刘培,
邵宇婷,
唐艺玲,
管奥湄,
王建武,
农业部华南热带农业环境重点实验室/广东省现代生态循环农业工程中心/华南农业大学资源环境学院 广州 510642
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31770556
详细信息
作者简介:王志国, 主要从事甜玉米//大豆间作体系中氮素循环研究。E-mail:121335917@qq.com
通讯作者:王建武, 主要从事循环农业和转基因作物安全方面的研究。E-mail:wangjw@scau.edu.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2018-01-26
录用日期:2018-05-08
刊出日期:2018-11-01
Effect of nitrogen reduction and soybean intercropping on nitrogen balance in sweet maize fields in South China
WANG Zhiguo,LIU Pei,
SHAO Yuting,
TANG Yiling,
GUAN Aomei,
WANG Jianwu,
Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31770556
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Corresponding author:WANG Jianwu, E-mail:wangjw@scau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:本文在广东广州华南农业大学试验中心，通过大田定位试验（2015-2016年两年4季）对比了两种施氮水平[减量施氮（300 kg·hm-2，N1）和常规施氮（360 kg·hm-2，N2）]、3种种植模式[甜玉米单作（SS）、甜玉米//大豆2:3间作（S2B3）、甜玉米//大豆2:4间作（S2B4）]农田生态系统的氮素输入、输出和平衡状况，旨在为减少化学氮肥投入水平，提高氮素利用效率，在华南地区发展环境友好型的玉米可持续生产模式提供科学依据。结果表明：1）减量施氮与甜玉米//大豆间作降低了系统氮素总输入量，大豆固氮和秸秆还田降低了化肥氮输入的比重，与常规施氮相比，减量施氮下SS、S2B3和S2B4的化肥氮输入占年均氮素总输入的比例分别下降3.24%、3.64%和3.77%。2）间作大豆增加了系统籽粒氮素累积量，N1和N2处理甜玉米//大豆间作的年均籽粒氮素累积量分别是单作甜玉米的2.43倍和2.18倍；减量施氮与甜玉米//大豆间作能降低甜玉米农田氮素损失，N1和N2处理甜玉米//大豆间作的年均氨挥发量分别比单作甜玉米低39.02%和27.26%；间作甜玉米的氮淋溶量比单作低13.85%。3）减量施氮与间作大豆显著降低了系统氮素盈余量，S2B3-N1、S2B3-N2和S2B4-N1、S2B4-N2年均氮素盈余量分别为71.03 kg·hm-2、133.7 kg·hm-2和42.87 kg·hm-2、100.64 kg·hm-2，分别比SS处理N1和N2的平均值减少81.27%、64.75%和88.69%、73.47%。因此，减量施氮甜玉米//大豆间作模式能维持系统作物产量、减少生产成本、降低环境污染风险，具有较高的经济和生态效益。
Abstract:The increasing demand for fresh sweet maize (Zea mays L. saccharata) in South China has led to the prioritization of finding solutions to environmental pollution caused by continuous production of the crop and high inputs of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. A promising method for improving crop production and environmental conditions is to intercrop sweet maize with legumes. Here, a field experiment was conducted at Experimental Center of South China Agriculture University for two years (2015-2016) to investigate nitrogen input, output and balance in sweet maize farmlands in South China under two nitrogen levels [reduced nitrogen dose of 300 kg·hm-2 (N1) and conventional nitrogen dose of 360 kg·hm-2 (N2)] and three cropping patterns [sole sweet maize (SS), sweet maize//soybean intercropping with sweet maize to soybean line ratios of 2:3 (S2B3) and 2:4 (S2B4)]. The purpose of the study was to provide scientific basis for reducing chemical nitrogen fertilizer input, improving nitrogen use efficiency and developing a sustainable sweet corn production model in South China. Results showed that:1) reduced nitrogen application and sweet maize//soybean intercropping decreased total nitrogen input and the proportion of chemical nitrogen input through soybean nitrogen fixation and straw return. Nitrogen fertilizer input under SS, S2B3 and S2B4 accounted respectively for 84.29%, 55.42% and 59.06% of total annual nitrogen input under N1 and for 87.53%, 49.93% and 53.70% under N2. 2) Accumulated nitrogen amount of grain under intercropping system was significantly higher than that under sole sweet maize. Average annual grain nitrogen accumulation of sweet maize//soybean intercropping was 2.18-2.43 times of that of SS. Sweet maize//soybean intercropping reduced ammonia volatilization significantly and thereby reduced the risk of nitrogen leaching. Compared with SS, S2B3 and S2B4 reduced annual ammonia volatilization and nitrogen leaching under N1 by 35.97% and 14.74%, 42.07% and 11.54%, respectively. Treatment S2B4-N1 had the lowest ammonia volatilization, which was 38.72 kg·hm-2. Meanwhile, annual ammonia volatilization and average annual nitrogen leaching in S2B3 and S2B4 under N2 reduced respectively by 24.55% and 12.89%, 29.98% and 16.23% than that under N1 treatment. 3) Annual nitrogen surpluses under S2B3-N1, S2B3-N2, S2B4-N1 and S2B4-N2 were respectively 71.03 kg·hm-2, 133.7 kg·hm-2, 42.87 kg·hm-2 and 100.64 kg·hm-2, which were 81.27%, 64.75%, 88.69% and 73.47% lower than the average of SS under N1 and N2. Overall, the study demonstrated that intercropping combined with reduced-nitrogen rate maintained sweet maize production, reduced production cost, while also reducing environmental impact. Intercropping with soybean and reduced nitrogen application may be a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way for production of sweet maize in South China.
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图1不同处理的甜玉米、大豆种植模式图
Figure1.Layouts of planting patterns of sweet maize and soybean in different treatments of cropping systems
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表12015—2016年甜玉米//大豆间作系统4季农艺措施时间(月-日)
Table1.Dates (month-day) of agronomic measures in four seasons of sweet maize-soybean intercropping systems of 2015-2016
| 季度 Season | 播种大豆、玉米育苗 Soybean sowing and sweet maize seedling growing | 移栽甜玉米 Sweet maize transplant | 苗肥 Seedling dressing | 拔节肥 Jointingdressing | 攻苞肥 Headdressing | 大豆收获 Soybeanharvesting | 甜玉米收获 Maizeharvesting |
| 2015年春季 Spring of 2015 | 03-15 | 03-29 | 03-31 | 04-18 | 05-24 | 06-03 | 06-03 |
| 2015年秋季 Autumn of 2015 | 08-10 | 08-20 | 09-05 | 09-20 | 10-08 | 10-31 | 10-29 |
| 2016年春季 Spring of 2016 | 03-12 | 04-02 | 04-09 | 05-02 | 05-25 | 05-31 | 06-07 |
| 2016年秋季 Autumn of 2016 | 08-13 | 08-22 | 08-27 | 09-16 | 10-01 | 10-20 | 10-24 |
下载: 导出CSV表22015—2016年甜玉米//大豆间作系统中大豆的固氮效率和固氮量
Table2.Soybean nitrogen fixation efficiency and fixed nitrogen amount of sweet maize//soybean intercropping systems during 2015-2016
| 项目 Item | 施氮水平 N rate (kg?hm-2) | 种植模式 Planting pattern | 2015年春 Spring of 2015 | 2015年秋 Autumn of 2015 | 2016年春 Spring of 2016 | 2016年秋 Autumn of 2016 |
| 固氮效率 Nitrogen fixation efficiency(%) | 300 (N1, 减量施氮Nitrogen reduction) | S2B3 | 58.08±4.00aB | 62.71±3.79aB | 61.70±1.40aB | 76.23±5.10aA |
| S2B4 | 40.96±6.87aC | 62.44±7.74aB | 69.53±4.26aAB | 87.88±3.43aA | ||
| 360 (N2, 常规施氮Conventional nitrogen) | S2B3 | 55.18±15.14aA | 46.62±7.54aA | 64.37±1.62aA | 77.68±7.01aA | |
| S2B4 | 49.77±4.61aA | 56.29±13.18aA | 67.69±2.03aA | 74.64±3.41aA | ||
| 0 | SB | 50.65±3.50aA | 55.81±5.13aA | 71.47±1.72aA | 64.49±8.83aA | |
| 固氮量Fixed nitrogen (kg?hm2) | 300 (N1, 减量施氮Nitrogen reduction) | S2B3 | 48.86±9.00b A | 45.97±3.48bA | 41.89±4.98bA | 74.77±10.91aA |
| S2B4 | 45.46±0.83bB | 41.85±5.30bB | 46.54±7.92bB | 109.03±14.47aA | ||
| 360 (N2, 常规施氮Conventional nitrogen | S2B3 | 38.63±10.75bA | 40.68±11.68bA | 50.75±3.76bA | 85.39±14.72aA | |
| S2B4 | 51.38±6.01bB | 44.60±13.78bB | 60.32±5.19bB | 99.71±9.81aA | ||
| 0 | SB | 113.29±10.66aA | 106.65±22.01aA | 127.27±10.58aA | 168.11±43.38aA | |
| 同行不同大写字母表示相同处理下不同年、季间差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同小写字母表示同一年、季不同种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different capital letters in the same row indicate significant differences among different seasons for the same planting pattern at 0.05 level, and different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among planting patterns in the same season at 0.05 level. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表32015—2016年减量施氮与甜玉米//大豆间作对农田氨挥发的影响
Table3.Effect of reduced nitrogen application and sweet maize//soybean intercropping on ammonia volatilization of farmland during 2015-2016
| kg?hm-2 | |||||
| 施氮水平 N rate (kg?hm-2) | 种植模式 Planting pattern | 2015年春 Spring of 2015 | 2015年秋 Autumn of 2015 | 2016年春 Spring of 2016 | 2016年秋 Autumn of 2016 |
| 300 (N1, 减量施氮Nitrogen reduction) | SS | 22.62±0.29aD | 44.85±1.89aA | 27.99±0.40aC | 38.21±0.20aB |
| S2B3 | 14.04±2.94aB | 26.98±4.09bA | 13.99±0.21cB | 30.58±0.24bA | |
| S2B4 | 14.58±0.70aB | 24.67±0.70bA | 14.13±0.32cB | 24.05±0.04cA | |
| 360 (N2, 常规施氮Conventional nitrogen) | SS | 22.10±4.88aB | 40.84±0.47aA | 26.33±1.84aB | 39.58±0.08aA |
| S2B3 | 13.97±2.37aC | 39.87±3.17aA | 13.77±0.00cC | 29.61±2.21bB | |
| S2B4 | 13.06±2.75aC | 30.40±0.35bA | 21.53±0.10bB | 25.23±0.54cB | |
| 同行不同大写字母表示相同处理下不同年、季间差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同小写字母表示同一年、季不同种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different capital letters in the same row indicate significant differences among different seasons for the same planting pattern at 0.05 level, and different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among planting patterns in the same season at 0.05 level. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表42015—2016年减量施氮和甜玉米//大豆间作对农田氮淋溶的影响
Table4.Effect of reduced nitrogen application and sweet maize//soybean intercropping on nitrogen leaching of farmlandduring 2015-2016
| kg?hm-2 | |||||
| 施氮水平 N rate (kg?hm-2) | 种植模式 Planting pattern | 2015年春 Spring of 2015 | 2015年秋 Autumn of 2015 | 2016年春 Spring of 2016 | 2016年秋 Autumn of 2016 |
| 300 (N1, 减量施氮Nitrogen reduction) | SS | 106.12±1.97aA | 113.25±11.94aA | 54.99±7.06aB | 29.22±1.06abC |
| S2B3 | 92.52±5.48aA | 96.25±14.96aA | 45.99±1.06abB | 24.08±0.85bcB | |
| S2B4 | 105.36±10.81aA | 100.40±7.67aA | 41.86±0.02bB | 20.93±0.38cdB | |
| 360 (N2, 常规施氮Conventional nitrogen) | SS | 111.92±4.51aA | 121.97±17.70aA | 42.65±3.33bB | 31.18±2.12aB |
| S2B3 | 89.52±3.58aA | 104.86±14.72aA | 49.66±2.04abB | 24.01±3.67bcC | |
| S2B4 | 96.00±3.88aA | 96.00±8.09aA | 40.21±4.61bB | 25.57±2.95abcB | |
| 0 | SB | 53.69±1.95bA | 33.60±1.60bB | 25.77±1.33cC | 15.08±0.96dD |
| 同行不同大写字母表示相同处理下不同年、季间差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同小写字母表示同一年、季不同种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different capital letters in the same row indicate significant differences among different seasons for the same planting pattern at 0.05 level, and different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among planting patterns in the same season at 0.05 level. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表52015—2016年减量施氮和甜玉米//大豆间作对农田N2O-N累积排放量的影响
Table5.Effect of reduced nitrogen application and sweet maize//soybean intercropping on N2O-N cumulative emissions of farmland during 2015-2016
| kg?hm-2 | |||||
| 施氮水平 N rate (kg?hm-2) | 种植模式 Planting pattern | 2015年春 Spring of 2015 | 2015年秋 Autumn of 2015 | 2016年春 Spring of 2016 | 2016年秋 Autumn of 2016 |
| 300 (N1, 减量施氮Nitrogen reduction) | SS | 1.17±0.29aAB | 0.51±0.05aB | 1.82±0.31aA | 0.74±0.26abB |
| S2B3 | 0.58±0.09bB | 0.45±0.08abB | 1.54±0.21aA | 0.28±0.04bB | |
| S2B4 | 0.24±0.07bB | 0.29±0.09abcB | 0.93±0.28abA | 0.25±0.05bB | |
| 360 (N2, 常规施氮Conventional nitrogen) | SS | 1.33±0.28aA | 0.31±0.09abcA | 1.45±0.14aA | 1.10±0.42aA |
| S2B3 | 0.15±0.06bB | 0.28±0.08bcB | 1.00±0.04abA | 0.30±0.03bB | |
| S2B4 | 0.43±0.11bA | 0.19±0.02cA | 2.09±0.89aA | 0.78±0.30abA | |
| 0 | SB | 0.02±0.00bA | 0.10±0.01cA | 0.12±0.01bA | 0.04±0.01bA |
| 同行不同大写字母表示相同处理下不同年、季间差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同小写字母表示同一年、季不同种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different capital letters in the same row indicate significant differences among different seasons for the same planting pattern at 0.05 level, and different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among planting patterns in the same season at 0.05 level. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表62015—2016年减量施氮与甜玉米//大豆间作对作物氮素累积量的影响
Table6.Effect of reduced nitrogen application and sweet maize//soybean intercropping on nitrogen accumulation of crops during 2015-2016
| 项目 Item | 施氮水平 N rate(kg?hm-2) | 种植模式 Planting pattern | 2015年春 Spring of 2015 | 2015年秋 Autumn of 2015 | 2016年春 Spring of 2016 | 2016年秋 Autumn of 2016 |
| 籽粒氮素累积量 Grain nitrogen accumulation(kg?hm-2) | 300 (N1, 减量施氮Nitrogen reduction) | SS | 38.61±1.86dC | 64.64±4.37cA | 33.04±0.50cC | 47.78±1.12bB |
| S2B3 | 82.09±2.12aC | 131.63±4.25bA | 111.28±5.99abB | 119.69±5.14aAB | ||
| S2B4 | 57.87±5.59cC | 114.98±16.58bcAB | 108.58±22.12abBC | 167.74±16.93aA | ||
| 360 (N2, 常规施氮Conventional nitrogen) | SS | 40.14±3.80dB | 70.29±5.01cA | 38.92±2.40cB | 47.89±3.87bB | |
| S2B3 | 69.23±3.67abcB | 131.73±20.07bA | 93.15±4.90bAB | 131.31±14.71aA | ||
| S2B4 | 74.88±5.92abA | 111.56±7.96bcA | 123.27±6.44abA | 135.11±20.08aA | ||
| 0 | SB | 63.73±8.05bcB | 199.76±39.20aA | 155.18±30.28aA | 145.42±44.35aA | |
| 秸秆氮素累积量 Straw nitrogen accumulation(kg?hm2) | 300 (N1, 减量施氮Nitrogen reduction) | SS | 73.41±6.43cA | 82.27±3.92aA | 69.83±2.97aA | 56.81±7.08cA |
| S2B3 | 101.10±6.62bA | 93.65±3.63aA | 69.25±4.75aB | 86.65±2.40bA | ||
| S2B4 | 109.26±7.63bA | 80.09±8.93aBC | 60.38±4.88aC | 88.71±3.39bAB | ||
| 360 (N2, 常规施氮Conventional nitrogen) | SS | 73.13±0.67cB | 88.28±5.90aA | 75.47±4.29aB | 60.57±1.48cC | |
| S2B3 | 92.30±3.58bcA | 108.56±7.74aA | 82.35±5.41aA | 86.59±5.80bA | ||
| S2B4 | 113.25±6.57bA | 91.44±3.37aB | 70.42±5.31aC | 95.73±6.41bAB | ||
| 0 | SB | 140.30±9.93aA | 79.84±8.49aBC | 68.10±5.96aC | 118.73±15.51aAB | |
| 同行不同大写字母表示相同处理下不同年、季间差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同小写字母表示同一年、季不同种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different capital letters in the same row indicate significant differences among different seasons for the same planting pattern at 0.05 level, and different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among planting patterns in the same season at 0.05 level. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表72015—2016年甜玉米//大豆间作系统氮平衡
Table7.Nitrogen balance in sweet maize//soybean intercropping system during 2015-2016
| kg?hm-2 | ||||||||||||
| 年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 氮输入N input | 氮输出N output | 氮素盈亏 Profit or loss N | ||||||||
| 化肥氮 FertilizerN | 种子氮 SeedN | 秸秆氮 Straw N of last quarter | 大豆固氮 Soybean fixed N | 籽粒氮 GrainN | 秋季秸秆氮 Straw N of autumn | 氨挥发 Ammonia volatilization | 氮淋溶 NO3-N leaching | 氧化亚氮 N2O | ||||
| 2015 | SS-N1 | 600.00 | 0.34 | 140.63 | 0.00 | 103.25 | 82.27 | 67.47 | 219.37 | 1.68 | 266.93±42.81a | |
| S2B3-N1 | 308.80 | 8.54 | 174.50 | 94.83 | 213.72 | 93.65 | 41.02 | 188.77 | 1.03 | 48.50±27.31bc | ||
| S2B4-N1 | 262.50 | 9.60 | 184.20 | 87.31 | 172.85 | 80.09 | 39.25 | 205.76 | 0.53 | 45.14±25.64bc | ||
| SS-N2 | 720.00 | 0.34 | 116.23 | 0.00 | 110.43 | 88.28 | 62.94 | 233.89 | 1.64 | 339.38±23.99a | ||
| S2B3-N2 | 370.60 | 8.54 | 172.69 | 79.31 | 200.96 | 108.56 | 53.84 | 194.38 | 0.43 | 72.97±17.12b | ||
| S2B4-N2 | 315.00 | 9.60 | 176.56 | 95.98 | 186.44 | 91.44 | 43.46 | 192.00 | 0.62 | 83.19±8.09b | ||
| SB | 0.00 | 15.66 | 178.40 | 219.94 | 263.49 | 79.84 | 0.00 | 87.29 | 0.12 | -16.73±31.74c | ||
| 2016 | SS-N1 | 600.00 | 0.34 | 82.27 | 0.00 | 80.82 | 56.81 | 66.20 | 84.21 | 2.56 | 392.02±10.13b | |
| S2B3-N1 | 308.80 | 8.54 | 93.65 | 116.66 | 230.97 | 86.65 | 44.57 | 70.07 | 1.82 | 93.56±7.81de | ||
| S2B4-N1 | 262.50 | 9.60 | 80.09 | 155.57 | 276.32 | 88.71 | 38.18 | 62.79 | 1.18 | 40.60±12.60e | ||
| SS-N2 | 720.00 | 0.34 | 88.28 | 0.00 | 86.81 | 60.57 | 65.91 | 73.83 | 2.55 | 518.95±11.00a | ||
| S2B3-N2 | 370.60 | 8.54 | 108.56 | 136.14 | 224.46 | 86.59 | 43.38 | 73.68 | 1.30 | 194.43±14.70c | ||
| S2B4-N2 | 315.00 | 9.60 | 91.44 | 160.03 | 246.84 | 95.73 | 46.76 | 65.78 | 2.87 | 118.08±32.03d | ||
| SB | 0.00 | 15.66 | 79.84 | 295.38 | 300.60 | 118.73 | 0.00 | 40.85 | 0.16 | -69.45±25.85f | ||
| 同列不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05). | ||||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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