accumulated temperature from sowing to sampling and sunshine duration from milking stage to sampling were set as the independent variables, and grain water content in different times as dependent variables for regression analysis. And the regression equations were validated by test of significance. The sunshine and temperature indexes suitable for mechanical grain harvest of different varieties were calculated based on the threshold value of 28% grain moisture content by fitting the equations. The results showed that the order of grain moisture content in the same ear was upper part < middle part < lower part for all the tested varieties, except 'Xindan 38'. The grain moisture content in different parts of ear differed greatly in 'Xianyu 335', 'Denghai 701', 'Dedan 5' and 'Xindan 61'. The suitable accumulated temperature from sowing to harvest was 2 941-3 147℃·d and the suitable sunshine duration during milking stage to harvest stage was 179-235 h for mechanical grain harvesting of different varieties of summer maize. Sunshine duration and accumulated temperature were sorted from small to big, which showed a good consistency of variety order between temperature index and sunshine index. T-test showed that sunshine duration and accumulated temperature were significantly positively correlated with grain moisture content at harvest (P < 0.01). This indicated that sunshine and temperature indexes established in the study accurately reflected the changes in grain moisture content in each variety, and could be used to guide mechanical grain harvest. Base on sunshine and temperature indexes, 'Xindan 65', 'Xindan 68', 'Denghai 618', 'Xindan 38', 'Longping 206', 'Denghai 3', 'Xianyu 335' and 'Xindan 80' varieties needed less accumulated temperature and sunshine duration to meet mechanization standards and therefore more appropriate for mechanical grain harvest. However, 'Yuhe 998', 'Zhengdan 958', 'Denghai 662', 'Denghai 518', 'Xindan 66', 'Denghai 605', 'Dedan 5' and 'Yifeng 29' varieties had slower dehydration rates after maturity and therefore relatively less suitable for mechanical grain harvest.
Key words:Huang-Huai-Hai Plain/
Summer maize/
Mechanical grain harvest/
Grain moisture content/
Sunshine and temperature indexes
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图12015年和2016年共有夏玉米品种乳线占籽粒一半后果穗不同部位籽粒含水量的动态变化
Figure1.Dynamic changes of kernel water contents in different ear positions of common summer maize varieties in 2015 and 2016 after the milk line accounts for half of the grain
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图22015年和2016年共有夏玉米品种果穗上、中、下部位籽粒脱水速率
U、M、L分别代表果穗的上、中、下部位。不同小写字母表示同一品种不同部位间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure2.Rates of water loss of kernels upper, middle and lower parts of ear of common summer maize varieties in 2015 and 2016
U, M, L mean the upper, middle and lower parts of ear. Different lowercase letters in the same variety mean significant differences at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表12015年和2016年供试的玉米品种
Table1.Maize varieties used in the experiment in 2015 and 2016
| 年份?Year | 供试品种?Tested variety |
| 2015 | 豫禾988、浚单20、浚单29、先玉335、新单26、登海701、德单5号、伟科702、武科2号、登海605、登海662、隆平206、新单80、新单38、新单61、新单66、郑单958 Yuhe 988, Xundan 20, Xundan 29, Xianyu 335, Xindan 26, Denghai 701, Dedan 5, Weike 702, Wuke 2, Denghai 605, Denghai 662, Longping 206, Xindan 80, Xindan 38, Xindan 61, Xindan 66, Zhengdan 958 |
| 2016 | 豫禾988、浚单20、浚单29、先玉335、登海701、德单5号、伟科702、隆平206、新单65、新单82、新单38、郑单958、新单68、益丰29、登海3号、登海518、登海618 Yuhe 988, Xundan 20, Xundan 29, Xianyu 335, Denghai 701, Dedan 5, Weike 702, Longping 206, Xindan 65, Xindan 82, Xindan 38, Zhengdan 958, Xindan 68, Yifeng 29, Denghai 3, Denghai 518, Denghai 618 |
| 加粗品种为两年共有品种。Varieties with bold font names were common varieties in two years. | |
下载: 导出CSV表22015-2016年夏玉米试验季各月的气象条件
Table2.Meteorological conditions in the experiment seasons of summer maize
| 年份 Year | 月份 Month | 积温 Accumulate temperature (℃·d) | 平均气温 Average temperature (℃) | 降水量 Precipitation (mm) | 日照时数 Sunshine duration (h) |
| 2015 | 5 | 637 | 20.5 | 49.7 | 205 |
| 6 | 778 | 25.9 | 64.0 | 180 | |
| 7 | 841 | 27.1 | 54.3 | 169 | |
| 8 | 796 | 25.6 | 94.1 | 160 | |
| 9 | 628 | 20.9 | 7.0 | 160 | |
| 10 | 486 | 15.6 | 24.4 | 153 | |
| 2016 | 5 | 626 | 20.1 | 41.1 | 215 |
| 6 | 781 | 26.0 | 98.4 | 231 | |
| 7 | 858 | 27.6 | 306.9 | 182 | |
| 8 | 814 | 26.2 | 46.2 | 193 | |
| 9 | 682 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 197 | |
| 10 | 491 | 15.8 | 60.0 | 109 | |
| 历史均值 Historical average | 5 | 627 | 20.9 | 48.6 | 226 |
| 6 | 761 | 26.0 | 67.6 | 211 | |
| 7 | 778 | 26.9 | 156.1 | 172 | |
| 8 | 742 | 25.5 | 117.8 | 181 | |
| 9 | 623 | 20.9 | 65.2 | 165 | |
| 10 | 458 | 15.2 | 32.5 | 167 |
下载: 导出CSV表32015年和2016年不同夏玉米品种收获期籽粒含水量比较
Table3.Kernel water contents in harvest period of different varieties of summer maize in 2015 and 2016
| 2015 | 2016 | |||
| 品种Variety | 籽粒含水量Kernel water content (%) | 品种Variety | 籽粒含水量Kernel water content (%) | |
| 登海605 Denghai 605 | 32.3±2.4a | 浚单20 Xundan 20 | 32.6±3.1a | |
| 德单5号Dedan 5 | 31.8±2.1ab | 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | 30.9±0.7ab | |
| 登海662 Denghai 662 | 29.9±3.6abc | 豫禾988 Yuhe 988 | 30.8±2.4ab | |
| 新单26 Xindan 26 | 29.4±1.6abc | 德单5号Dedan 5 | 29.2±1.3abc | |
| 新单66 Xindan 66 | 28.9±1.1abc | 浚单29 Xundan 29 | 29.2±2.6abc | |
| 武科2号Wuke 2 | 28.2±2.9abc | 益丰29 Yifeng 29 | 28.6±1.2bc | |
| 浚单29 Xundan 29 | 28.0±3.0abc | 新单82 Xindan 82 | 28.5±2.8bc | |
| 新单61 Xindan 61 | 27.5±3.8abc | 伟科702 Weike 702 | 27.2±0.7bcd | |
| 豫禾988 Yuhe 988 | 27.3±2.9abc | 登海701 Denghai 701 | 27.0±1.7cd | |
| 浚单20 Xundan 20 | 27.1±3.2bc | 登海618 Denghai 618 | 26.6±1.2cd | |
| 伟科702 Weike 702 | 26.9±1.0bc | 先玉335 Xianyu 335 | 24.4±1.3d | |
| 隆平206 Longping 206 | 26.7±2.7bc | 新单38 Xindan 38 | 24.2±0.6d | |
| 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | 26.2±2.6c | 登海518 Denghai 518 | 24.2±2.7d | |
| 登海701 Denghai 701 | 26.2±2.1c | 隆平206 Longping 206 | 23.7±1.7d | |
| 新单38 Xindan 38 | 26.0±0.8c | 登海3号Denghai 3 | 23.7±3.1d | |
| 新单80 Xindan 80 | 25.7±2.2c | 新单65 Xindan 65 | 20.2±1.4e | |
| 先玉335 Xianyu 335 | 25.3±4.3c | 新单68 Xindan 68 | 19.0±1.0e | |
| 同列不同小写字母表示品种间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences at 0.05 level. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表4不同夏玉米品种播种后积温(x)与籽粒含水量(y)的拟合方程
Table4.Fitted equations of accumulate temperature after sowing (x) and kernel water content (y) of different varieties of summer maize
| 品种Variety | 拟合方程Fitted equation | R2 | SE | 样本数Sample number |
| 德单5号Dedan 5 | y=-0.409 6x2+12.044x+3 115.7 | 0.694** | 51.5 | 30 |
| 登海3号Denghai 3 | y=-0.163 7x2-1.546 7x+3 243.7 | 0.928** | 20.4 | 12 |
| 登海518 Denghai 518 | y=-1.005 0x2+47.64x+2 569.1 | 0.790** | 34.2 | 12 |
| 登海605 Denghai 605 | y=-0.154 5x2-0.072 7x+3 254.5 | 0.668** | 50.1 | 15 |
| 登海618 Denghai 618 | y=0.943 0x2-76.071x+4 463.2 | 0.879** | 25.9 | 12 |
| 登海662 Denghai 662 | y=-0.531 5x2+25.053x+2 823.5 | 0.767** | 41.8 | 15 |
| 登海701 Denghai 701 | y=-0.761 7x2+33.124x+2 755.6 | 0.718** | 43.3 | 27 |
| 浚单20 Xundan 20 | y=0.041 1x2-15.977x+3 523.5 | 0.693** | 51.5 | 30 |
| 浚单29 Xundan 29 | y=0.231 4x2-32.22x+3 812.1 | 0.661** | 54.0 | 30 |
| 隆平206 Longping 206 | y=-0.279 8x2+4.325 3x+3 152.0 | 0.672** | 46.8 | 27 |
| 伟科702 Weike 702 | y=0.179 5x2-26.982x+3 715.1 | 0.646** | 48.8 | 27 |
| 武科2号Wuke 2 | y=-0.701 4x2+28.61x+2 822.4 | 0.634** | 52.6 | 15 |
| 先玉335 Xianyu 335 | y=-0.287 7x2+3.840 9x+3 184.5 | 0.662** | 47.5 | 27 |
| 新单26 Xindan 26 | y=-2.113 1x2+111.03x+1 648.7 | 0.842** | 34.4 | 15 |
| 新单38 Xindan 38 | y=0.128 5x2-21.86x+3 574.9 | 0.871** | 29.3 | 27 |
| 新单61 Xindan 61 | y=-0.903 6x2+32.712x+2 859.6 | 0.687** | 48.2 | 15 |
| 新单65 Xindan 65 | y=1.181 6x2-76.55x+4 158.3 | 0.791** | 34.6 | 12 |
| 新单66 Xindan 66 | y=1.251x2-105.71x+5 094.2 | 0.821** | 36.8 | 15 |
| 新单68 Xindan 68 | y=-0.578 3x2+17.683x+2 997.2 | 0.862** | 27.6 | 12 |
| 新单80 Xindan 80 | y=-0.097 5x2-12.187x+3 480.3 | 0.777** | 40.8 | 15 |
| 新单82 Xindan 82 | y=-0.122 5x2-6.056 2x+3 389.9 | 0.714** | 48.9 | 15 |
| 益丰29 Yifeng 29 | y=0.299 7x2-37.996x+3 975.7 | 0.833** | 37.3 | 15 |
| 豫禾988 Yuhe 988 | y=-0.284 6x2+2.890 9x+3 243.6 | 0.563** | 61.3 | 30 |
| 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | y=-1.019 8x2+46.501x+2 602.2 | 0.572** | 60.9 | 30 |
| **表示通过0.01显著性检验。** means significance at 0.01 level. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表5不同夏玉米品种籽粒机收的适宜积温指标
Table5.Suitable accumulate temperatures for mechanical grain harvesting of different varieties of summer maize
| 品种 Variety | 积温指标 Accumulate temperature (℃·d) |
| 新单65 Xindan 65 | 2 941 |
| 新单68 Xindan 68 | 3 039 |
| 隆平206 Longping 206 | 3 054 |
| 新单80 Xindan 80 | 3 063 |
| 新单38 Xindan 38 | 3 064 |
| 先玉335 Xianyu 335 | 3 066 |
| 新单61 Xindan 61 | 3 067 |
| 登海3号Denghai 3 | 3 072 |
| 登海618 Denghai 618 | 3 073 |
| 武科2号Wuke 2 | 3 074 |
| 登海701 Denghai 701 | 3 086 |
| 浚单29 Xundan 29 | 3 091 |
| 伟科702 Weike 702 | 3 100 |
| 新单26 Xindan 26 | 3 101 |
| 豫禾988 Yuhe 988 | 3 101 |
| 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | 3 105 |
| 登海662 Denghai 662 | 3 108 |
| 浚单20 Xundan 20 | 3 108 |
| 登海518 Denghai 518 | 3 115 |
| 新单66 Xindan 66 | 3 115 |
| 新单82 Xindan 82 | 3 124 |
| 登海605 Denghai 605 | 3 131 |
| 德单5号Dedan 5 | 3 132 |
| 益丰29 Yifeng 29 | 3 147 |
下载: 导出CSV表6不同夏玉米品种乳熟后累积日照时数(x)与籽粒含水量(y)拟合方程
Table6.Fitted equations of sunshine duration after milky maturity (x) and kernel water contents (y) of different varieties of summer maize
| 品种?Variety | 拟合方程?Fitted equation | R2 | SE | 样本数?Sample number |
| 德单5号Dedan 5 | y=-0.124 1x2+5.520x+167.73 | 0.557** | 13.1 | 30 |
| 登海3号Denghai 3 | y=-0.140 3x2+5.751x+163.66 | 0.907** | 6.0 | 12 |
| 登海518 Denghai 518 | y=-0.339 3x2+17.481x+0.797 8 | 0.633* | 11.8 | 12 |
| 登海605 Denghai 605 | y=-0.029 9x2-0.276x+266.39 | 0.665** | 10.8 | 15 |
| 登海618 Denghai 618 | y=0.055 6x2-7.458x+378.21 | 0.843** | 7.7 | 12 |
| 登海662 Denghai 662 | y=-0.111 5x2+5.167x+172.91 | 0.770** | 8.9 | 15 |
| 登海701 Denghai 701 | y=-0.184 7x2+8.296x+133.33 | 0.681** | 10.7 | 27 |
| 浚单20 Xundan 20 | y=0.041 6x2-5.349x+339.16 | 0.576** | 12.8 | 30 |
| 浚单29 Xundan 29 | y=0.005 2x2-4.153x+332.81 | 0.725** | 10.3 | 30 |
| 隆平206 Longping 206 | y=-0.108 6x2+3.769x+194.01 | 0.634** | 11.4 | 27 |
| 伟科702 Weike 702 | y=-0.048 1x2-0.206x+266.66 | 0.582* | 12.3 | 15 |
| 武科2号Wuke 2 | y=-0.142 7x2+5.649x+176.15 | 0.622** | 11.5 | 27 |
| 先玉335 Xianyu 335 | y=-0.079 7x2+1.909x+225.15 | 0.575** | 12.4 | 27 |
| 新单26 Xindan 26 | y=-0.431 9x2+22.373x-59.019 | 0.843** | 7.4 | 15 |
| 新单38 Xindan 38 | y=0.031 6x2-4.729x+321.8 | 0.635** | 11.4 | 27 |
| 新单61 Xindan 61 | y=-0.189 5x2+6.723x+181.42 | 0.688** | 10.4 | 15 |
| 新单65 Xindan 65 | y=-0.006 9x2-4.431x+308.66 | 0.774** | 9.4 | 12 |
| 新单66 Xindan 66 | y=0.275 1x2-23.16x+664.3 | 0.816** | 8.1 | 15 |
| 新单68 Xindan 68 | y=-0.319 5x2+13.776x+73.512 | 0.744** | 9.9 | 12 |
| 新单80 Xindan 80 | y=-0.025 8x2-2.348x+304.41 | 0.907** | 8.6 | 15 |
| 新单82 Xindan 82 | y=-0.104 7x2+3.626x+203.08 | 0.734** | 11.0 | 15 |
| 益丰29 Yifeng 29 | y=-0.167 3x2+6.996x+160.54 | 0.697** | 11.7 | 15 |
| 豫禾988 Yuhe 988 | y=0.020 6x2-4.849x+342.89 | 0.578** | 12.8 | 30 |
| 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | y=-0.193 7x2+8.059x+150.59 | 0.678** | 11.2 | 30 |
| **和*分别表示通过0.01和0.05显著性检验。** and * mean significance at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表7不同夏玉米品种籽粒机收适宜光照指标
Table7.Suitable sunshine durations after milky maturity for mechanical grain harvesting of different varieties of summer maize
| 品种?Variety | 光照指标?Sunshine duration (h) |
| 新单65 Xindan 65 | 179 |
| 新单68 Xindan 68 | 209 |
| 登海618 Denghai 618 | 213 |
| 新单38 Xindan 38 | 214 |
| 隆平206 Longping 206 | 214 |
| 登海3号Denghai 3 | 215 |
| 先玉335 Xianyu 335 | 216 |
| 新单80 Xindan 80 | 218 |
| 浚单29 Xundan 29 | 221 |
| 登海701 Denghai 701 | 221 |
| 新单61 Xindan 61 | 221 |
| 浚单20 Xundan 20 | 222 |
| 武科2号Wuke 2 | 222 |
| 新单82 Xindan 82 | 223 |
| 伟科702 Weike 702 | 223 |
| 豫禾988 Yuhe 988 | 223 |
| 登海518 Denghai 518 | 224 |
| 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | 224 |
| 德单5号Dedan 5 | 225 |
| 益丰29 Yifeng 29 | 225 |
| 新单26 Xindan 26 | 229 |
| 登海662 Denghai 662 | 230 |
| 新单66 Xindan 66 | 231 |
| 登海605 Denghai 605 | 235 |
下载: 导出CSV表8夏玉米收获期籽粒含水量与光温指标相关性
Table8.Correlation between kernel water content at harvest period and sunshine duration, accumulate temperature indexes
| 指标?Index | 2015 | 2016 |
| 积温?Accumulate temperature | 0.751** | 0.730** |
| 光照?Sunshine duration | 0.776** | 0.699** |
| **表示通过0.01显著性检验。** means significance at 0.01 level. | ||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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