帅艳菊^1,,
刘天奇¹,
曹凑贵^{1, 2},
李成芳^{1, 2,,}
1.农业部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 武汉 430070
2.长江大学/长江大学主要粮食作物产业化湖北省协同创新中心 荆州 434023
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0301403
国家自然科学基金项目31671637
湖北省自然科学基金项目2018CFB608

详细信息

作者简介:帅艳菊, 主要研究方向为农业生态学。E-mail:2396567435@qq.com

通讯作者:李成芳, 主要研究方向为农业生态与耕作制度。E-mail:lichengfang@126.com

中图分类号:S145.6

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-02-28
录用日期:2018-06-28
刊出日期:2018-12-01

Effect of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nitrous oxide emission in maize-cowpea systems in central China

SHUAI Yanju^1,,
LIU Tianqi¹,
CAO Cougui^{1, 2},
LI Chengfang^{1, 2,,}
1. Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming Systems in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River of Ministry of Education/College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2. Yangtze University/Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0301403
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31671637
the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province2018CFB608

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Corresponding author:LI Chengfang, E-mail: lichengfang@126.com

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摘要
摘要:在等施氮量条件下，比较有机肥与无机肥施用后旱地玉米-豇豆复种系统土壤硝化与反硝化作用、N₂O排放与作物产量的变化，有助于正确认识肥料施用对N₂O排放的影响，为制定大田合理的丰产减排措施提供理论依据。本研究通过田间试验，利用静态箱技术和BaPS气压过程分离技术研究了不同肥料类型处理（无机肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施）下玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N₂O排放、硝化与反硝化作用的变化特征。结果表明：1）相对于单施无机肥或有机肥，有机无机肥配施可显著降低土壤硝化作用速率；在玉米生长季，有机无机肥配施处理平均土壤硝化作用速率分别比化肥和有机肥处理显著降低了28.74%和13.96%，豇豆生长季显著降低了24.66%和13.28%。土壤反硝化作用速率在各施肥处理间差异不显著。2）有机无机肥配施显著降低土壤N₂O排放；在玉米生长季，有机无机肥配施处理分别比无机肥处理和有机肥处理显著降低33.44%和32.29%，在豇豆生长季分别显著降低27.00%和15.14%。3）相关分析表明，土壤N₂O排放与硝化作用速率呈极显著相关，而与反硝化作用速率呈不显著相关。4）有机无机配施处理玉米和豇豆产量最高。因此，有机无机肥配施能有效降低玉米-豇豆系统土壤N₂O排放和提高作物产量，是一项丰产低N₂O排放的施肥技术，但长期有机无机肥配施对土壤N₂O排放和作物产量的影响还需要进一步研究。
关键词:玉米-豇豆复种系统/
有机无机肥配施/
硝化作用/
反硝化作用/
N₂O排放/
产量
Abstract:Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is an important greenhouse gas that causes stratospheric ozone destruction. Application of chemical nitrogen fertilizers in upland cultivation systems is an important source of atmospheric N₂O. It is important to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilization on N₂O emissions in upland field in Central China where the relative researches is less conducted. In this study, soil nitrification and denitrification rates, N₂O emissions and crop yields were investigated under application of organic and inorganic fertilizers with the same amounts of N in the field. Therefore in 2017, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer sources[inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (I), organic nitrogen fertilizer (O) and inorganic plus organic nitrogen fertilizers (I+O)] on nitrification rate, denitrification rate, N₂O emission and crop yield under a maize-cowpea cropping system in Central China. Emission of N₂O was measured by the static chamber approach and the rates of nitrification and denitrification measured by Barometric Process Separation (BaPS). The results showed that the rate of nitrification ranged from 130.90 μg·kg^-1·h^-1 to 340.37 μg·kg^-1·h^-1 in maize season, and from 145.11 μg·kg^-1·h^-1 to 348.75 μg·kg^-1·h^-1 in cowpea season. Application of organic nitrogen significantly affected soil nitrification rate. Compared with I and O treatments, I+O treatment significantly reduced soil nitrification rate respectively by 28.74% and 13.96% in maize season, and by 24.66% and 13.28% in cowpea season. However, no significant differences were observed in the rate of denitrification among three treatments. Nitrogen fertilization significantly enhanced N₂O flux, with N₂O flux peak observed immediately after nitrogen fertilizer application. The combined application of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers markedly influenced N₂O emission. The mean N₂O flux in maize season under I+O treatment was (279.54±116.58) μg·m^-2·h^-1, which was 33.44% (P < 0.01) and 32.29% (P < 0.01) lower than that under I and O treatments. In cowpea season, mean flux under I+O treatment[(188.07±57.63) μg·m^-2·h^-1] decreased significantly by 27.00% and 15.14%, compared with that under I and O treatments. Moreover, compared with I and O treatments, I+O treatment significantly reduced cumulative N₂O emission respectively by 33.51% and 32.51% in maize season, and by 25.77% and 15.04% in cowpea season. However, there were no significant differences in N₂O flux and cumulative N₂O emission between I and O treatments. Linear correlation analysis showed that N₂O emission was closely related with nitrification rate. Yields of maize and cowpea varied among different treatments and I+O treatment had the highest yields of maize and cowpea. Yield of maize under I+O treatment was 1.71 and 1.23 times that under I and O treatments, and yield of cowpea under I+O treatment was 13.4 and 1.17 times that under I and O treatments, respectively. No significant difference was found in cowpea yield between I and O treatments. Our results suggested that combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers effectively reduced soil N₂O emissions and increased crop yield in maize-cowpea cropping systems in Central China. The study had important implications for high-yield, low-carbon crop cultivation in China.
Key words:Maize-cowpea cropping system/
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers/
Nitrification/
Denitrification/
N₂O emission/
Yield

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图1玉米季(a)和豇豆季(b)不同施肥处理土壤硝化作用速率变化
Figure1.Variations of soil nitrification rates in maize season (a) and cowpea season (b) under different treatments


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图2玉米季(a)和豇豆季(b)不同处理土壤反硝化作用速率变化
Figure2.Variations of soil denitrification rates in maize season (a) and cowpea season (b) under different treatments


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图3玉米季(a)和豇豆季(b)不同处理土壤N₂O排放通量变化
Figure3.Variations of N₂O fluxes in maize season (a) and cowpea season (b) under different treatments


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表1不同处理肥料施用情况
Table1.Strategy of fertilizers application of different treatments

处理 Treatment	玉米Maize				豇豆Cowpea
	底肥 Basal fertilizer	追肥1 Topdressing 1	追肥2 Topdressing 2		底肥 Basal fertilizer	追肥1 Topdressing 1
I	227.2 kg?hm-2尿素+263.2 kg?hm-2磷酸二铵+350 kg?hm-2氯化钾 227.2 kg?hm-2 urea + 263.2 kg?hm-2 (NH4)2HPO4 + 350 kg?hm-2 KCl	156.5 kg?hm-2 尿素Urea	156.5 kg?hm-2 尿素Urea		144.2 kg?hm-2尿素+157.9 kg?hm-2磷酸二铵+150 kg?hm-2氯化钾 144.2 kg?hm-2 urea + 157.9 kg?hm-2 (NH4)2HPO4 + 150 kg?hm-2 KCl	195.7 kg?hm-2 尿素Urea
O	2 177.1 kg?hm-2有机肥+148.6 kg?hm-2磷酸二铵+277.4 kg?hm-2氯化钾 2 177.1 kg?hm-2 organic fertilizer + 148.6 kg?hm-2 (NH4)2HPO4 + 277.4 kg?hm-2 KCl	—	—		1 697.1 kg?hm-2有机肥+148.6 kg?hm-2磷酸二铵+93.4 kg?hm-2氯化钾 1 697.1 kg?hm-2 organic fertilizer + 148.6 kg?hm-2 (NH4)2HPO4 + 93.4 kg?hm-2 KCl	—
I+O	1 200 kg?hm-2有机肥+195.7 kg?hm-2尿素+200 kg?hm-2磷酸二铵+310 kg?hm-2氯化钾 1 200 kg?hm-2 organic fertilizer + 195.7 kg?hm-2 urea + 200 kg?hm-2 (NH4)2HPO4 + 310 kg?hm-2 KCl	—	—		900 kg?hm-2有机肥+159.6 kg?hm-2尿素+110.5 kg?hm-2磷酸二铵+120 kg?hm-2氯化钾 900 kg?hm-2 organic fertilizer + 159.6 kg?hm-2 urea + 110.5 kg?hm-2 (NH4)2HPO4 + 120 kg?hm-2 KCl	—
I:无机肥处理; O:有机肥处理; I+O:有机无机肥料配施处理。I: inorganic fertilizer; O: organic fertilizer; I+O: inorganic plus organic fertilizers.

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表2N₂O排放通量与硝化作用和反硝化作用的相关性
Table2.Correlations of nitrification rate and denitrification rate with N₂O flux

处理 Treatment	相关系数Correlation coefficient
	硝化作用速率 Nitrification rate	反硝化作用速率 Denitrification rate
I	0.85**	0.18
O	0.81**	0.15
I+O	0.86**	0.12
**: 0.01水平显著相关。**: significant correlation at 0.01 level (n=64).

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表3不同施肥处理下玉米-豇豆系统产量与N₂O累计排放量
Table3.Yields and accumulated N₂O emissions of maize-cowpea system under different treatments

处理 Treatment	产量Yield (t?hm-2)				N2O累积排放量Accumulated N2O emission (kg·hm-2)
	玉米季 Maize season	豇豆季 Cowpea season	总量 Total		玉米季 Maize season	豇豆季 Cowpea season	总量 Total
I	3.1±0.3c	12.1±1.4b	15.1±1.3b		11.58±0.30a	3.88±0.36a	15.46±0.66a
O	4.3±0.4b	13.0±1.1ab	17.3±1.4b		11.41±0.59a	3.39±0.21ab	14.79±0.80a
I+O	5.3±0.2a	15.1±1.2a	20.3±1.0a		7.70±0.14b	2.88±0.43b	10.57±0.56b
同列不同字母表示5%水平差异显著。Different letters in the same column mean significant differences at 0.05 level.

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