张园园,
孙世民,
山东农业大学经济管理学院 泰安 271018
基金项目: 山东省社会科学规划项目18DGLJ08
山东省现代农业产业技术体系生猪创新团队建设项目SDAIT-08-11
详细信息
作者简介:于超, 研究方向为农林产业组织与管理。E-mail:scorpioyuchao@163.com
通讯作者:孙世民, 主要从事畜产品供应链管理研究。E-mail:smsun@sdau.edu.cn
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-08-31
录用日期:2018-10-20
刊出日期:2019-04-01
Factors affecting cognition and behavior of clean production in large-scale pig farms-A case of 509 large-scale pig farmers in Shandong Province
YU Chao,ZHANG Yuanyuan,
SUN Shimin,
School of Economics and Management, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
Funds: the Plan Project of Philosophy and Social Science of Shandong Province18DGLJ08
the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of Pig Innovation Team Construction Project of Shandong ProvinceSDAIT-08-11
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Corresponding author:E-mail:smsun@sdau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:生猪养殖是重要的环境污染源，规模养猪场户实施清洁生产行为是防治生猪养殖污染的重要途径。为从根本上降低生猪养殖污染，避免废弃物末端治理带来的弊端，实现环境效益与经济效益相统一。依据计划行为理论，利用山东省17地市509份问卷调查数据，运用结构方程模型，实证研究了规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为的影响因素及其作用机理。结果表明，由如何看待清洁生产和对生猪养殖污染熟悉度组成的规模养猪场户清洁生产态度，以及由年龄、受教育年限和生猪养殖出栏量组成的规模养猪场户禀赋特征对清洁生产认知具有显著的正向影响；由政府对清洁生产支持力度和经营组织对清洁生产的要求组成的外部规范对清洁生产认知有正向影响，但并不显著；规模养猪场户清洁生产认知对源头预防行为、过程控制行为和末端治理行为有显著的正向影响；规模养猪场户清洁生产态度、禀赋特征及外部规范约束对清洁生产行为有间接影响。其作用机理为：规模养猪场户清洁生产行为受制于认知程度，而认知程度又是行为主体态度、外部规范和主体自身禀赋特征共同作用的结果，而三者产生的作用条件又归因于外界环境（政府机构、经营组织、上下游企业等）与行为主体间的不断沟通。可见，规模养猪场户清洁生产行为作用机理并非单个因素间简单的线性作用，而是全产业链参与者与其所处环境间相互作用的结果。因此，应当根据认知与行为的影响因素和作用机理，提高规模养猪场户对清洁生产的积极态度，加强外部规范性，强化主体自身良好的禀赋，通过较高的认知水平正向作用于行为的形成和完善，并最终从根本上降低生猪养殖污染，实现经济效益与环境效益相统一。
关键词:规模养猪场户/
生猪养殖/
清洁生产/
计划行为理论/
结构方程模型
Abstract:Pig breeding is a key source of environmental pollution. The clean production of large-scale pig farm is critical for preventing pollution by pig breeding. Based on the theory of planned behavior, using data derived from 509 questionnaires of a survey in 17 cities, Shandong Province, structural equation model was used to empirically analyze the driving factors and their action mechanisms of cognition and behavior of clean production in large-scale pig farms. The results showed that the attitude of large-scale pig farmers to clean production and characteristics of pig farm households had significantly positive impact on cleaner production perception. The former was mainly driven by understanding of clean production and familiarity with pig breeding pollution, and latter included age, years of schooling and slaughter fattened hogs number of farmers. External regulations consisting of government support and requirements of cooperative organizations had positive but no significant impact on cleaner production perception. The cognition of clean production in large-scale pig farms had significant positive impact on source prevention, process control and terminal governance behaviors. Clean production attitude, endowment characteristics and external regulation had indirect impact on cleaner production behavior of farmers. The action mechanism was as follows:clean production behavior of large-scale pig farmers was subject to the degree of cognition, which was the result of interaction of behavioral subject attitudes, external regulations and subject endowment characteristics. This was attributed to continuous communication between the external environment (government, operating organizations, upstream and downstream enterprises, etc.) and the behavioral agent. It was noted that clean production behavior mechanism of large-scale pig farmers was not a simple linear effect between individual factors, but the result of interaction among the participants of the whole industrial chain and the environment. Therefore, based on the driving factors and mechanism of cognition and behavior, improving positive attitude of large-scale pig farmers towards cleaner production, strengthening external regulations and reinforcing subject endowment had positive influence on degree of cognition. Acting on formation and improvement of behavior and ultimately reducing pollution of pig breeding led to achievable economic and environmental benefits.
Key words:Large-scale pig farm/
Pig farming/
Clean production/
Planned behavior theory/
Structural equation model
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图1规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为研究框架图
Figure1.Research framework for cognition and behavior of clean production of large-scale pig farmers
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2修正后的规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为影响因素结构方程模型标准拟合路径图(非标准化)
Figure2.Path diagram of the modified structural equation model (non-standardized) of factors affecting cognition and behavior of cleaner production of large-scale pig farms
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1受访规模养猪场户生猪出栏量分布状况
Table1.Slaughter fattened hogs distribution of large-scale pig farm respondents
| 出栏量Slaughter fattened hogs (head) | 100~499 | 500~2 999 | 3 000~9 999 | 10 000~49 999 |
| 数量Quantity | 215 | 209 | 74 | 11 |
| 比例Proportion (%) | 42.24 | 41.06 | 14.54 | 2.16 |
下载: 导出CSV表2受访规模养猪场户个体特征及生猪养殖基本情况
Table2.Individual characteristics of sample large-scale pig farm respondents and description of the basic situation of farming
| 项目 Item | 类别 Category | 百分比 Percent(%) |
| 性别 Sex | 男Man | 78.71 |
| 女Woman | 21.29 | |
| 年龄 Age | ≤35 | 10.99 |
| 36~45 | 34.55 | |
| 46~59 | 52.88 | |
| ≥60 | 2.09 | |
| 文化程度 Education | 小学及以下Primary school or below | 9.16 |
| 初中Junior high school | 41.10 | |
| 高中Senior high school | 32.98 | |
| 专科及以上University or above | 14.14 | |
| 年出栏量 Slaughter fattened hogs (head) | 100~499 | 40.05 |
| 500~2 999 | 40.31 | |
| 3 000~9 999 | 8.64 | |
| 10 000~49 999 | 3.14 | |
| ≥50 000 | 1.05 | |
| 养殖年限 Breeding years (a) | ≤5 | 22.51 |
| 6~10 | 38.22 | |
| 11~15 | 19.63 | |
| 16~20 | 12.57 | |
| ≥20 | 14.14 | |
| 收入占比 Income ratio (%) | ≤30 | 9.42 |
| 30~49 | 5.76 | |
| 50~79 | 31.15 | |
| ≥80 | 52.62 |
下载: 导出CSV表3规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为影响因素的变量说明
Table3.Variables description of factors affecting cognition and behavior of cleaner production of large-scale pig farms
| 潜变量 Latent variable | 测量变量 Measured variable | 变量取值 Variable value |
| 禀赋特征 Endowment characteristics | 年龄(PBC1) Age | 受访者实际年龄Respondent’s actual age |
| 受教育年限(PBC2) Education years | 受访者实际受教育年限 Actual schooling years of respondents (a) | |
| 生猪养殖出栏量(PBC3) Slaughter fattened hogs | 受访者实际出栏量 Actual amount of slaughter fattened hogs (head) | |
| 清洁生产态度 Attitude toward clean production | 如何看待生猪清洁生产 (ATT1) How to consider pig clean production | 没必要=1;是一种趋势, 但目前条件不具备=2;是一种社会责任, 应全面展开=3 No need = 1; just a trend, without available conditions currently = 2; a social responsibility and should be fully developed = 3 |
| 对生猪养殖污染的了解程度(ATT2) Understanding of the pollution of pig breeding | 非常不了解=1;不了解=2;一般=3;了解=4;非常了解=5 Absolutely unknown = 1; not understand = 2; general = 3; understand = 4; clearly understand = 5 | |
| 外部规范 External regulation | 政府支持力度(SN1) Government support | 非常不支持=1;不支持=2;一般=3;支持=4;非常支持=5 Absolutely unsupported = 1; not supported = 2; general = 3; support = 4; very support = 5 |
| 合作组织要求(SN2) Cooperative organization requirements | 要求非常低=1;低要求=2;一般要求=3;高要求=4;要求非常高=5 Very low requirement = 1; low requirement = 2; general requirement = 3; high requirement = 4; very high requirement = 5 | |
| 清洁生产认知 Clean production cognition | 清洁生产内容认知(C1) Content cognition | 非常不熟悉=1;不熟悉=2;一般熟悉=3;熟悉=4;非常熟悉=5 Very unfamiliar = 1; unfamiliar = 2; generally familiar = 3; familiar = 4; very familiar = 5 |
| 清洁生产政策认知(C2) Clean production policy cognition | 非常不熟悉=1;不熟悉=2;一般熟悉=3;熟悉=4;非常熟悉=5 Very unfamiliar = 1; unfamiliar = 2; generally familiar = 3; familiar = 4; very familiar = 5 | |
| 源头预防行为 Source prevention behavior | 种猪购买来源(B1a) Boar purchase source | 自繁自养, 从集贸市场或外地购买=1;自繁自养, 购买种猪精液或购进良种公猪=2, 屠宰企业统一提供=3;从种猪场购买=4 Self-supporting, buying from the market or outside = 1; self-supporting, buying pig semen or purchasing improved boar = 2; slaughtering enterprise providing = 3; buying from breeding farm = 4 |
| 饲料购买来源(B1b) Feed purchase source | 自制饲料=1;购买有品牌未获得认证的饲料=2;购买绿色认证饲料=3;购买有机认证饲料=4 Homemade feed = 1; purchase of branded uncertified feed = 2; purchase of green certified feed = 3; purchase of organic certified feed = 4 | |
| 兽药购买来源(B1c) Veterinary drug purchase source | 自己配制=1;购买无品牌兽药=2;购买有品牌兽药=3 Prepare self = 1; buy unbranded veterinary drugs = 2; buy branded veterinary drugs = 3 | |
| 过程控制行为 Process control behavior | 兽药休药期设定(B2a) Veterinary drug withdrawal period setting | 不可考虑=1;出栏前3~5 d停止用药=2;出栏前6~10 d停止用药=3;按照兽药要求设定=4 No consider = 1; stop taking drug 3-5 days before the release = 2; stop taking drug 6-10 days before slaughter = 3; according to the requirements of drugs = 4 |
| 场区清洁方式(B2b) Pig farm cleaning method | 全部水冲式=1;绝大部分水冲式=2;部分水冲式=3;较少水冲式=4 All water flush type = 1; most water flush type = 2; partial water flush type = 3; less water flush type = 4 | |
| 消毒周期(B2c) Cycle of disinfection | 从不消毒=1; 1年=2; 3个月=3; 1个月=4; 2周=5; 1周=6; 3~4 d=7 Never = 1; one year = 2; three months = 3; one month = 4; two weeks = 5; one week = 6; 3 to 4 days = 7 | |
| 末端治理行为 Terminal governance behavior | 粪水处理(B3a) Manure treatment | 直接排放=1;简单固液分离=2;深度处理=31) Direct discharge = 1; simple solid-liquid separation = 2; advanced treatment = 31) |
| 粪便处理(B3b) Fecal treatment | 废弃=1;自用=2;商业用=32) Discard = 1; self-use = 2; commercial = 32) | |
| 病死猪处理(B3c) Sick pig treatment | 加工卖掉=1;扔掉=2;深埋=3;焚烧=4;化制=5;交由专业机构处理=6 Sold after death = 1; thrown away after death = 2; deep buried = 3; incineration = 4; chemical = 5; handed over to professional institutions = 6 | |
| 1)粪水处理方式中“深度处理”包括厌氧反应、好氧处理、溶气气浮工艺; 2)粪污处理方式中“自用”包括直接还田和生产沼气, “商用”包括“出售”和“制造商业有机肥”。1) “advanced treatment” in the treatment of manure includes anaerobic reaction, aerobic treatment, dissolved air flotation process; 2) “self-use” in the treatment of manure includes direct return to the field and production of biogas, “commercial” includes “sale” and “manufacturing commercial organic fertilizer”. | ||
下载: 导出CSV表4规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为测量指标因子载荷
Table4.Measurement indexes factor loads of clean production cognition and behavioral of large-scale pig farms
| 潜变量 Latent variable | 测量变量 Measured variable | 测量指标 Measurement standard | 因子载荷 Factor load |
| 规模养猪场户禀赋特征 Large-scale pig farm endowment characteristics | PBC1 | 年龄Age | 0.737 |
| PBC2 | 受教育年限Education years | 0.795 | |
| PBC3 | 生猪养殖出栏量Slaughter fattened hogs | 0.745 | |
| 规模养猪场户清洁生产态度 Large-scale pig farms clean production attitude | ATT1 | 您如何看待生猪清洁生产How to treat pig clean production | 0.519 |
| ATT2 | 您是否了解生猪养殖污染Understanding of the pollution of pig breeding | 0.594 | |
| 外部规范 External norm | SN1 | 政府支持力度Government support | 0.640 |
| SN2 | 合作组织要求Cooperative organization requirements | 0.683 | |
| 清洁生产认知 Clean production cognition | C1 | 清洁生产内容认知Clean production content cognition | 0.666 |
| C2 | 清洁生产政策认知Clean production policy cognition | 0.568 | |
| 源头预防行为 Source prevention | B1a | 种猪购买来源Pig purchase source | 0.674 |
| B1b | 饲料购买来源Feed purchase source | 0.686 | |
| B1c | 兽药购买来源Veterinary drug purchase source | 0.707 | |
| 过程控制行为 Process control | B2a | 兽药休药期设定Veterinary drug withdrawal period setting | 0.735 |
| B2b | 场区清洁方式Pig farm cleaning method | 0.554 | |
| B2c | 消毒频次Frequency of disinfection | 0.521 | |
| 末端治理行为 End treatment | B3a | 粪水处理方式Manure treatment | 0.617 |
| B3b | 粪便处理方式Fecal treatment | 0.668 | |
| B3c | 病死猪处理方式Sick pig treatment | 0.574 |
下载: 导出CSV表5规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为影响因素结构方程模型假设检验结果(结构模型)
Table5.Hypothesis test results of structural equation model (structural model) of factors affecting cognition and behavior of cleaner production of large-scale pig farms
| 假设 Hypothesis | 关系表达 Relational expression | 估计 Estimated value | P值 P value | 结论 Conclusion |
| H1 | 规模养猪场户清洁生产态度→清洁生产认知 Clean production attitude → clean production cognition | 0.524 | ** | 支持 Supported |
| H2 | 外部规范→清洁生产认知 External norm → clean production cognition | 0.205 | 0.263 | 不支持 Unsupported |
| H3 | 规模养猪场户禀赋特征→清洁生产认知 Endowment characteristics → clean production cognition | 0.239 | * | 支持 Supported |
| H4a | 清洁生产认知→源头预防 Clean production cognition → source prevention | 0.416 | *** | 支持 Supported |
| H4b | 清洁生产认知→过程控制 Clean production cognition → process control | 0.787 | *** | 支持 Supported |
| H4c | 清洁生产认知→末端治理 Clean production cognition → end treatment | 0.580 | *** | 支持 Supported |
| ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.005; *: P < 0.01. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表6规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为影响因素结构方程模型假设检验结果(测量模型)
Table6.Hypothesis test result of structural equation model (measurement model) of factors affecting cognition and behavior of cleaner production of large-scale pig farms
| 关系表达式 Relational expression | 估计 Estimated value | S. E.值 S. E. value | C. R.值 C. R. value | P值 P value |
| 源头预防→饲料购买来源Source prevention → feed purchase source | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| 源头预防→种猪购买来源Source prevention → pig purchase source | 0.737 | 0.242 | 3.045 | ** |
| 源头预防→兽药购买来源Source prevention → veterinary drug purchase source | 0.571 | 0.173 | 3.294 | *** |
| 过程控制→场区清洁方式Process control → pig farm cleaning method | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| 过程控制→消毒频次Process control → frequency of disinfection | 1.643 | 0.350 | 4.688 | *** |
| 过程控制→兽药休药期设定Process control → veterinary drug withdrawal period setting | 0.703 | 0.166 | 4.232 | *** |
| 末端治理→粪水处理方式End treatment → manure treatment | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| 末端治理→粪便处理方式End treatment → fecal treatment | 0.586 | 0.122 | 4.811 | *** |
| 末端治理→病死猪处理方式End treatment → sick pig treatment | 2.408 | 0.400 | 6.014 | *** |
| 规模养猪场户禀赋特征→受教育年限Endowment characteristics → education years | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| 规模养猪场户禀赋特征→年龄Endowment characteristics → age | 0.766 | 0.193 | 3.974 | *** |
| 规模养猪场户禀赋特征→生猪养殖出栏量Endowment characteristics → slaughter fattened hogs | 6 635.388 | 2 094.840 | 3.167 | ** |
| 规模养猪场户清洁生产态度→对生猪养殖污染的了解Clean production attitude → understanding of the pollution of pig breeding | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| 规模养猪场户清洁生产态度→如何看待清洁生产Clean production attitude → how to treat pig clean production | 0.592 | 0.084 | 7.015 | *** |
| 外部规范→政府支持力度External norm → government support | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| 外部规范→经营组织要求External norm → cooperative organization requirements | 1.385 | 0.351 | 3.943 | *** |
| 清洁生产认知→清洁生产政策认知Clean production cognition → clean production policy cognition | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| 清洁生产认知→清洁生产内容认知Clean production cognition → clean production content cognition | 0.744 | 0.144 | 5.157 | *** |
| ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.005; *: P < 0.01. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表7规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为影响因素结构方程模型整体适配度评价指标及拟合结果
Table7.Evaluation index system and the fitting results of structure equation model of factors affecting cognition and behavior of cleaner production of large-scale pig farms
| 统计检验量 Statistical test variable | 适配标准 Suggestive value | 模型实际值 Model actual value | 模型拟合判断 Model fitting judgment |
| RMSEA | < 0.05 | 0.036 | 是Yes |
| GFI | > 0.90 | 0.949 | 是Yes |
| AGFI | > 0.90 | 0.929 | 是Yes |
| IFI | > 0.90 | 0.907 | 是Yes |
| CFI | > 0.90 | 0.903 | 是Yes |
| PGFI | > 0.50 | 0.688 | 是Yes |
| PNFI | > 0.50 | 0.619 | 是Yes |
| PCFI | > 0.50 | 0.732 | 是Yes |
| CN | > 200.00 | 311.000 | 是Yes |
| CMIN/DF | < 2.00 | 1.496 | 是Yes |
下载: 导出CSV表8规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为变量间的间接影响关系(标准化路径系数)
Table8.Indirect effects among variables of clean production cognition and behavior of large-scale pig farms (standardized path coefficients)
| 规模养猪场户清洁生产态度 Clean production attitude of large-scale pig farms | 规模养猪场户禀赋特征 Endowment characteristics of large-scale pig farm | 外部规范 External norm | |
| 病死猪处理方式Sick pig treatment | 0.277 | 0.121 | 0.085 |
| 粪便处理方式Fecal treatment | 0.177 | 0.077 | 0.055 |
| 粪水处理方式Manure treatment | 0.250 | 0.109 | 0.077 |
| 兽药休药期设定Veterinary drug withdrawal period setting | 0.212 | 0.093 | 0.065 |
| 消毒频次Frequency of disinfection | 0.274 | 0.119 | 0.084 |
| 场区清洁方式Pig farm cleaning method | 0.201 | 0.088 | 0.062 |
| 兽药购买来源Veterinary drug purchase source | 0.172 | 0.075 | 0.053 |
| 种猪购买来源Pig purchase source | 0.123 | 0.054 | 0.038 |
| 饲料购买来源Feed purchase source | 0.126 | 0.055 | 0.039 |
| 对没有相互影响关系的变量不做显示。Variables that do not interact with each other are not displayed. | |||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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