李吉平^1,,
徐勇峰¹,
陈子鹏¹,
李威^{1, 2},
李萍萍^{1, 2, 3},
韩建刚^{1, 2, 3,,}
1.南京林业大学生物与环境学院 南京 210037
2.南京林业大学江苏省南方现代林业协同创新中心 南京 210037
3.江苏洪泽湖湿地生态系统国家定位观测研究站 洪泽 223100
基金项目: 国家林业科学技术推广项目[2016]37
江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目PAPD

详细信息

作者简介:李吉平, 主要研究方向为农业面源污染。E-mail:njfuljp@qq.com

通讯作者:韩建刚, 主要研究方向为农业面源污染和环境毒理。E-mail:hanjiangang76@126.com

中图分类号:X523;S714

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收稿日期:2018-12-04
录用日期:2019-03-12
刊出日期:2019-07-01

Effects of rainfall and runoff on the groundwater quality in farmland and poplar forestland in the area of Hung-tse Lake

LI Jiping^1,,
XU Yongfeng¹,
CHEN Zipeng¹,
LI Wei^{1, 2},
LI Pingping^{1, 2, 3},
HAN Jiangang^{1, 2, 3,,}
1. College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
3. National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze 223100, China
Funds: the Extension Project of the State Forestry Science and Technology Department of China[2016]37
the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsPAPD

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Corresponding author:HAN Jiangang, E-mail: hanjiangang76@126.com

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摘要
摘要:农业氮磷养分流失已经成为地下水污染的重要原因之一，为了探究和比较麦稻两熟农田和杨树林地氮磷流失对地下水的影响，本文在洪泽湖河湖交汇区设置农田和杨树林监测小区和监测井，进行了为期1年的地表养分流失和地下水水质监测。结果表明：1）林地雨前雨后表层土壤含水量均小于麦田，麦田土壤含水量较雨前平均提高8.95%，林地提高4.05%。2）麦田和杨树林地表层土壤硝态氮、铵态氮及有效磷流失总量分别为63.53 mg·kg^-1、5.61 mg·kg^-1及57.43 mg·kg^-1和16.78 mg·kg^-1、2.45 mg·kg^-1及0.73 mg·kg^-1，稻季田面水硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性磷和颗粒态磷流失总量为8.32 mg·L^-1、27.44 mg·L^-1、2.39 mg·L^-1和2.99 mg·L^-1，监测期内杨树林氮磷流失总量明显低于农田。3）农田表层养分流失量与降雨量存在密切关系，基本随降雨量增大呈对数增长，而杨树林几乎不受降雨影响。4）农田产生径流的理论最小降雨量（麦田：3.3 mm；稻田：4.2 mm）远小于杨树林地（22.8 mm），麦田铵态氮、正磷酸盐浓度，稻田和杨树林地总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷、可溶性磷、正磷酸盐浓度与降雨量存在显著相关性。5）农田径流中养分浓度与地下水氮磷含量存在显著相关性（P < 0.05），而杨树林地地下水氮磷含量保持在相对稳定水平，与径流中养分浓度无明显相关性。与农田相比，林地能够更好地控制径流养分流失，缓解地下水污染，有利于农业面源污染的控制。
关键词:地表径流/
农田/
林地/
氮磷流失/
地下水污染/
面源污染
Abstract:The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in agriculture has become an important cause of groundwater pollution. To explore and compare the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff in wheat fields, rice fields, and poplar forestland, the surface nutrient losses and groundwater quality were monitored in the area of Hung-tse Lake for one year, by setting up monitoring plots and monitoring wells on farmland and poplar forestland. The main results were as follows:1) the surface soil water content before and after precipitation in the forestland was lower than that in the wheat field. The average soil water content in wheat fields was 8.95% higher than that before rain, whereas it was 4.05% higher than that before rain in forestland. 2) The total loss of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface soil of the wheat field were 63.53 mg·kg^-1, 5.61 mg·kg^-1, and 57.43 mg·kg^-1; while those in the poplar forestland were 16.78 mg·kg^-1, 2.45 mg·kg^-1, and 0.73 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The total loss of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, and particulate phosphorus in the surface water of the rice field was 8.32 mg·L^-1, 27.44 mg·L^-1, 2.39 mg·L^-1, and 2.99 mg·L^-1, and the total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the poplar forestland was significantly lower than that in the farmland during the monitoring period. 3) There was a close relationship between the soil nutrient loss and rainfall in farmland. The soil nutrient loss in farmland increased logarithmically with an increase in rainfall. However, the loss of surface nutrients in the poplar forestland was almost unaffected by rainfall. 4) The theoretical minimum rainfall generating runoff in farmlands (wheat field:3.3 mm; rice field:4.2 mm) was much lower than that of the poplar forestland (22.8 mm). The concentration of ammonium nitrogen, orthophosphate, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and soluble phosphorus were significantly correlated with rainfall in wheat field. 5) There was a significant correlation between the nutrient concentrations in farmland runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus contents in groundwater (P < 0.05). The nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the groundwater of poplar forestland, which had no significant correlations with the nutrient concentrations in the runoff, remained at a relatively stable level. Compared with farmlands, forestland can better control nutrient losses caused by runoff, alleviate groundwater pollution, and contribute to the control of agricultural non-point source pollution.
Key words:Surface runoff/
Farmland/
Forestland/
Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus/
Groundwater pollution/
Non-point source pollution

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图1监测点地理位置图
Figure1.Location map of the monitoring point


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图2降雨前后麦田(a)和杨树林地b)表层土壤含水量的变化
Figure2.Changes of soil water contents of wheat field (a) and poplar forestland (b) before and after rainfall


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图3降雨对小麦田表层土壤(a)、稻田田面水(b)以及杨树林地表层土壤(c)养分径流流失量的影响
Figure3.Effects of rainfall on nutrient losses of runoff in surface soil of wheat field (a), surface water of rice field (b) and surface soil of poplar forestland (c)


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图4稻田、麦田和杨树林地径流量与降雨量的关系
Figure4.Relationship between runoff and rainfall of rice and wheat fields and poplar forestland


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表1麦田、稻田和杨树林地径流养分浓度与降雨量的相关性
Table1.Correlation between nutrient concentration in runoff and rainfall of wheat field, rice field and poplar forestland

	氮素Nitrogen				磷素Phosphorus
	总氮 Total nitrogen	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen	铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen		总磷 Total phosphorus	可溶性磷 Soluble phosphorus	正磷酸盐 Orthophosphate
麦田Wheat field	0.515	0.548	0.591*		0.380	0.145	0.759*
稻田Rice field	0.861**	0.941***	0.774*		0.745*	0.737*	0.748*
杨树林地Poplar forestland	0.826***	0.846***	0.848***		0.819***	0.916***	0.864***
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001.

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表2麦田、稻田和杨树林地地下水氮磷含量(y)与径流养分含量(x)的相关性
Table2.Correlation between nitrogen or phosphorus in groundwater (y) and nutrients content in runoff (x)

养分 Nutrient	麦田Wheat field				稻田Rice field				杨树林地Poplar forestland
	回归方程 Regression equation	R	n		回归方程 Regression equation	R	n		回归方程 Regression equation	R	n
总氮Total nitrogen	y=0.315 6x+2.242 4	0.837*	7		y=0.241 2x+3.243 9	0.865*	6		y=-0.323 8x+3.844 1	0.552	8
硝态氮Nitrate nitrogen	y=0.295 3x+0.126 4	0.681	7		y=0.853 4x-0.942 4	0.934**	6		y=-0.033 3x+0.802 3	0.110	8
铵态氮 Ammonia nitrogen	y=0.237 9x+0.483 8	0.707*	7		y=0.023 0x+0.552 2	0.938**	6		y=-0.100 9x+0.486 7	0.165	8
总磷Total phosphorus	y=0.004 7x+0.008 0	0.944**	7		y=0.064 5x+0.010 5	0.899*	6		y=0.479 1x+0.010 4	0.098	8
可溶性磷 Soluble phosphorus	y=0.007 1x+0.003 1	0.959**	7		y=0.112 7x+0.004 1	0.564	6		y=-0.202 0x+0.008 8	0.580	8
正磷酸盐 Orthophosphate	y=0.003 1x+0.002 5	0.759*	7		y=0.121 7x-0.001 1	0.970**	6		y=0.0385 x+0.003 7	0.056	8
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001.

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