基于GIS的村级小麦玉米高产高效管理系统构建与验证

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作者简介:李亚楠, 主要从事养分资源管理与利用研究。E-mail:418740967@qq.com

通讯作者:马文奇, 主要从事养分资源管理与利用研究。E-mail:mawq@hebau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S31

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收稿日期:2019-02-27
录用日期:2019-03-13
刊出日期:2019-07-01

Establishment and assessment of management systems for wheat and maize with high yield and nitrogen use efficiency based on GIS at the village level

LI Yanan,
WANG Haodan,
QU Hongrui,
CAO Hongzhu,
TONG Bingxin,
CUI Shilei,
HAN Yanru,
MA Wenqi^,
College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0200403
the National Basic Research Program of China2015CB150405

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Corresponding author:MA Wenqi, E-mail:mawq@hebau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:小农户是我国农业生产的主体，由此导致生产中存在产量和资源利用效率地块间变异大的问题。为了提高作物的产量和氮肥利用效率，实现小农户地块的精准管理，本文以GIS技术为平台，利用C#语言，建立村级小麦玉米高产高效管理系统，并通过田间对比试验和农户调研分别进行了系统效果的验证及其可行性评价。结果表明，该系统以农户地块为单元，通过信息查询、分析、作物管理决策、系统管理等功能模块，实现了村域每个农户地块的高产高效（氮肥高效）技术推荐。两年22个对比试验结果表明，与农民习惯相比，系统推荐的高产高效处理小麦季平均增产10.8%，氮肥偏生产力提高28.5%；玉米季平均增产10.3%，氮肥偏生产力增加16.9%，实现小麦玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的同步提高。农户调研结果表明，农户对推荐系统的认可程度较高，利用该系统进行技术推荐具有可行性；农户对小麦玉米的各项推荐技术认知度较高，但采用率差异较大，其中小麦优良品种采用率可达94%，但小麦精量播种技术的采用率只有29%，玉米增密技术和晚收技术的采用率仅仅2%和35%；受科技人员技术推荐影响较大的试验户和辐射户的认知率与采用率均高于普通农户，说明通过技术服务可以促进小麦玉米高产高效管理技术的应用。总之，本系统实现了小农户地块作物管理技术的辅助决策，具有显著增产增效作用，可以为村级实现大面积的作物高产高效提供支持。
关键词:小农户/
小麦/
玉米/
高产高效/
管理系统/
氮肥利用效率
Abstract:Smallholder farmers are the main body of agricultural production in China, but there are big variations in the crop yields and efficiency of resource utilization among these farmers. To increase the yield and nutrient use efficiency of crops and ensure precise management of smallholders' plots, this research established a management system for wheat and maize that produces high yield and nitrogen use efficiency at the village level, based on GIS using C# language. The verification of system effects was carried out through the field comparative test on the farmland and a feasibility evaluation was conducted by investigating farmers. During the farmer survey, the farmers were classified into 3 categories, which included the test farmers in whose fields the comparative test was conducted, radiation farmers who often interacted with researchers, and ordinary farmers who were not influenced by researchers. The results showed that the management system, based on peasant household plots, created high yield and nitrogen use efficiency for each farmer in the village, through information queries, data analyses, management decision making, system management, and other functional modules. The results of 22 comparative experiments in two years showed that, compared with the farmers practice treatment (FP), the treatment with high yield and nitrogen use efficiency (DH), recommended by the system, increased the winter wheat yield and partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity (PFP_N) by 10.8% and 28.5%, respectively. The treatment system (DH) recommended during the maize season increased the yield and PFP_N by 10.3% and 16.9%, respectively. This indicated that, with technological support from the recommendation system, farmers could be increasing their yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the winter wheat and summer maize, simultaneously. The results of the farmers' investigation showed that smallholders had a high degree of recognition for the management system, making it feasible to use the system for technical recommendations. Farmers had a high recognition for the recommended technologies for winter wheat and summer maize, but the adoption rate varied greatly. In particular, the adoption rate of recommended wheat varieties was 94%, but the adoption rate of precision sowing technology for winter wheat was 29%. The adoption rate of densification technology and late harvest technology of summer maize was only 2% and 35%, respectively. The recognition and adoption rates of the test and radiation households, which were greatly influenced by the technical recommendations made by the scientific and technical personnel, were higher than that of the ordinary peasant households. This indicated that it was feasible to popularize the management system to peasant households. In conclusion, the management system of winter wheat and summer maize for high yield and nitrogen use efficiency incorporated the auxiliary decision-making of crop management technology for smallholder plots, and had a significant effect on increasing the yield and nutrient use efficiency, which provided the possibility of achieving high crop yield and nutrient efficiency in large areas.
Key words:Small holder farmers/
Wheat/
Maize/
High yield and efficiency/
Management system/
Nitrogen use efficiency

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图1小麦基肥(a)和玉米(b)施肥的氮磷钾配方图
Figure1.Fertilization formulas of basal fertilizer for wheat (a) and total fertilizer for maize (b) in Yangong Village

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图2不同管理方式下小麦(A)和玉米(B)的产量对比
FP:农民习惯处理; DH:高产高效处理。不同小写字母表示处理间在5%水平上差异显著。图中箱式图框内的上中下3条黑色实线分别代表 75%分位、50%分位和25%分位, 框外的上下两条横线分别代表 90%分位和10%分位, 框内的虚线为平均值。
Figure2.Yield comparison of wheat (A) and maize (B) under different treatments of management
FP means farmer practices; DH means practice of high yield and nitrogen use efficiency of crops. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between two treatments at 5% level. The upper, middle and lower black solid lines in the box chart represent 75%, 50% and 25% quantiles, respectively. The upper and lower horizontal lines outside the box represent 90% and 10% quantiles, respectively. The dotted line in the box is the average.

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图3不同管理方式下小麦(A)和玉米(B)的氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)对比
FP:农民习惯处理; DH:高产高效处理。不同小写字母表示处理间在5%水平上差异显著。图中箱式图框内的上中下3条黑色实线分别代表 75%分位、50%分位和25%分位, 框外的上下两条横线分别代表 90%分位和10%分位, 框内的虚线为平均值。
Figure3.Comparison of nitrogen partial productivities (PFP_N) of wheat (A) and maize (B) under different treatments of management
FP means farmer practices; DH means practice of high yield and nitrogen use efficiency of crops. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between two treatments at 5% level. The upper, middle and lower black solid lines in the box chart represent 75%, 50% and 25% quantiles, respectively. The upper and lower horizontal lines outside the box represent 90% and 10% quantiles, respectively. The dotted line in the box is the average.

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图4农户对村级高产高效管理系统的认可程度
AH:所有户; TH:试验户; RH:辐射户; OH:普通户。
Figure4.Farm households' recognition of the crop management system with high yield and nitrogen use efficiency at village level
AH: all investigated households; TH: test households; RH: radiation households; OH: ordinary households.

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图5农户对小麦关键技术的认知度(a)和采用率(b)
AH:所有户; TH:试验户; RH:辐射户; OH:普通户。
Figure5.Farm households' recognition (a) and adoption rate (b) of key technologies in wheat
AH: all investigated households; TH: test households; RH: radiation households; OH: ordinary households.

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图6农户对玉米关键技术的认知度(a)和采用率(b)
AH:所有户; TH:试验户; RH:辐射户; OH:普通户。
Figure6.Farm households' recognition (a) and adoption rate (b) of key technologies in maize
AH: all investigated households; TH: test households; RH: radiation households; OH: ordinary households.

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表1村级小麦玉米高产高效管理系统基础数据
Table1.Basic data of high yield and efficiency management system for wheat and maize at village level

属性数据Attributive data	调查指标Survey indicator
农户基本信息 Basic information of farm households	劳动力人口数、户主年龄、受教育程度、联系方式、收入来源、农业及非农业收入状况 Size of labor force, age and education level of householder, contact information, income source, agricultural and non-agricultural income
农田基本信息 Farmland basic information	地块位置、耕地面积、土壤类型、土壤养分含量、承包租赁情况 Plot location, arable land area, soil type, soil nutrients contents, and leasehold status
农户种植结构信息 Planting structure information of farmer	作物种类、近五年种植变化、作物出售比例及价格 Crop varieties, planting changes in recent five years, crop sales proportion and price
作物种植管理信息 Planting management information of crops	品种、播期、播量、肥料养分含量、施肥量、灌溉次数及时期、打药次数及时期、秸秆还田情况、产量 Variety, sowing date, seeding rate, nutrient content of fertilizer, amount of fertilizer applied, number and period of irrigation, number and period of pesticides application, straw returning to field, yield
作物高产高效管理技术 Management techniques for high yield and efficiency of crops	推荐优良品种、适宜播期、播量、施肥量、打药次数及时期、灌溉次数及时期 Recommendation of excellent varieties, suitable sowing time and seeding rate, application amount and times of fertilizer and pesticide, times and period of irrigation

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