王芬^1,,
刘会¹,
冯敬涛¹,
田歌¹,
刘相阳²,
葛顺峰^1,,,
姜远茂^1,,
1.山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室 泰安 271018
2.陕西枫丹百丽生物科技有限公司 千阳 721100
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0201100
国家自然科学基金项目31501713
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设资金项目CARS-27

详细信息

作者简介:王芬, 主要研究方向为苹果氮素营养。E-mail:757086004@qq.com

通讯作者:葛顺峰, 主要从事果树营养生理与氮、磷循环研究, E-mail:geshunfeng210@126.com
姜远茂, 主要从事果树营养生理和土壤肥力研究, E-mail:ymjiang@sdau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S661.1

计量

文章访问数:723
HTML全文浏览量:13
PDF下载量:581
被引次数:0

出版历程

收稿日期:2018-04-18
录用日期:2018-07-05
刊出日期:2018-12-01

Effects of cow dung and biochar on root growth, soil properties and nitrogen utilization of apple

WANG Fen^1,,
LIU Hui¹,
FENG Jingtao¹,
TIAN Ge¹,
LIU Xiangyang²,
GE Shunfeng^1,,,
JIANG Yuanmao^1,,
1. College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, China
2. Shaanxi BELLE Ferndean Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Qianyang 721100, China
Funds: the National Key R&D Program of China2016YFD0201100
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31501713
the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Construction Fund Project of ChinaCARS-27

More Information

Corresponding author:GE Shunfeng, E-mail: geshunfeng210@126.com;JIANG Yuanmao, E-mail: ymjiang@sdau.edu.cn

摘要
HTML全文
图(1)表(5)
参考文献(32)
相关文章
施引文献
资源附件(0)
访问统计

摘要
摘要:以两年生红富士/平邑甜茶苹果为试材，采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术，研究牛粪与生物炭不同配比对苹果根系生长、土壤特性和氮素吸收利用的影响，为苹果生产中合理施肥及可持续发展提供依据。试验共设6个处理：对照（CK）、100%牛粪（T1）、75%牛粪+25%生物炭（T2）、50%牛粪+50%生物炭（T3）、25%牛粪+75%生物炭（T4）和100%生物炭（T5）。结果表明，牛粪和生物炭混施可显著改善土壤理化性状，增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量，降低土壤容重。苹果根际土壤中的微生物均以细菌占绝对优势，放线菌次之，真菌含量最少；添加牛粪和生物炭均显著提高了根际土壤的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量，其中T2处理细菌、放线菌和真菌数量均达到最高。牛粪和生物炭混施还可促进苹果根系生长，根尖数、根表面积和根系活力等指标均在T2处理达到最高，分别较对照提高47.90%、33.47%、44.67%。表明T2处理可显著促进苹果根系的生长和根系活力的提高。与对照相比，牛粪和生物炭混合处理显著提高了苹果各器官的Ndff值、全氮量和¹⁵N吸收量，提高了¹⁵N利用率和¹⁵N残留率，降低了¹⁵N损失率。各处理¹⁵N利用率和¹⁵N残留率趋势为牛粪和生物炭混合处理最高，单施牛粪或生物炭处理次之，对照最低；¹⁵N损失率呈相反的变化趋势。其中以T2处理效果最好，¹⁵N利用率和¹⁵N残留率最高，¹⁵N损失率最低，¹⁵N利用率较对照提高5.51%，¹⁵N损失率较对照降低14.52%。综合分析认为，75%牛粪+25%生物炭处理（T2）对苹果根系生长、土壤特性和氮素吸收利用的效果最好。
关键词:苹果/
牛粪/
生物炭/
根系/
氮素利用/
土壤养分/
土壤微生物
Abstract:Two-year-old 'Fuji' apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Red Fuji/Malus hupehensis) trees were used to study the effect of cow dung and biochar on soil properties, and apple root growth, nitrogen uptake and utilization using ¹⁵N isotope tracer technique. The study aimed at providing reference for rational fertilization and sustainable apple development and production. There were 6 treatments in the study-no cow dung or biochar (CK), 100% cow dung (T1), 75% cow dung + 25% biochar (T2), 50% cow dung + 50% biochar (T3), 25% cow dung + 75% biochar (T4) and 100% biochar (T5). The results showed that combined application of cow dung and biochar improved soil physical and chemical properties, and increased soil contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, but reduced soil bulk density. The soil contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium decreased gradually with decreasing cow dung proportion, and they were highest under T1, which increased by respectively 97.31%, 19.01%, 24.37% and 32.73% over CK. There was no significant difference between T1 and T2 in terms of the contents of the variables. Soil bulk density decreased with gradual increase in biochar proportion. The difference between T4 and T5 treatments was not significant. Soil bulk density under T4 or T5 treatment was significantly lower than that of CK and T1. Bacteria population was highest in rhizosphere soil, followed by actinomyces, and fungus content was lowest. The addition of cow dung and biochar significantly increased the number of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungus in rhizosphere soil. The population of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungus was highest in T2 treated soil. The cow dung and biochar mixture also promoted apple root growth. Root tip, root surface area and root activity were highest in T2 treated soil, with respective increases of 47.90%, 33.47% and 44.67% over that of CK. Compared with CK, the cow dung plus biochar significantly improved the Ndff value, total nitrogen and ¹⁵N absorption of various organs of apple. It also increased ¹⁵N utilization and residual rate, while reducing ¹⁵N loss rate. The utilization rate and the residual rate of ¹⁵N were higher under treatments of mixed cow dung and biochar. Single application of cow dung or biochar was second and CK treatment the lowest. The loss rate of ¹⁵N showed the reverse trend. T2 treatment showed best with the highest ¹⁵N utilization rate and residue rate and lowest ¹⁵N loss rate. Under T2 treatment, while ¹⁵N utilization ratio increased by 5.51%, ¹⁵N loss rate decreased by 14.52% compared with CK. Comprehensive analysis showed that the 75% cow dung + 25% biochar treatment (T2) had the best effect on apple root growth, soil characteristics and nitrogen absorption and utilization.
Key words:Apple/
Cow dung/
Biochar/
Root/
Nitrogen utlization/
Soil nutrients/
Soil microbia

HTML全文


图1不同添加牛粪和生物炭处理对肥料¹⁵N去向的影响
Figure1.Effects of different treatments of cow dung and biochar application on the fate of fertilizer ¹⁵N


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表1试验处理及其牛粪和生物炭施用量设计
Table1.Experimental treatments and their application rates of cow dung and biochar

g·kg-1(soil)
处理 Treatment		牛粪 Cow dung	生物炭 Biochar
CK	对照Control	0	0
T1	100%牛粪100% cow dung	30	0
T2	75%牛粪+25%生物炭 75% cow dung + 25% biochar	22.5	7.5
T3	50%牛粪+50%生物炭 50% cow dung + 50% biochar	15	15
T4	25%牛粪+75%生物炭 25% cow dung + 75% biochar	7.5	22.5
T5	100%生物炭100% biochar	0	30

下载: 导出CSV
表2不同添加牛粪和生物炭处理对土壤理化性质的影响
Table2.Effects of different treatments of cow dung and biochar application on physical and chemical properties of soil

处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzale N (mg·kg-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1)	土壤容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3)
CK	12.66±0.86c	157.07±7.51c	39.76±2.30b	207.32±7.50c	1.34a
T1	24.98±1.38a	186.93±16.68a	49.45±2.74a	275.18±10.10a	1.33a
T2	24.05±0.57a	182.79±11.93ab	47.61±1.13a	263.04±6.86ab	1.30ab
T3	19.58±1.06b	177.52±8.04ab	43.43±3.06b	244.43±22.52b	1.28abc
T4	18.41±2.00b	173.89±5.28abc	42.44±1.66b	224.13±5.28c	1.21bc
T5	17.99±0.64b	167.08±4.86bc	41.62±2.42b	217.33±4.86c	1.19c
同列不同小写字母分别表示各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Data followed by different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different at 5%.

下载: 导出CSV
表3不同添加牛粪和生物炭处理对苹果根际土壤微生物数量的影响
Table3.Effects of different treatments of cow dung and biochar application on numbers of microbes in apple rhizosphere soil

处理 Treatment	细菌 Bacteria (108 CFU·g-1)	放线菌 Actinomycetes (106 CFU·g-1)	真菌 Fungus (104 CFU·g-1)
CK	2.41±0.08d	7.89±0.57d	1.94±0.13d
T1	2.92±019bc	11.95±1.49c	2.53±0.12c
T2	3.38±0.11a	16.73±1.69a	3.75±0.08a
T3	3.32±018a	16.41±1.03a	3.52±0.11a
T4	3.17±030ab	14.31±082b	3.12±0.24b
T5	2.75±0.08c	10.88±0.80c	2.48±0.12c
同列不同小写字母分别表示各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Data followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at 5%.

下载: 导出CSV
表4不同添加牛粪和生物炭处理对植株生物量、根系形态指标和根系活力的影响
Table4.Effects of different treatments of cow dung and biochar application on biomass, root morphological indices and root activity of apple

处理 Treatment	总干重 Total dry weight (g·plant-1)	根系形态Root morphological			根系活力 Root activity (μg·h-1·g-1)
		总根长 Total root length (cm)	根尖数 Number of root tips	根表面积 Root surface area (cm2)
CK	146.67±10.26d	1 075.71±59.58d	7 221.93±168.84c	531.65±25.74c	60.53±2.33d
T1	170.33±12.64c	1 326.57±95.71c	8 450.52±152.94b	615.44±17.29b	75.29±4.57bc
T2	226.34±12.07a	1 663.16±39.44a	10 681.20±886.17a	709.57±49.71a	87.57±5.02a
T3	221.00±13.47a	1 754.94±72.98a	9 992.49±814.56a	696.63±52.67a	84.06±3.92a
T4	191.33±10.35b	1 473.34±137.98b	8 748.06±953.49b	668.90±41.90ab	80.19±4.82ab
T5	165.66±12.28c	1 244.31±43.97c	8 439.45±92.08b	610.30±49.08b	70.03±4.52c
同列不同小写字母分别表示各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Data followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at 5%.

下载: 导出CSV
表5不同添加牛粪和生物炭处理对苹果各器官Ndff、全氮量和¹⁵N吸收量的影响
Table5.Effects of different treatments of cow dung and biochar application on Ndff values of different organs, total nitrogen and ¹⁵N absorption of apple

处理 Treatment	Ndff (%)			全氮量 Total N (g·plant-1)	15N吸收量 15N absorption (g·plant-1)
	根Root	茎Stem	叶Leaf
CK	10.90±0.63d	9.04±0.25d	8.19±0.25d	1.30±0.08d	0.11±0.01e
T1	13.29±1.18bc	10.44±0.65c	9.92±0.19c	1.59±0.14bc	0.14±0.01cd
T2	15.11±0.78a	12.93±0.56a	11.74±0.23a	1.84±0.06a	0.17±0.01a
T3	14.46±0.48ab	12.61±0.32a	11.26±0.25ab	1.72±0.06ab	0.15±0.01b
T4	14.18±0.46ab	11.59±0.46b	10.74±0.46b	1.69±0.06b	0.15±0.01bc
T5	12.22±0.39c	10.70±0.39c	9.85±0.39c	1.46±0.05c	0.13±0.01d
同列不同小写字母分别表示各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Data followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at 5%.

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(32)

[1]	彭福田, 姜远茂.不同产量水平苹果园氮磷钾营养特点研究[J].中国农业科学, 2006, 39(2): 361-367 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2006.02.021 PENG F T, JIANG Y M. Characteristics of N, P, and K nutrition in different yield level apple orchards[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(2): 361-367 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2006.02.021
[2]	葛顺峰, 姜远茂, 陈倩, 等.土壤有机质含量对平邑甜茶生长及氮素吸收和损失的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2012, 26(1): 81-84 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trqsystbcxb201201017 GE S F, JIANG Y M, CHEN Q, et al. Effect of soil organic matter content on growth and 15N-urea absorption, utilization and loss of Malus hupehensis[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(1): 81-84 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trqsystbcxb201201017
[3]	葛顺峰, 朱占玲, 魏绍冲, 等.中国苹果化肥减量增效技术途径与展望[J].园艺学报, 2017, 44(9): 1681-1692 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yyxb201709004 GE S F, ZHU Z L, WEI S C, et al. Technical approach and research prospect of saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers for apple in China[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2017, 44(9): 1681-1692 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yyxb201709004
[4]	葛顺峰, 姜远茂.国内外苹果产量差、氮效率差及我国苹果节氮潜力分析[J].中国果树, 2017, (4): 94-97 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zhongggs201704030 GE S F, JIANG Y M. Difference of apple yield and nitrogen efficiency at home and abroad and analysis of the potential of apple nitrogen reduction in China[J]. China Fruits, 2017, (4): 94-97 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zhongggs201704030
[5]	CHAN K Y, VAN ZWIETEN L, MESZAROS I, et al. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2008, 46(5): 437-444 doi: 10.1071/SR08036
[6]	VAN ZWIETEN L, KIMBER S, MORRIS S, et al. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010, 327(1/2): 235-246 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=bd45581500636317aeabc54232a95e0e
[7]	陈温福, 张伟明, 孟军, 等.生物炭应用技术研究[J].中国工程科学, 2011, 13(2): 83-89 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-1742.2011.02.015 CHEN W F, ZHANG W M, MENG J, et al. Researches on biochar application technology[J]. Engineering Sciences, 2011, 13(2): 83-89 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-1742.2011.02.015
[8]	KIMETU J M, LEHMANN J, KRULL E, et al. Stability and stabilisation of biochar and green manure in soil with different organic carbon contents[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2010, 48(7): 577-585 doi: 10.1071/SR10036
[9]	张文玲, 李桂花, 高卫东.生物质炭对土壤性状和作物产量的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(17): 153-157 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnxtb200917032 ZHANG W L, LI G H, GAO W D. Effect of biomass charcoal on soil character and crop yield[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2009, 25(17): 153-157 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnxtb200917032
[10]	袁晶晶, 同延安, 卢绍辉, 等.生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤肥力及红枣产量、品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(2): 468-475 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zwyyyflxb201702023 YUAN J J, TONG Y A, LU S H, et al. Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil fertility and jujube yield and quality[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(2): 468-475 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zwyyyflxb201702023
[11]	高海英, 何绪生, 陈心想, 等.生物炭及炭基硝酸铵肥料对土壤化学性质及作物产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2012, 31(10): 1948-1955 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK201204561056 GAO H Y, HE X S, CHEN X X, et al. Effect of biochar and biochar-based ammonium nitrate fertilizers on soil chemical properties and crop yield[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2012, 31(10): 1948-1955 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK201204561056
[12]	何绪生, 张树清, 佘雕, 等.生物炭对土壤肥料的作用及未来研究[J].中国农学通报, 2011, 27(15): 16-25 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnxtb201115004 HE X S, ZHANG S Q, SHE D, et al. Effects of biochar on soil and fertilizer and future research[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(15): 16-25 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnxtb201115004
[13]	张文君, 刘兆辉, 江丽华, 等.有机无机复混肥对作物产量及品质的影响[J].山东农业科学, 2005, (3): 57-58 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4942.2005.03.026 ZHANG W J, LIU Z H, JIANG L H, et al. Effect of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer on crop yield and quality[J]. Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2005, (3): 57-58 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4942.2005.03.026
[14]	袁立, 王占哲, 刘春龙.国内外牛粪生物质资源利用的现状与趋势[J].中国奶牛, 2011, (5): 3-9 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4264.2011.05.002 YUAN L, WANG Z Z, LIU C L. Current situation and trend of dairy manure biomass resources at home and abroad[J]. China Dairy Cattle, 2011, (5): 3-9 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4264.2011.05.002
[15]	孟安华, 吴景贵.不同处理牛粪对植菜土壤腐殖质结构特征的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2015, 29(4): 223-228 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trqsystbcxb201504041 MENG A H, WU J G. Effects of different cow dung treatments on humus structure of vegetable planting soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 29(4): 223-228 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trqsystbcxb201504041
[16]	井大炜, 张红, 王明友.牛粪对西瓜根际土壤微生物多样性及氮素利用率的影响[J].核农学报, 2014, 28(11): 2102-2107 doi: 10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.11.2102 JING D W, ZHANG H, WANG M Y. Effect of cattle manure on microbial diversity in the rhizosphere soil and nitrogen use efficiency of watermelon[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 28(11): 2102-2107 doi: 10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.11.2102
[17]	高英杰.不同有机肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响[D].石河子: 石河子大学, 2013 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XJLK201309032.htm GAO Y J. Effects of different organic fertilizers on yield and quality of grape[D]. Shihezi: Shihezi University, 2013 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XJLK201309032.htm
[18]	冯锡鸿, 赵金华.育苗基质中腐熟牛粪用量对番茄、甜瓜幼苗生长的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(6): 230-232 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnxtb200908054 FENG X H, ZHAO J H. Effects of the amount of cow manure compost on the seedling growth of tomato and melon[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2009, 25(6): 230-232 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnxtb200908054
[19]	岳现录, 冀宏杰, 张认连, 等.华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系秋季一次基施牛粪氮素损失与利用研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(3): 592-599 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zwyyyflxb201103011 YUE X L, JI H J, ZHANG R L, et al. Nitrogen loss and use efficiency of one-time basal application of cattle manure in autumn to a winter wheat-summer maize cropping system on the North China Plain[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(3): 592-599 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zwyyyflxb201103011
[20]	张斌, 刘晓雨, 潘根兴, 等.施用生物质炭后稻田土壤性质、水稻产量和痕量温室气体排放的变化[J].中国农业科学, 2012, 45(23): 4844-4853 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.23.011 ZHANG B, LIU X Y, PAN G X, et al. Changes in soil properties, yield and trace gas emission from a paddy after biochar amendment in two consecutive rice growing cycles[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(23): 4844-4853 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.23.011
[21]	高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2006 GAO J F. Experimental Guide of Plant Physiology[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006
[22]	陈伟, 周波, 束怀瑞.生物炭和有机肥处理对平邑甜茶根系和土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2013, 46(18): 3850-3856 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.18.014 CHEN W, ZHOU B, SU H R. Effects of organic fertilizer and biochar on root system and microbial functional diversity of Malus hupehensis rehd[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(18): 3850-3856 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.18.014
[23]	章明奎, BAYOU W D, 唐红娟.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2012, 26(2): 127-131 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trqsystbcxb201202027 ZHANG M K, BAYOU W D, TANG H J. Effects of biochar's application on active organic carbon fractions in soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(2): 127-131 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trqsystbcxb201202027
[24]	周莉华, 李维炯, 倪永珍.长期施用EM生物有机肥对冬小麦生产的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2005, 21(S1): 221-224 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/nygcxb2005z1054 ZHOU L H, LI W J, NI Y Z. Effects of long-term application of EM biological-organic fertilizer on winter wheat production[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2005, 21(S1): 221-224 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/nygcxb2005z1054
[25]	RAJKUMAR M, AE N, PRASAD M N V, et al. Potential of siderophore-producing bacteria for improving heavy metal phytoextraction[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2010, 28(3): 142-149 doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.12.002
[26]	NIHORIMBERE V, ONGENA M, SMARGIASSI M, et al. Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant growth and health[J]. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement, 2011, 15(2): 327-337 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/OAPaper/oai_doaj-articles_611e649bf91da190d789020cbfd12e7c
[27]	PIETIK?INEN J, KⅡKKIL? O, FRITZE H. Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus[J]. Oikos, 2000, 89(2): 231-242 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890203.x
[28]	KOLB S E, FERMANICH K J, DORNBUSH M E. Effect of charcoal quantity on microbial biomass and activity in temperate soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2009, 73(4): 1173-1181 doi: 10.2136/sssaj2008.0232
[29]	DEMPSTER D N, GLEESON D B, SOLAIMAN Z M, et al. Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil[J]. Plant and Soil, 2012, 354(1/2): 311-324 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=56a66b51fb856b43fab69a094f3fcfbc
[30]	VAN ZWIETEN L, KIMBER S, MORRIS S, et al. Influence of biochars on flux of N2O and CO2 from Ferrosol[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2010, 48(7): 555-568 doi: 10.1071/SR10004
[31]	FARRELL M, MACDONALD L M, BUTLER G, et al. Biochar and fertiliser applications influence phosphorus fractionation and wheat yield[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014, 50(1): 169-178 doi: 10.1007/s00374-013-0845-z
[32]	葛顺峰, 彭玲, 任饴华, 等.秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子交换量和氮素利用的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2014, 47(2): 366-373 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgyywz201508147 GE S F, PENG L, REN Y H, et al. Effect of straw and biochar on soil bulk density, cation exchange capacity and nitrogen absorption in apple orchard soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(2): 366-373 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgyywz201508147