刘卫玲,
靳英杰,
周亚男,
周金龙,
赵亚丽,,
李潮海,
河南农业大学农学院/省部共建小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室/河南粮食作物协同创新中心 郑州 450002
基金项目: 国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项201503117
国家自然科学基金项目31771729
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300106
详细信息
作者简介:程思贤, 主要研究方向为玉米生理生态。E-mail:85785619@qq.com
通讯作者:赵亚丽, 主要研究方向为玉米生理生态, E-mail:zhaoyali2006@126.com
李潮海, 主要研究方向为玉米生理生态, E-mail:lichaohai2005@163.com
中图分类号:S341.1;S512.1+1;S513计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2017-12-18
录用日期:2018-04-24
刊出日期:2018-09-01
Effects of subsoiling depth on topsoil properties, crop yield and water use efficiency in Lime Concretion Black soil
CHENG Sixian,LIU Weiling,
JIN Yingjie,
ZHOU Yanan,
ZHOU Jinlong,
ZHAO Yali,,
LI Chaohai,
College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University/Co-construction State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503117
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31771729
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300106
More Information
Corresponding author:ZHAO Yali, E-mail: zhaoyali2006@126.com;LI Chaohai, E-mail: lichaohai2005@163.com
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摘要
摘要:研究深松深度对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响，可为构建砂姜黑土合理耕层的耕作深度指标提供依据。本研究基于多年定位大田试验，采用大区对比设计，设置4个深松深度（30 cm、40 cm、50 cm、60 cm）处理，以旋耕（RT，平均耕作深度为15 cm）作为对照，研究不同深松深度对土壤紧实度、土壤三相比（R）值、作物根系形态、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明，深松深度增加能显著降低土壤紧实度，使土壤的三相比（R）更加合理，进而促进作物根系生长。不同深松深度中，深松60 cm处理的土壤紧实度和三相比（R）值与对照相比降幅最大，深松40 cm处理的冬小麦根系生物量最大，深松50 cm处理的夏玉米根系生物量最大。深松不仅增加作物产量，还提高作物水分利用效率。深松30 cm处理的周年作物产量最高，比对照增产12.2%，但与深松40 cm处理差异不显著。深松50 cm处理的周年水分利用效率最高，但与深松30 cm和深松40 cm处理差异不显著。深松30 cm、40 cm和50 cm的周年水分利用效率比对照分别增加9.1%、8.8%和12.7%。因此，砂姜黑土适宜的深松深度为30~40 cm。
关键词:砂姜黑土/
冬小麦/
深松深度/
土壤紧实度/
土壤三相比(R)值/
根系形态
Abstract:Lime Concretion Black soil is widely distributed in the south of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain with area of 3.7 million hm2, which is one of the main middle-to-low-yielding soil types in the region. Currently, the long-term continuous farming system is made possible by using small-sized 4-wheel tractors. However, owing to the years of over exploitation and improper mechanical plough, the effective depth of topsoil has gradually decreased and the plow pan thickened. The problem of shallow, solid and little topsoil in the plough layer has limited the ability of storage and release of fertilizer and continuous increase in crop yield in the Lime Concretion Black soils. Subsoiling is one of the main technologies in conservation tillage and the area with sub-soling in China has exceeded 10 million hm2. Studies have shown that subsoiling can improve soil properties in plough layer by reducing soil bulk density and penetration resistance, increasing soil porosity, hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate, and creating more favorable soil environment for root growth and crop production than rotary tillage. However, most studies have been carried out only on the 30 cm depth of subsoiling and little research has been focused on the effects of different depths of subsoiling on soil characteristics, root growth, crop yield and water use efficiency under wheat-maize cropping system in Lime Concretion Black soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the depth of subsoiling on topsoil properties, crop yield and water use efficiency and to build the basis for establishing suitable depth of subsoiling in Lime Concretion Black soils. To that end, a multi-year experiment with four depths of subsoiling[30 cm (SS30), 40 cm (SS40), 50 cm (SS50) and 60 cm (SS60)] and rotary tillage (RT) as the control was carried out to study the effects of different depths of subsoiling on soil penetration resistance, soil three-phase (R) value, root growth, crop yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that increasing depth of subsoiling significantly reduced soil compaction, created more suitable soil three-phase (R) value and thus promoted crop root growth. In the four depths of subsoiling, decrease in soil penetration resistance and soil three-phase (R) value were the highest under SS60 treatment, root weight of winter wheat was the highest under SS40 treatment and root weight of summer maize the highest under SS50. Subsoiling not only increased crop yield, but also increased water use efficiency. Annual crop yield was the highest under SS30 treatment, 12.2% higher than that under RT. There was no significant difference in annual crop yield between SS30 and SS40 treatments. Annual water use efficiency was the highest under SS50 treatment, which was 12.7% higher than that under RT. Also there was no significant difference in annual crop yield among SS30, SS40 and SS50 treatments. Annual water use efficiency was respectively 9.1% and 8.8% higher under SS30 and SS40 treatments than that under RT. Therefore, subsoiling at the 30-40 cm depth was a suitable depth in Lime Concretion Black soils.
Key words:Lime Concretion Black soil/
Winter wheat/
Subsoiling depth/
Soil compaction/
Soil three-phase (R) value/
Root morphology
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图1冬小麦深松深度对不同时期土壤紧实度的影响(A:冬小麦拔节期; B:夏玉米拔节期; C:冬小麦开花期; D:夏玉米开花期; E:冬小麦成熟期; F:夏玉米成熟期)
RT:旋耕; SS30:深松30 cm; SS40:深松40 cm; SS50:深松50 cm; SS60:深松60 cm。
Figure1.Effects of subsoiling depth of winter wheat on soil penetration resistance at different growth stages of winter wheat and summer maize (A: jointing stage of winter wheat; B: jointing stage of summer maize; C: anthesis stage of winter wheat; D: anthesis stage of summer maize; E: maturity stage of winter wheat; F: maturity of summer maize.)
RT: rotary tillage; SS30: subsoiling 30 cm; SS40: subsoiling 40 cm; SS50: subsoiling 50 cm; SS60: subsoiling 60 cm.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图22015年和2016年小麦季深松深度对夏玉米开花期根系生长的影响
同一土层不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。
Figure2.Effect of subsoiling depth of winter wheat on root growth of summer maize at anthesis stage in 2015 and 2016
Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences among treatments for the same soil layer at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1冬小麦季深松深度、年份以及其交互对土壤紧实度、三相比(R)值、作物产量和水分利用效率影响的方差分析
Table1.Variance analysis of effects of subsoiling depth of winter wheat, year and their interaction on soil penetration resistance, soil three-phase (R) value, crop yield and water use efficiencyVariance analysis of effects of subsoiling depth of winter wheat, year and their interaction on soil penetration resistance, soil three-phase (R) value, crop yield and water use efficiency
| 项目Item | PRW | PRM | RW | RM | YieldW | YieldM | Yieldtotal | WUEW | WUEM | WUEtotal |
| 深松深度Subsoiling depth | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 年份Year | ns | ns | ns | ns | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ns | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 深松深度×年份Subsoiling depth × year | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.025 | ns | ns | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
| ??PRW:冬小麦季土壤紧实度; PRM:夏玉米季土壤紧实度; RW:冬小麦季土壤三相比(R)值; RM:夏玉米季土壤三相比(R)值; YieldW:冬小麦产量; YieldM:夏玉米产量; Yieldtotal:周年产量; WUEW:冬小麦水分利用效率; WUEM:夏玉米水分利用效率; WUEtotal:周年水分利用效率。ns:差异未达5%显著水平。PRW: soil penetration resistance in winter wheat season; PRM: soil penetration resistance in summer maize season; RW: soil three-phase (R) value in winter wheat season; RM: soil three-phase (R) value in summer maize season; YieldW: yield of winter wheat; YieldM: yield of summer maize; Yieldtotal: annual yield; WUEW: water use efficiency of winter wheat; WUEM: water use efficiency of summer maize; WUEtotal: annul water use efficiency. ns: no significant difference at 5% level. | ||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2冬小麦季深松深度对不同土层三相比(R)值的影响
Table2.Effects of subsoiling depth of winter wheat on three-phase R values of different soil layers
| 作物 Crop | 处理Treatment | 土层Soil layer (cm) | ||||
| 0~15 | 15~30 | 30~40 | 40~50 | 50~60 | ||
| 冬小麦 Winter wheat | 旋耕Rotary tillage | 14.09±0.16a | 7.19±0.95a | 15.87±3.07a | 15.45±2.09a | 17.90±1.94a |
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 10.19±1.70bc | 8.19±0.24a | 14.07±3.10a | 15.31±2.15a | 16.66±0.19a | |
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 11.74±1.57ab | 7.22±0.66a | 7.29±0.45b | 3.87±1.62b | 9.44±0.61b | |
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 6.75±0.92d | 4.49±1.71b | 3.80±0.86b | 5.33±3.19b | 8.00±0.66bc | |
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 8.12±1.58bcd | 4.12±0.92b | 3.68±1.36b | 2.51±0.80b | 5.95±1.45c | |
| 夏玉米 Summer maize | 旋耕Rotary tillage | 19.13±0.36a | 11.14±1.78a | 9.08±0.77a | 10.06±1.63a | 10.37±1.14a |
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 18.25±1.92a | 9.29±1.29ab | 8.33±0.42a | 8.26±1.00ab | 8.80±0.60b | |
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 20.37±3.51a | 9.64±1.11ab | 7.99±0.85ab | 7.12±0.35b | 7.88±0.39bc | |
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 19.00±2.00a | 8.72±0.58ab | 6.95±0.34b | 7.06±0.39b | 7.87±0.41bc | |
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 17.85±2.00a | 8.17±1.30b | 5.29±0.60c | 6.70±1.25b | 6.72±0.55c | |
| ??同一作物数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异达5%显著水平。For the same crop, different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 5% level among different treatments. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表32015年和2016年冬小麦季深松深度对冬小麦开花期根系生长的影响
Table3.Effect of subsoiling depth of winter wheat on root growth of winter wheat at anthesis stage in 2015 and 2016
| 年份 Year | 土层 Soil layer(cm) | 处理 Treatment | 根长 Root length(m) | 根系表面积 Root surface area(cm2) | 根系平均直径 Root average diameter (mm) | 根系体积 Root volume (cm3) | 根系干重密度 Root dry weight density (g·cm-3) |
| 2015 | 0~15 | 旋耕Rotary tillage | 134.71±2.41c | 1 967.56±87.35c | 0.46±0.03a | 23.10±2.17b | 285.41±50.71c |
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 212.82±1.72b | 2 624.56±282.74b | 0.39±0.04a | 26.14±5.65ab | 346.01±8.42b | ||
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 247.80±21.76a | 3 349.12±424.38a | 0.43±0.05a | 36.78±9.53a | 439.41±16.85a | ||
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 194.80±1.78b | 2 520.75±312.83b | 0.40±0.05a | 26.63±6.57ab | 308.33±7.57bc | ||
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 159.80±23.00c | 2 140.23±205.62bc | 0.43±0.04a | 23.13±2.72b | 295.31±1.88c | ||
| 15~30 | 旋耕Rotary tillage | 12.50±1.85e | 110.91±13.43b | 0.28±0.01ab | 0.78±0.08b | 9.72±1.83e | |
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 25.05±1.54c | 217.10±14.24ab | 0.27±0.01b | 1.50±0.11ab | 17.88±0.79c | ||
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 19.83±1.66d | 183.66±12.59ab | 0.30±0.02ab | 1.36±0.13ab | 13.72±2.17d | ||
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 29.56±2.81b | 261.99±40.02a | 0.28±0.02ab | 1.85±0.38a | 21.88±2.71b | ||
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 33.28±0.45a | 278.17±116.82a | 0.31±0.03a | 2.24±1.06a | 26.39±1.83a | ||
| 2016 | 0~15 | 旋耕Rotary tillage | 17.35±0.70d | 503.58±10.63c | 0.92±0.02ab | 11.64±0.29b | 170.31±0.52c |
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 39.32±3.69a | 915.15±151.18a | 0.71±0.05c | 17.29±4.39a | 301.39±28.23a | ||
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 31.61±2.72b | 759.18±27.44ab | 0.77±0.06c | 14.56±1.16ab | 235.42±7.01b | ||
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 27.27±0.53b | 739.42±48.93b | 0.87±0.06b | 16.01±2.19ab | 213.02±12.25b | ||
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 22.50±2.85c | 688.60±111.72b | 0.97±0.05a | 16.80±3.41ab | 178.30±4.67c | ||
| 15~30 | 旋耕Rotary tillage | 12.49±1.83c | 185.10±29.47c | 0.47±0.03a | 2.19±0.42b | 15.10±3.25d | |
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 15.34±0.51bc | 217.97±15.03c | 0.45±0.03a | 2.47±0.33ab | 20.66±0.79c | ||
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 17.35±0.86b | 241.74±40.92b | 0.44±0.06a | 2.72±0.83ab | 22.05±1.09bc | ||
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 21.91±2.85a | 309.18±37.95ab | 0.45±0.04a | 3.49±0.59ab | 25.69±1.97ab | ||
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 24.47±2.68a | 338.22±64.65a | 0.44±0.04a | 3.74±1.03a | 29.86±3.59a | ||
| ??同一作物同一土层不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异达5%显著水平。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same soil layer for the same crop at 5% level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表42015年和2016年小麦季深松深度对作物产量的影响
Table4.Effects of subsoiling depth of winter wheat on crops yields in 2015 and 2016
| t·hm-2 | ||||||||
| 处理 Treatment | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||
| 冬小麦 Winter wheat | 夏玉米 Summer maize | 周年总产 Whole yield | 冬小麦 Winter wheat | 夏玉米 Summer maize | 周年总产 Whole yield | |||
| 旋耕Rotary tillage | 7.98±0.48b | 9.24±0.59b | 17.21±0.92b | 10.81±0.50b | 7.22±0.21b | 18.03±0.60b | ||
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 10.38±0.15a | 9.46±0.63b | 19.84±0.61a | 11.89±0.31a | 7.78±0.24a | 19.67±0.23a | ||
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 9.92±0.69a | 9.84±0.12ab | 19.76±0.69a | 11.80±0.27a | 7.63±0.17a | 19.43±0.13a | ||
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 8.10±0.83b | 10.53±0.13a | 18.63±0.94ab | 11.11±0.65ab | 7.79±0.07a | 18.91±0.61ab | ||
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 8.47±1.22b | 9.85±0.22ab | 18.32±1.38ab | 11.52±0.36ab | 7.01±0.27b | 18.53±0.38ab | ||
| ??同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at 5% level. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表52015年和2016年小麦季深松深度对水分利用效率的影响
Table5.Effect of subsoiling depth of winter wheat on water use efficiencies in 2015 and 2016
| kg·hm-2·mm-1 | |||||||
| 处理 Treatment | 2015 | 2016 | |||||
| 冬小麦季 Winter wheat | 夏玉米季 Summer maize | 周年 Whole year | 冬小麦季 Winter wheat | 夏玉米季 Summer maize | 周年 Whole year | ||
| 旋耕Rotary tillage | 15.72±0.40c | 20.55±0.83c | 18.13±0.59c | 11.09±0.23c | 25.08±0.36c | 18.08±0.30b | |
| 深松30 cm Subsoiling 30 cm | 18.09±0.43a | 21.82±0.70b | 19.95±0.40b | 12.89±0.48a | 26.02±0.28b | 19.46±0.38a | |
| 深松40 cm Subsoiling 40 cm | 17.82±0.66a | 21.92±0.73b | 19.87±0.64b | 12.93±0.09a | 26.00±0.33b | 19.47±0.19a | |
| 深松50 cm Subsoiling 50 cm | 16.75±0.33b | 25.12±0.40a | 20.94±0.36a | 11.89±0.45b | 27.90±0.34a | 19.90±0.28a | |
| 深松60 cm Subsoiling 60 cm | 17.00±0.28b | 22.80±0.28b | 19.90±0.28b | 11.53±0.50bc | 24.06±0.36d | 17.80±0.41b | |
| ??同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at 5% level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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