董文旭1,
胡春胜1,,,
李佳珍1, 2,
陈拓1, 2
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项201503117-5
国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0800601
详细信息
作者简介:赵力莹, 主要研究方向为农田生态系统碳循环。E-mail:zlydlkx@163.com
通讯作者:胡春胜, 主要研究方向为农田生态系统碳、氮、水循环及土壤生态过程。E-mail:cshu@sjziam.ac.cn
中图分类号:S157.4+2;S512.1+1计量
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出版历程
收稿日期:2018-03-07
录用日期:2018-05-30
刊出日期:2018-11-01
Effect of tillage method change on soil greenhouse gas emission and yield during winter-wheat growing season
ZHAO Liying1, 2,,DONG Wenxu1,
HU Chunsheng1,,,
LI Jiazhen1, 2,
CHEN Tuo1, 2
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503117-5
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2017YFD0800601
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Corresponding author:HU Chunsheng, E-mail:cshu@sjziam.ac.cn
摘要
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摘要
摘要:合理耕作方式对农业可持续生产和减缓全球气候变化有重要意义。为评价耕作方式转变对农田温室气体排放的影响，本研究针对连续16年的长期旋耕小麦/玉米农田进行不同的轮耕处理，采用原位静态箱-气相色谱法分析了小麦季农田土壤3种温室气体CH4、CO2、N2O排放规律。试验共设3个处理：在前期旋耕基础上分别进行翻耕处理（XF）和深松处理（XS），另外保持旋耕（X）作为对照。试验结果表明：CO2排放通量在耕作后1周有明显排放峰，XF处理显著低于X和XS处理；N2O排放通量在耕作和灌溉施肥后有明显排放峰，XS处理显著高于XF和X处理；两种气体排放通量在越冬期出现最低值。CH4从耕作后到越冬期有持续明显的吸收过程，其中XS处理的吸收通量显著高于XF和X处理。农田土壤在冬小麦生长季表现为CO2的源，累积排放量为XS（5 241 kg·hm-2）> X（5 160 kg·hm-2）> XF（4 840 kg·hm-2），XS与X处理间差异不显著，均显著高于XF；N2O的源，累积排放量表现为XS（4.38 kg·hm-2）> XF（2.39 kg·hm-2）> X（2.26 kg·hm-2），XS与XF处理间差异不显著，均显著高于X处理；CH4的汇，累积吸收量为XS（6.14 kg·hm-2）> XF（5.64 kg·hm-2）> X（3.70 kg·hm-2）。将累积温室气体换算为CO2当量，对增温效应的贡献表现为XF（5.32 t·hm-2） < X（5.66 t·hm-2） < XS（6.23 t·hm-2），三者之间差异达显著水平。经翻耕处理后，0~10 cm土壤有机质含量明显低于X处理，而10~20 cm土壤有机质升高，表层有机质降低可能是翻耕处理CO2的排放减少的主要原因。不同耕作处理后小麦产量差异明显，X处理冬小麦产量最高，且显著高于XS处理，XF处理与X和XS处理差异均不显著。综合考虑耕作方式对温室气体排放和冬小麦产量的影响，短期内旋耕-翻耕可能是较适宜的轮耕模式，旋耕深松模式不利于控制温室气体排放，但未来需要加强对不同轮耕模式长期效应研究。
关键词:冬小麦/
旋耕/
翻耕/
深松/
温室气体/
产量
Abstract:Under long-term rotary tillage, soil bulk density, carbon decomposition and nutrient in sub-surface soil in the shallow plow layer significantly increase, but wheat growth and soil carbon sequestration become limited. However, subsoiling and deep plowing can break the bottom of the plow layer and reduce soil bulk density, which are conducive for good growth of plant root and absorption of nutrients to ensure high crop yield. The objectives of this study were to analyze changes in greenhouse gases emission and wheat yield after 16 years (2001-2016) of rotary tillage (X) treatment and conversion into other tillage treatments, including rotary tillage-deep plowing (XF) and rotary tillage-subsoiling (XS) treatments in 2016, and to determine the best rational tillage strategy. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)emission fluxes in the three tillage treatments were sampled and measured using static chamber-gas chromatography. Soil temperature at the 0 cm depth, soil gravimetric moisture content, soil bulk density at different depths and other related factors were monitored during wheat growth period and winter wheat yield analyzed after harvest. The experimental results showed prominent high fluxes of CO2 and N2O one week after the three tillage treatments and during harvest, with minimum emission fluxes of CO2and N2O during winter period. Compared with XF treatment, X and XS treatments significantly increased CO2 emission fluxes from the start of the three tillage treatments to the end of October. Compared with X and XF treatments, N2O fluxes under XS treatment were significant high after tillage treatment, fertilization and irrigation. CH4 fluxes fluctuated from November 2016 to February 2017, and became more stable from March 2017. From January 2017 to the harvest season, soil uptake of CH4 under XS treatment was higher than those under XF and X treatments. The fields under the three tillage treatments during winter wheat growth were the sources of CO2 and N2O. The cumulative fluxes of the three tillage treatments served as CH4 sink. In winter wheat fields, cumulative CO2 emission was in order of XS > X > XF, with total CO2 emissions of 5 241 kg·hm-2, 5 160 kg·hm-2 and 4 840 kg·hm-2, respectively. Cumulative N2O emission was in order of XS > XF > X, with total N2O emissions of 4.38 kg·hm-2, 2.39 kg·hm-2 and 2.26 kg·hm-2, respectively. Cumulative CH4 sink was in order of XS > XF > X, with total CH4 absorptions of 6.14 kg·hm-2, 5.64 kg·hm-2 and 3.70 kg·hm-2, respectively. The contribution of cumulative greenhouse gases to CO2-equivalents was expressed as XS > X > XF, which were 6.23 t·hm-2, 5.66 t·hm-2 and 5.32 t·hm-2, respectively. Using deep plowing and subsoiling, soil organic matter decreased in the 0-10 cm soil depth, but increased in the 10-20 cm soil depth. Soil organic carbon was the main source of CO2. Reduction in soil organic matter led to reduction in CO2. Winter wheat grain yield under X treatment was higher than that under XS and XF treatments. Considering the changes in soil physical properties, greenhouse gas emission and wheat yield, XF treatment was the most suitable tillage practice. However, more and longer research work was needed to determine an ideal tillage treatment to ensure future ecological benefits and grain yield.
Key words:Winter wheat/
Rotary tillage/
Deep plowing tillage/
Subsoiling tillage/
Greenhouse gases/
Yield
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图1试验年份研究区冬小麦季日平均温度(a)和降雨量(b)
Figure1.Mean daily air temperature (a) and precipitation (b) during winter wheat season of the study year in the study area
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同耕作处理冬小麦田地表平均温度(a)和0~20 cm土层土壤重量含水率(b)的变化
X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage.
Figure2.Variations of surface soil temperature (a) and soil gravimetric moisture content of 0-20 cm soil layer (b) of winter wheat field under different tillage treatments
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3冬小麦收获后不同耕作处理不同深度土壤容重
X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。同一土层不同字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage. Different letters within a soil depth indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.
Figure3.Soil bulk densities under different tillage treatments in different soil depths after winter wheat harvest
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图4不同耕作处理下冬小麦田CO2排放通量的变化
X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage.
Figure4.Variation of CO2 flux of winter wheat field under different tillage treatments
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5不同耕作处理下冬小麦田N2O排放通量的变化
X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage.
Figure5.Variation of N2O flux of winter wheat field under different tillage treatments
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图6不同耕作处理下冬小麦田CH4排放通量的变化
X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage.
Figure6.Variation of CH4 flux of winter wheat field under different tillage treatments
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同耕作处理下冬小麦田不同土层土壤有机质含量
Table1.Soil organic matter contents at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm layers of winter wheat field under different tillage treatments
| g·kg-1 | |||
| 土层深度 Soil depth (cm) | X | XF | XS |
| 0~10 | 22.52±0.26a | 21.13±0.14b | 21.54±0.45ab |
| 10~20 | 16.55±0.65a | 18.33±1.20a | 17.19±0.60a |
| 20~30 | 12.00±0.69a | 11.56±0.54a | 12.24±0.17a |
| X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。数据为3次重复的平均值±标准误。同行不同字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage. Values are means ± S.E. (n=3). Different letters within a row indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. | |||
下载: 导出CSV表2不同耕作处理下冬小麦田温室气体累积排放量和对增温效应的贡献
Table2.Cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases expressed as CO2-equivalents and contribution to warming effect under different tillage treatments
| 耕作处理 Tillage treatment | 累积排放 Cumulative emission | 对增温效应贡献率 Contribution rate to warming effect (%) | ||||||
| CH4 (kg·hm-2) | CO2 (kg·hm-2) | N2O (kg·hm-2) | CO2-eq (t·hm-2) | CH4 | CO2 | N2O | ||
| X | -3.70±0.09c | 5 160.07±71.36a | 2.26±0.06b | 5.66±0.07b | -1.83 | 91.22 | 10.61 | |
| XF | -5.64±0.09b | 4 840.17±41.19b | 2.39±0.05b | 5.32±0.05c | -2.97 | 91.04 | 11.93 | |
| XS | -6.14±0.14a | 5 241.83±19.22a | 4.38±0.04a | 6.23±0.01a | -2.76 | 84.15 | 18.62 | |
| X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。数据为4次重复的平均值±标准误。同列不同字母表示在P < 0.05水平下差异显著。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage. Values are means ± S.E. (n=4). Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同耕作处理对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响
Table3.Effects of different tillage treatments on grain yield and its' components of winter wheat
| 耕作处理 Tillagetreatment | 穗数 Spike number (spikes·m-2) | 穗粒数 Grain numberper spike | 千粒重 1 000-grain weight (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 地上生物量 Above-ground biomass(kg·hm-2) | 收获指数 Harvest index (%) |
| X | 687.22±56.73a | 35.94±0.48a | 43.34±1.30a | 7 197.93±181.51a | 15 645.94±349.28a | 46.00±0.36a |
| XF | 597.22±24.33a | 30.08±0.62c | 43.36±0.26a | 6 501.07±189.64ab | 14 285.25±441.17ab | 45.54±0.56a |
| XS | 708.89±51.46a | 33.44±0.59b | 40.47±0.55b | 6 187.23±400.86b | 13 378.67±862.39b | 46.25±0.34a |
| X:旋耕; XF:旋耕后翻耕; XS:旋耕后深松。数据为6次重复的平均值±标准误, 同列不同字母表示P < 0.05水平下差异显著。X: rotary tillage; XF: rotary tillage converting to deep plowing tillage; XS: rotary tillage converting to subsoiling tillage. Values are means ± S.E. (n=6). Different letters within a colum indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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