长期不同施肥红壤磷素特征和流失风险研究

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夏文建^{1, 2,},
冀建华^{1, 2},
刘佳^{1, 2},
李祖章^{1, 2},
余喜初^{2, 3},
王萍^{1, 2},
李大明^{2, 3},
刘秀梅^{1, 2,,},
王少先^{1, 2},
李瑶^{1, 2}
1.江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所/农业部长江中下游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室南昌 330200
2.国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心南昌 330200
3.江西红壤研究所进贤 331717
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31560582
国家自然科学基金项目31560585
国家科技支撑计划项目2011BAD41B01
国家科技支撑计划项目2015BAD23B03-01
江西省农业科学院博士启动基金2011CBS005
江西省协同创新项目JXXTCX2015003-001

详细信息

作者简介:夏文建, 主要从事农田养分循环研究工作。E-mail:xiawenjian@163.com

通讯作者:刘秀梅, 主要从事红壤改良和新型肥料研发工作。E-mail:lxm3392@163.com

中图分类号:S153

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-06-06
录用日期:2018-09-30
刊出日期:2018-12-01

Effect of long-term fertilization on soil phosphorus characteristics and loss risk of red soil

XIA Wenjian^{1, 2,},
JI Jianhua^{1, 2},
LIU Jia^{1, 2},
LI Zuzhang^{1, 2},
YU Xichu^{2, 3},
WANG Ping^{1, 2},
LI Daming^{2, 3},
LIU Xiumei^{1, 2,,},
WANG Shaoxian^{1, 2},
LI Yao^{1, 2}
1. Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Farming System for Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanchang 330200, China
2. National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Nanchang 330200, China
3. Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil, Jinxian 331717, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31560582
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31560585
the National Key Technology R & D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China2011BAD41B01
the National Key Technology R & D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China2015BAD23B03-01
Doctoral Starting Foundation of Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences2011CBS005
Collaborative Innovation Funds of Jiangxi ProvinceJXXTCX2015003-001

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Corresponding author:LIU Xiumei, E-mail:lxm3392@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为探索长期施肥对红壤磷素吸附固持的影响，分析不同施肥土壤磷流失风险及影响因素。在南方丘陵区红壤上开展了持续25年的长期定位试验，处理包括：不施肥（CK）、施氮肥（N）、施磷肥（P）、施钾肥（K）、施氮磷钾肥（NPK₁）、施2倍量氮磷钾肥（NPK₂）、单施有机肥（OM）和氮磷钾配施有机肥（MNPK）。研究了不同施肥下土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich 1-P、CaCl₂-P含量及磷吸持指数（PSI）、磷饱和度（DPS）的变化，探讨不同施肥处理土壤对磷的吸附和解吸特征，并分析了土壤磷指标与土壤有机碳、pH、CEC之间的关系。结果表明：长期施用化学磷肥有利于补充土壤磷素，特别是土壤全磷，并使Olesn-P和Mehlich 1-P有增加趋势，而对CaCl₂-P影响不显著；施用化肥对DPS影响不显著，单施磷会降低PSI，低量氮磷钾提高了PSI，高量氮磷钾处理与对照差异不显著；长期施用有机肥（猪粪）土壤全磷增加，而Olsen-P、Mehlich 1-P和CaCl₂-P则大幅累积，PSI显著降低，DPS显著增加。长期施用化肥处理土壤对新添加磷的吸附较强，长期施用有机肥降低了土壤对新添加磷的吸附；土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl₂-P、PSI、DPS及最大吸附容量（Q_m）与土壤pH、CEC、土壤总有机碳（TSOC）、土壤水溶性有机碳[冷水提取水溶性有机碳（CWSOC）和热水提取水溶性有机碳（HWSOC）]间相关性较高；土壤磷指标和土壤有机碳、pH、CEC指标之间存在典型相关关系，第1对和第2对典型变量的典型相关系数分别为0.997和0.951，达显著水平。研究表明，施用有机肥是调节土壤磷的供给和保持的重要措施，土壤水溶性有机碳和pH可能是反映红壤磷素供应和流失的关键指标。
关键词:红壤/
长期施肥/
有机肥/
土壤磷/
吸附解吸特征/
典型相关
Abstract:In order to determine the effects of long-term fertilization on soil phosphorus loss risk in red soil, a study on soil phosphorus adsorption and retention and the related driving factors in red soils was conducted. A long-term fertilization experiment was started in 1986 under double corn cropping system in Jingxian County, Jiangxi Province. The treatments included no-fertilizer control (CK), sole chemical nitrogen fertilizer (N), sole chemical phosphorus fertilizer (P), sole chemical potassium fertilizer (K), chemical N, P and K fertilizers (NPK₁), double doses of chemical N, P and K fertilizers (NPK₂), sole organic manure (OM), and organic manure plus chemical N, P and K fertilizers (MNPK). Soil total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (Olsen-P), double acid-extractable phosphorus (Mehlich 1-P), water-soluble phosphorus (CaCl₂-P), phosphate sorption index (PSI), and phosphorus saturation degree (DPS) were measured. Isothermal adsorption and desorption characteristics of soil phosphorus were determined and the relationship between soil phosphorus parameters and soil organic carbon, pH and CEC analyzed using simple and canonical correlation analyses. The results showed that long-term application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer supplemented soil phosphorus (especially TP) and increased Olsen-P and Mehlich 1-P, but had no significant effect on CaCl₂-P. The effect of chemical fertilizer application on DPS was not significant. Phosphorus fertilizer reduced PSI, NPK₁ treatment increased PSI, but NPK₂ had no significant difference with CK. Under long-term application of organic manure (pig manure, OM and MNPK), soil TP and DPS increased, then Olsen-P, Mehlich 1-P and CaCl₂-P accumulated significantly, but PSI decreased. Results from soil P sorption isotherms simulated using the Langmuir equation produced a coefficient in the range of 0.862-0.989. CK and chemical fertilizer treatments had high maximal phosphorus adsorption (Q_m) and phosphorus adsorption affinity constant (k), while under long-term organic manure application (OM and MNPK treatments) Q_m and k reduced. The isotherms for phosphorus desorption showed that CK and chemical fertilizer treatments increased phosphorus desorption rate with increasing phosphorus concentration. Organic fertilizer treatments (OM and MNPK) had high phosphorus desorption rate under low phosphorus concentration, but low phosphorus desorption rate under high phosphorus concentration. Under long-term application of chemical fertilizers, soils phosphorus adsorption and fixation increased with new additions of phosphorus, but organic fertilizers reduced phosphorus adsorption in the soil. Soil TP, Olsen-P, Mehlich 1-P, CaCl₂-P, PSI, DPS and Q_m had significant correlation with pH, CEC, soil total organic carbon (TSOC), cold water soluble organic carbon (CWSOC) and hot water soluble organic carbon (HWSOC). There was a canonical correlation between soil phosphorus indexes and soil organic carbon, pH and CEC, with significantly canonical correlation coefficients of 0.997 and 0.951 for the first and second pairs of typical variables. The correlation coefficient between water soluble organic carbon (HWSOC and CWSOC) and the first pair of typical variables (U₁ and V₁) was highest, followed by soil pH. The study showed that the application of organic fertilizer positively affected soil phosphorus supply and retention. Soil water soluble organic carbon and pH were key indexs of phosphorus supply and risk of phosphorus loss in red soils.
Key words:Red soil/
Long-term fertilization/
Organic manure/
Soil phosphate/
Adsorption and desorption characteristics/
Canonical correlation

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图1长期不同施肥处理下红壤土壤的磷等温吸附特征
CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥; P:单施磷肥; K:单施钾肥; NPK₁:施常量氮磷钾肥; NPK₂:施2倍量氮磷钾肥; OM:单施有机肥; MNPK:常量氮磷钾配施有机肥。CK: no-fertilizer control; N: sole chemical N fertilizer; P: sole chemical P fertilizer; K: sole chemical K fertilizer; NPK₁: chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; NPK₂: double doses of chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; OM: organic manure; MNPK: organic manure plus N, P and K.
Figure1.Effect of different long-term fertilization treatments on soil phosphate isothermal adsorption of red soil

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图2长期不同施肥对红壤土壤吸附磷等温解吸的影响
CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥; P:单施磷肥; K:单施钾肥; NPK₁:施常量氮磷钾肥; NPK₂:施2倍量氮磷钾肥; OM:单施有机肥; MNPK:常量氮磷钾配施有机肥。CK: no-fertilizer control; N: sole chemical N fertilizer; P: sole chemical P fertilizer; K: sole chemical K fertilizer; NPK₁: chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; NPK₂: double doses of chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; OM: organic manure; MNPK: organic manure plus N, P and K.
Figure2.Effect of different long-term fertilization treatments on soil phosphate isothermal desorption of red soil

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图3长期不同施肥对红壤土壤吸附磷解吸率的影响
CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥; P:单施磷肥; K:单施钾肥; NPK₁:施常量氮磷钾肥; NPK₂:施2倍量氮磷钾肥; OM:单施有机肥; MNPK:常量氮磷钾配施有机肥。CK: no-fertilizer control; N: sole chemical N fertilizer; P: sole chemical P fertilizer; K: sole chemical K fertilizer; NPK₁: chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; NPK₂: double doses of chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; OM: organic manure; MNPK: organic manure plus N, P and K.
Figure3.Effect of different long-term fertilization treatments on desorption rate of phosphorus adsorbed by soil

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表1长期不同施肥处理对红壤土壤磷素状况的影响
Table1.Effect of different long-term fertilization treatments on soil phosphorus status of red soil

处理 Treatment	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	速效磷(Olsen-P) Available P (mg·kg^-1)	酸提取磷(Mehlich 1-P) Double acid-extractable P (mg·kg^-1)	水溶性磷(CaCl₂-P) Water-soluble P (mg·kg^-1)	磷吸持指数(PSI) P sorption index	磷饱和度(DPS) Degree of P saturation (%)
CK	0.56±0.01a	12.76±1.50a	19.23±3.24a	1.03±0.24a	28.78±0.49d	0.68±0.11a
N	0.51±0.04a	14.75±2.47a	18.67±1.47a	0.84±0.20a	28.24±1.04d	0.63±0.14a
P	0.68±0.04b	28.13±7.10bc	46.33±4.25ab	0.93±0.20a	25.77±1.27c	1.47±0.38a
K	0.69±0.01b	28.04±10.0bc	36.86±11.1ab	2.10±0.88a	22.02±0.30b	1.57±0.61a
NPK₁	0.68±0.05b	20.48±5.84ab	33.11±5.93ab	1.97±0.32a	33.30±2.03e	0.98±0.36a
NPK₂	0.77±0.04b	39.47±2.95c	53.02±5.72b	2.55±0.53a	27.82±1.15d	2.13±0.26a
OM	1.35±0.07c	99.90±12.3d	232.40±48.9d	44.46±11.7c	11.82±0.81a	8.38±1.98b
MNPK	1.59±0.06d	95.61±3.88d	192.53±11.5c	30.14±7.20b	11.89±0.65a	10.66±1.16c
??CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥; P:单施磷肥; K:单施钾肥; NPK₁:施常量氮磷钾肥; NPK₂:施2倍量氮磷钾肥; OM:单施有机肥; MNPK:常量氮磷钾配施有机肥。同列数字后不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。CK: no-fertilizer control; N: sole chemical N fertilizer; P: sole chemical P fertilizer; K: sole chemical K fertilizer; NPK₁: chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; NPK₂: double doses of chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; OM: organic manure; MNPK: organic manure plus N, P and K. Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different at 5% level.

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表2长期不同施肥处理下红壤土壤磷等温吸附Langmuir方程拟合参数
Table2.Langmuir equations of soil phosphate isothermal adsorption of red soil under different long-term fertilization treatments

处理 Treatment	最大吸磷量(Q_m) Maximal P adsorption (mg·kg^-1)	吸附结合能常数(k) P adsorption affinity constant	方程决定系数(R²) Determination coefficient	残差平方和(RSS) Residual sum of squares
CK	1 790.4	0.038	0.923^**	303 048
N	2 522.3	0.012	0.915^**	476 098
P	1 906.2	0.016	0.905^**	341 555
K	1 800.5	0.014	0.862^**	435 099
NPK₁	2 053.0	0.034	0.947^**	270 532
NPK₂	1 836.5	0.028	0.952^**	183 354
OM	1 043.4	0.008	0.967^**	31 547
MNPK	798.8	0.015	0.989^**	7 285
??CK:不施肥; N:单施氮肥; P:单施磷肥; K:单施钾肥; NPK₁:施常量氮磷钾肥; NPK₂:施2倍量氮磷钾肥; OM:单施有机肥; MNPK:常量氮磷钾配施有机肥。和分别表示达5%和1%显著水平。CK: no-fertilizer control; N: sole chemical N fertilizer; P: sole chemical P fertilizer; K: sole chemical K fertilizer; NPK₁: chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; NPK₂: double doses of chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; OM: organic manure; MNPK: organic manure plus N, P and K. and ** mean significant at 5% and 1% levers, respectively.

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表3红壤土壤磷与有机碳、pH、CEC的相关系数
Table3.Correlation between soil organic carbon, pH, CEC and soil phosphorus parameters of red soil

	TSOC	ASOC	CWSOC	HWSOC	CMI	pH	CEC	TP	Olsen-P	Mehlich1-P	CaCl₂-P	PSI	Q_m	k
TP	0.831^**	0.559^**	0.877^**	0.914^**	0.196	0.938^**	0.879^**
Olsen-P	0.827^**	0.553^**	0.943^**	0.962^**	0.186	0.889^**	0.837^**	0.962^**
Mehlich1-P	0.790^**	0.558^**	0.978^**	0.982^**	0.212	0.896^**	0.818^**	0.943^**	0.982^**
CaCl₂-P	0.736^**	0.522^**	0.980^**	0.969^**	0.199	0.864^**	0.774^**	0.891^**	0.936^**	0.979^**
PSI	-0.625^**	-0.326	-0.834^**	-0.841^**	-0.021	-0.889^**	-0.684^**	-0.886^**	-0.904^**	-0.890^**	-0.856^**
Q_m	-0.700^**	-0.382	-0.778^**	-0.818^**	-0.046	-0.876^**	-0.711^**	-0.902^**	-0.895^**	-0.862^**	-0.797^**	0.877^**
k	-0.047	0.172	-0.301	-0.270	0.252	-0.408^*	-0.139	-0.309	-0.306	-0.338	-0.336	0.504^*	0.204
DPS	0.820^**	0.529^**	0.894^**	0.923^**	0.161	0.923^**	0.838^**	0.981^**	0.967^**	0.949^**	0.894^**	-0.894^**	-0.924^**	-0.317
??TSOC:土壤有机碳; ASOC:土壤活性有机碳; CWSOC:冷水提取水溶性有机碳; HWSOC:热水提取水溶性有机碳; CMI:碳库管理指数; TP:全磷; Olsen-P:有效磷; Mehlich1-P:酸提取磷; CaCl₂-P:水溶性磷; PSI:磷素吸持指数; Q_m:最大吸磷量; k:吸附结合能常数; DPS:磷饱和度。TSOC: total soil organic carbon; ASOC: active soil organic carbon; CWSOC: cold water abstracted soluble organic carbon; HWSOC: hot water abstracted soluble organic carbon; CMI: carbon management index; TP: total phosphorus; Olsen-P: available phosphorus; Mehlich1-P: double acid-extractable phosphorus; CaCl₂-P: water-soluble phosphorus; PSI: phosphate sorption index; Q_m: maximal phosphorus adsorption; k: phosphorus adsorption affinity constant; DPS: degree of phosphorus saturation.

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表4红壤土壤磷与有机碳、pH、CEC的典型变量
Table4.Canonical correlation coefficient between soil organic carbon, pH, CEC and soil phosphorus of red soil

典型变量 Canonical vector	典型相关系数 Canonical correlation coefficient	卡平方值 Chi-square value	自由度 Degree of freedom	P
1	0.997^**	141.501	56	0.000
2	0.951^*	64.324	42	0.015
3	0.893	29.090	30	0.513
4	0.457	5.196	20	1.000
5	0.283	1.689	12	1.000
6	0.170	0.441	6	0.998
7	0.011	0.002	2	0.999

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表5红壤土壤有机碳、pH、CEC、土壤磷等指标与典型变量之间的相关性
Table5.Correlation between soil organic carbon, pH, CEC, soil phosphorus parameters and canonical variables of red soil

参数 Parameter	典型变量Canonical variable
参数 Parameter	U₁	V₁	U₂	V₂
TSOC	-0.767	-0.765	0.379	0.361
ASOC	-0.537	-0.535	0.238	0.227
CWSOC	-0.983	-0.980	-0.098	-0.094
HWSOC	-0.981	-0.978	0.019	0.018
CMI	-0.199	-0.199	0.092	0.087
pH	-0.904	-0.901	0.259	0.246
CEC	-0.805	-0.803	0.415	0.395
TP	-0.931	-0.934	0.335	0.352
Olsen-P	-0.964	-0.967	0.150	0.157
Mehlich1-P	-0.993	-0.996	0.037	0.039
CaCl₂-P	-0.986	-0.989	-0.070	-0.073
PSI	0.894	0.897	-0.063	-0.066
Q_m	0.843	0.846	-0.265	-0.278
k	0.367	0.368	0.176	0.185
DPS	-0.939	-0.942	0.253	0.266
??TSOC:土壤有机碳; ASOC:土壤活性有机碳; CWSOC:冷水提取水溶性有机碳; HWSOC:热水提取水溶性有机碳; CMI:碳库管理指数; TP:全磷; Olsen-P:有效磷; Mehlich1-P:酸提取磷; CaCl₂-P:水溶性磷; PSI:磷素吸持指数; Q_m:最大吸磷量; k:吸附结合能常数; DPS:磷饱和度。TSOC: total soil organic carbon; ASOC: active soil organic carbon; CWSOC: cold water abstracted soluble organic carbon; HWSOC: hot water abstracted soluble organic carbon; CMI: carbon management index; TP: total phosphorus; Olsen-P: available phosphorus; Mehlich1-P: double acid-extractable phosphorus; CaCl₂-P: water-soluble phosphorus; PSI: phosphate sorption index; Q_m: maximal phosphorus adsorption; k: phosphorus adsorption affinity constant; DPS: degree of phosphorus saturation.

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