李春喜^1,,,
李斯斯¹,
邵云¹,
马守臣²,
刘晴¹,
翁正鹏¹,
李晓波¹
1.河南师范大学生命科学学院 新乡 453007
2.河南理工大学测绘与国土信息工程学院 焦作 454000
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划重点专项2016YFD0300203-3
国家重点研发计划重点专项2018YFD0300708-4

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作者简介:李春喜, 主要从事小麦栽培及生理研究。E-mail:496513087@qq.com

中图分类号:S512.1

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收稿日期:2018-10-25
录用日期:2019-01-07
刊出日期:2019-06-01

Effects of organic waste application on soil greenhouse gas emissions of a winter wheat field

LI Chunxi^1,,,
LI Sisi¹,
SHAO Yun¹,
MA Shouchen²,
LIU Qing¹,
WENG Zhengpeng¹,
LI Xiaobo¹
1. College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
2. School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300203-3
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFD0300708-4

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Corresponding author:LI Chunxi, E-mail:496513087@qq.com

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摘要
摘要:探讨有机物料还田对冬小麦田温室气体排放特性的影响，对提高经济效应和环境效应有积极意义。本研究应用静态箱-气相色谱法对秸秆还田（J）、秸秆还田+牛粪（JF）和秸秆还田+菌渣（JZ）3种有机物料还田下分别施氮肥243 kg（N）·hm^-2（减氮10%，N1）、216 kg（N）·hm^-2（减氮20%，N2）对冬小麦农田N₂O、CO₂和CH₄的排放通量进行监测，探讨了不同施肥措施对麦田温室气体累积排放量、增温潜势的影响。试验期间同步记录每项农事活动机械燃油量、施肥量和灌溉量，测定产量，地上部生物量，估算农田碳截留。结果表明，冬小麦农田土壤N₂O和CO₂是排放源，是CH₄的吸收汇，氮肥施入、灌溉以及强降水促进了土壤N₂O和CO₂的生成，却弱化了CH₄作为大气吸收汇的特征。牛粪+秸秆（JF）处理N₂O和CO₂排放总量最高，分别为3.5 kg（N₂O-N）·hm^-2和19 689.67 kg（CO₂-C）·hm^-2，但CH₄的吸收值最大，为5.33 kg（CH₄-C）·hm^-2，均显著高于菌渣+秸秆（JZ）和秸秆（J）处理（P < 0.05）；各处理N₂O和CO₂的总量随施氮量的增加呈升高趋势，CH₄的总量随施氮量的增加而呈降低趋势。JFN2、JN2和JZN2处理农田综合增温潜势（GWP）均为负值，表明有机物料还田且减氮20%条件下农田生态系统为大气的碳汇，麦季净截留碳1 038~2 024 kg·hm^-2，其他处理GWP值均为正。JZN2处理小麦产量为8 061 kg·hm^-2，显著高于JFN2处理（P < 0.05）。综上所述，JZN2处理不仅能够保证小麦产量，且对环境效应最有利，为本区域冬小麦较优的施肥管理模式。
关键词:秸秆还田/
菌渣/
牛粪/
减氮/
冬小麦田/
温室气体/
产量/
全球增温潜势
Abstract:Exploring the impact of returning organic materials to the soil on greenhouse gas emission characteristics of winter wheat fields can help to improve economic and environmental consequences. Based on 3 modes of organic material return (JF:straw return and cow dung; J:straw return; JZ:straw return and mushroom dregs) and 2 nitrogen levels (N1:243 kg·hm^-2; N2:216 kg·hm^-2), the fluxes of N₂O, CO_2, and CH₄ in winter wheat fields were monitored using the static chamber method and gas chromatography, and the effects of the different fertilization measures on cumulative greenhouse gas emissions and warming potential of wheat fields were studied. During the experimental period, the amount of fuel consumed by farm machines and the power consumed during irrigation and fertilizer application were recorded and transformed to their carbon equivalents using a transformation coefficient. In addition, crop yield and aboveground biomasses were measured and carbon sequestration calculated. The total GWP under each of the 6 treatments were estimated based on the identified parameters of the greenhouse effect. The results indicated that wheat fields served as sources of N₂O and CO₂ and sinks of CH₄. Nitrogen application and adequate irrigation increased CO₂ and N₂O in the soil, but weakened the characteristics of CH₄ as an atmospheric absorption sink. The total amounts of N₂O and CO₂ emitted were highest in the JF treatment, at 3.5 kg (N₂O-N)·hm^-2 and 19 689.67 kg (CO₂-C) hm^-2 respectively, and the absorption value of CH₄ in this treatment was 5.33 kg (CH₄-C) hm^-2, significantly higher than in both of the JZ and J treatments. The total amounts of N₂O and CO₂ in each treatment increased, and the total amount of CH₄ decreased, with an increase in the nitrogen application rate. The GWP of JFN2, JN2, and JZN2 treatments were all negative, which indicated that the farmland ecosystem is an atmospheric carbon sink when organic materials were returned to the field; nitrogen was reduced by 20%, and the carbon interception by wheat was 1 038-2 024 kg·hm^-2. The GWP values were positive and the JZN2 treatment-treated wheat yield was 8 061 kg·hm^-2, significantly higher than that of the JFN2 treatment. In summary, JZN2 treatment could ensure wheat yield and had the most favorable environmental effects, and thus was the best fertilization management model for winter wheat in this region
Key words:Straw returning/
Mushroom dregs/
Cow dung/
Nitrogen reduction/
Winter wheat field/
Greenhouse gas/
Yield/
Global warming potential

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图1冬小麦生长期间农田生态系统气温、5 cm土层土壤温度及降水量的变化
Figure1.Air temperature, precipitation and soil temperature at 5 cm depht of a farmland ecosystem during winter wheat growing season


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图2不同有机物料还田和减氮下冬小麦土壤N₂O排放特征
JF:玉米秸秆全量还田+牛粪45 m³·hm^-2; JZ:玉米秸秆全量还田+60 m³·hm^-2菌渣; J:玉米秸秆全量还田; N1:减氮10%, 施氮量为243 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2:减氮20%, 施氮量为216 kg(N)·hm^-2。
Figure2.Soil N₂O emission in winter wheat field under different treatments of organic materials application and nitrogen reduction
JF: maize straw and cattle manure application; JZ: maize straw and mushroom residue application; J: maize straw application; N1: 10%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 243 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2: 20%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 216 kg(N)·hm^-2.


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图3不同有机物料还田和减氮下冬小麦土壤CO₂排放特征
JF:玉米秸秆全量还田+牛粪45 m³·hm^-2; JZ:玉米秸秆全量还田+60 m³·hm^-2菌渣; J:玉米秸秆全量还田; N1:减氮10%, 施氮量为243 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2:减氮20%, 施氮量为216 kg(N)·hm^-2。
Figure3.Soil CO₂ emission in winter wheat field under different treatments of organic materials application and nitrogen reduction
JF: maize straw and cattle manure application; JZ: maize straw and mushroom residue application; J: maize straw application; N1: 10%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 243 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2: 20%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 216 kg(N)·hm^-2.


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图4不同有机物料还田和减氮下冬小麦土壤CH₄排放特征
JF:玉米秸秆全量还田+牛粪45 m³·hm^-2; JZ:玉米秸秆全量还田+60 m³·hm^-2菌渣; J:玉米秸秆全量还田; N1:减氮10%, 施氮量为243 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2:减氮20%, 施氮量为216 kg(N)·hm^-2。
Figure4.Soil CH₄ emission in winter wheat field under different treatments of organic materials application and nitrogen reduction
JF: maize straw and cattle manure application; JZ: maize straw and mushroom residue application; J: maize straw application; N1: 10%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 243 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2: 20%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 216 kg(N)·hm^-2.


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表1农事活动的耗能及其温室气体排放系数
Table1.Agricultural inputs, outputs and greenhouse gas emission factors

项目 Item	物资用量 Material usage	排放系数 Emission factor
N	243/2161) kg·hm-2	4.96 kg(CO2-eq)·kg-1
P2O5	120 kg·hm-2	1.14 kg(CO2-eq)·kg-1
K2O	180 kg·hm-2	0.66 kg(CO2-eq)·kg-1
机械燃油Fuel	78 kg·hm-2	3.32 kg(CO2-eq)·kg-1
电力Electric power	1 275 kWh·hm-2	0.92 kg(CO2-eq)·kWh-1
种子Seed	187.5 kg·hm-2	1.16 kg(CO2-eq)·kg-1
除草剂Herbicide	1.5 kg·hm-2	6.58 kg(CO2-eq)·kg-1
劳力Labor	15 cap·d-1·hm-2	0.86 kg(CO2-eq)·cap-1
1)减氮量10%处理取值243 kg(N)·hm-2, 减氮量20%处理取值216 kg(N)·hm-2。1) The treatments of 10%- and 20%-reduction of nitrogen are assigned 243 kg(N)·hm-2 and 216 kg(N)·hm-2, respectively.

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表2不同有机物料还田和减氮下冬小麦土壤N₂O、CO₂、CH₄的排放总量
Table2.Accumulated emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ of winter wheat field under different organic materials application and nitrogen reduction

处理 Treatment	N2O			CO2			CH4
	排放速率 Emission rate (mg·m-2·h-1)	排放总量 Accumulated emission [kg(N2O-N) hm-2]		排放速率 Emission rate (mg·m-2·h-1)	排放总量 Accumulated emission [kg(CO2-C)·hm-2]		排放速率 Emission rate (mg·m-2·h-1)	排放总量 Accumulated emission [kg(CH4-C)·hm-2]
JFN1	1.197a	1.91±0.01a		8 835.67a	11 823.34±353a		-0.585 4c	-2.46±0.14c
JFN2	1.021d	1.59±0.01c		7 054.31b	7 866.32±167b		-0.656 4d	-2.87±0.08d
JN1	1.176b	1.90±0.01a		6 932.66b	8 609.47±314b		-0.509 6b	-2.04±0.64b
JN2	0.974e	1.49±0.01e		5 881.25c	6 402.07±259c		-0.533 4b	-2.16±0.51b
JZN1	1.093c	1.64±0.00b		7 353.03b	8 515.27±229b		-0.370 6a	-1.68±0.96a
JZN2	0.961f	1.53±0.02d		6 928.11b	8 330.12±513b		-0.391 1a	-1.73±0.32a
JF:玉米秸秆全量还田+牛粪45 m3·hm-2; JZ:玉米秸秆全量还田+60 m3·hm-2菌渣; J:玉米秸秆全量还田; N1:减氮10%, 施氮量为243 kg(N)·hm-2; N2:减氮20%, 施氮量为216 kg(N)·hm-2。表中数据均为3次重复平均值±标准差, 同列数据后不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) (邓肯法)。JF: maize straw and cattle manure application; JZ: maize straw and mushroom residue application; J: maize straw application; N1: 10%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 243 kg(N)·hm-2; N2: 20%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 216 kg(N)·hm-2. Each value in the table is mean ± SE of 3 replicates. Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at P < 0.05 according to Duncan test.

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表3不同有机物料还田和减氮对冬小麦土壤温室气体的增温潜势(GWP)的影响
Table3.Global warming potential (GWP) of winter wheat filed under different organic materials application and nitrogen reduction

kg·hm-2
处理 Treatment	产量 Yield	GWPNPP	GWPsoil export			GWPindirect	GWP
			$\mathrm{GWP}_{\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}}$	$\mathrm{GWP}_{\mathrm{CO}_{2}}$	$\mathrm{GWP}_{\mathrm{CH}_{4}}$
JFN1	7 401±70c	11 403±131ab	244±3.08a	11 823±353.91a	-22±0.68c	2 091.08	2 732
JFN2	7 504±67c	12 025±553ab	204±1.83c	7 866±167.71c	-26±0.59d	1 957.16	-2 024
JN1	7 225±88c	10 625±628bc	243±1.27a	8 609±314.67b	-18±0.50b	2 091.08	299
JN2	7 899±67b	9 568±595c	191±0.74e	6 402±259.34d	-19±0.85b	1 957.16	-1 038
JZN1	10 502±412a	10 711±205bc	210±1.29b	8 515±229.41b	-15±0.75a	2 091.08	90
JZN2	8 061±236b	12 448±1486a	196±0.83d	8 330±513.97bc	-15±0.39a	1 957.16	-1 980
JF:玉米秸秆全量还田+牛粪45 m3·hm-2; JZ:玉米秸秆全量还田+60 m3·hm-2菌渣; J:玉米秸秆全量还田; N1:减氮10%, 施氮量为243 kg(N)·hm-2; N2:减氮20%, 施氮量为216 kg(N)·hm-2。表中数据均为3次重复平均值±标准差, 同列数据后不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) (邓肯法)。JF: maize straw and cattle manure application; JZ: maize straw and mushroom residue application; J: maize straw application; N1: 10%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 243 kg(N)·hm-2; N2: 20%-reduction of nitrogen with N application rate of 216 kg(N)·hm-2. Each value in the table is mean ± SE of 3 replicates. Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at P < 0.05 according to Duncan test.

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