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养猪微生物发酵床真菌空间分布特性研究

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01
肖荣凤,
刘波,,
朱育菁,
阮传清,
刘国红,
王阶平
福建省农业科学院农业生物资源研究所 福州 350003
基金项目: 农业部948计划项目2016-X21
福建省农业科学院科技创新团队PI建设项目2016PI-43

详细信息
作者简介:肖荣凤, 主要从事农业微生物及其应用研究。E-mail:xrfxiao@163.com
通讯作者:刘波, 主要从事农业微生物及其应用研究。E-mail:fzliubo@163.com
中图分类号:Q938.1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2017-10-09
录用日期:2017-12-20
刊出日期:2018-04-01

Spatial distribution characteristics of fungal population in microbial fermentation bed for pig rearing

XIAO Rongfeng,
LIU Bo,,
ZHU Yujing,
RUAN Chuanqing,
LIU Guohong,
WANG Jieping
Agricultural Bio-Resources Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
Funds: the 948 Project of Ministry of Agriculture of China2016-X21
the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team PI Construction Project of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences2016PI-43

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Corresponding author:LIU Bo, E-mail:fzliubo@163.com


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摘要
摘要:微生物发酵床养猪是一种新型环保的养殖方式，发酵床中的微生物在分解消纳、去污除臭方面发挥着重要的作用。为了解大栏养猪微生物发酵床的真菌空间分布特性，通过空间格局采样、分离鉴定发酵床中的真菌并统计其在不同空间的种类与含量；利用空间分布频次、空间分布型指数、多样性指数和生态位特征等指标，评估发酵床真菌种群的空间分布特性，为养猪发酵床管理、猪粪资源化利用、猪病防控等提供理论依据。结果表明：从32个空间样本中共分离鉴定出真菌18个种，归于10个属，其中种最多的是曲霉属，包含7个种。发酵床不同空间样本的真菌种与数量存在明显差异，种数为1~4，数量为4×102~5.8×105菌落数·g-1。高频次分布的种有总状毛霉和橘青霉，分布频次大于10次；高数量分布的种有短柄帚霉、构巢曲霉和亮白曲霉，大于2.00×105菌落数·g-1。利用6个空间分布型指数和Taylor幂法则的分析结果表明：发酵床的真菌种群呈聚集分布型。32个空间样本种群多样性指数分析结果表明：除两个空间样本仅分离到1个种类外，其他30个空间样本呈现明显的空间分布多样性，为集聚分布和不均匀分布。空间样本2-A和3-D真菌种群具有较高的丰富度、均匀度和优势度，包含出现频次和数量较高种类，如总状毛霉、尖孢枝孢菌、橘青霉和构巢曲霉。空间样本1-A和1-B的真菌数量最大、种类也较多，但它们的丰富度、均匀度和优势度均较低，所包含的多为出现频次低于3次的种类，如亮白曲霉、短柄帚霉和白地霉。生态位特征的分析表明：发酵床中真菌的生态位宽度与生态位重叠没有明显的正相关性。总状毛霉和尖孢枝孢菌生态宽度值大，分别为7.60和5.18，为广适应种；而亮白曲霉、薛氏曲霉、土曲霉、短柄帚霉、水贼镰刀菌和毛壳属菌等6个种的生态位宽度值较小，仅介于1.00~1.10，为窄适应种。总状毛霉可与其他12个种存在重叠，但尖孢枝孢菌仅与其他2个种存在重叠。总之，养猪微生物发酵床的真菌种群呈现明显的群落多样性，空间分布特性为聚集分布和不均匀分布，总状毛霉和尖孢枝孢菌为优势种群，在发酵床中分布广、适应性强。
关键词:微生物发酵床/
真菌/
空间分布特性/
多样性指数/
生态位特征
Abstract:Pig rearing on microbial fermentation bed system is a new environmentally-friendly breeding method. Micro-organisms are critical for deodorization and decomposition of pig excrement. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of fungal population in the litters of microbial fermentation bed at Fuqing Agriculture Modern Facilities Base, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China. A total of 32 litter samples were collected in space and culturable fungi in each sample isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification. The spatial distribution characteristics of the fungal population in the fermentation bed were evaluated by analyzing spatial distribution frequency, spatial distribution index, diversity index and niche characteristics. This was critical for laying the needed basis for the management of pig fermentation beds, utilization of pig manure and control of pig diseases. From the study, a total of 18 fungal species were isolated from 32 samples, belonging to 10 different genera. The dominant genus was Aspergillus, which had 7 species. There were significant differences in the species and amount of fungi at different spatial samples. There were 1-4 species and 4.0×102-5.8×105 colonies·g-1 of each species. Mucor racemosus and Penicillium citrinum had high frequency and population with a frequency distribution above 10. The amounts of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, A. nidulans and A. candidus exceeded 2.0×105 colonies·g-1, belonging to the high population amount. Based on the results of the 6 spatial distribution indices and the Taylor power law test, the distribution of fungal population in fermentation beds had an aggregated distribution pattern. The results of population diversity index analysis for the 32 spatial samples showed that fungal population had obvious diversity, with aggregated and uneven distribution pattern in fermentation beds. Fungal population had higher richness, evenness and dominance in both 2-A and 3-D samples, which included species with higher frequency and population. This included M. racemosus, Cladosporium oxysporum and A. nidulans. However, fungal population had lower richness, evenness and dominance in both 1-A and 1-B samples that harbored more fungi with a frequency less than three times. This included A. candidus, S. brevicaulis and Geotrichum candidum. The analysis of the fungal population niche characteristics showed no positive correlation between niche breadth and overlap of the fungi. M. racemosus and C. oxysporum were the widest adaptability species, with ecological width of 7.60 and 5.18, respectively. However, the six fungal species (A. candidus, A. chevalieri, A. terreus, S. brevicaulis, F. equiseti and Chaetomium sp.) were the narrow adaptability species, with ecological width range of 1.00-1.10. For niche overlap, M. racemosus overlapped with 12 species, but C. oxysporum overlapped with only two species. In conclusion, fungal population had obvious community diversity in microbial fermentation bed system for pig rearing. The spatial distribution characteristics of fungi had aggrega-tion and uneven distribution pattern. M. racemosus and C. oxysporum were the dominant species, with a wide distribution and strong adaptability.
Key words:Microbial fermentation bed/
Fungi/
Spatial distribution characteristics/
Diversity index/
Niche characteristics

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图1微生物发酵床猪舍取样点示意图
Figure1.Sampling points of the microbial fermentation bed of pigsty


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图2猪舍微生物发酵床真菌种类(Ⅰ)和数量(Ⅱ)的空间格局
图Ⅰ中黑色为4种, 深灰色为3种, 浅灰色为2种, 白色为1种。图Ⅱ中黑色表示数量≥105菌落·g-1, 深灰色表示104菌落·g-1≤数量 < 105菌落·g-1, 浅灰色表示103菌落·g-1≤数量 < 104菌落·g-1, 白色表示102菌落·g-1≤数量 < 103菌落·g-1。
Figure2.Spatial patterns of fungal species (Ⅰ) and amounts (Ⅱ) in microbial fermentation bed of pigsty
In figureⅠ, black means four species, dark gray means three species, light grey means two species, white means one specie. In figure Ⅱ, black means ≥ 105 colonies·g-1, dark gray means 104 colonies·g-1 ≤ amount < 105 colonies·g-1, light grey means 103 colonies·g-1 ≤ amount < 104 colonies·g-1, white means 102 colonies·g-1 ≤ amount < 103 colonies·g-1.


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图3猪舍微生物发酵床真菌种类分布频次(Ⅰ)和数量分布(Ⅱ)情况
Figure3.Frequency distribution (Ⅰ) and amount (Ⅱ) of fungal species in microbial fermentation bed of pigsty


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表1猪舍微生物发酵床真菌种群的空间分布型指数
Table1.Spatial distribution indexes of fungal population of microbial fermentation bed of pigsty
指数类型
Index		 方程
Equation		 判别
Discrimination
平均拥挤度(m*)
Mean crowding intensity		 ${m^*} = x + \frac{{{s^2}}}{x}$
I指标I index $l = \frac{{{s^2}}}{x} - 1$ I < 0为均匀分布, I=0为随机分布, I > 0为聚集分布I < 0 means uniform distribution, I = 0 means a random distribution, I > 0 means aggregation distribution
m*/m指标m*/m index $\frac{{{m^*}}}{m} = \frac{{{m^*}}}{x}$ m*/m < 1为均匀分布, m*/m=1为随机分布, m*/m > 1为聚集分布m*/m < 1 means uniform distribution, m*/m = 1 means a random distribution, m*/m > 1 means aggregation distribution
CA指标CA index ${C_A} = \left( {\frac{{{s^2}}}{x} - 1} \right)/x$ CA < 0为均匀分布, CA=0为随机分布, CA > 0为聚集分布CA < 0 means uniform distribution, CA = 0 means a random distribution, CA > 0 means aggregation distribution
扩散系数(C) Diffusion coefficient $C = {s^2}/x$ C < 1为均匀分布, C =0为随机分布, C > 0为聚集分布C < 1 means uniform distribution, C = 0 means a random distribution, C > 0 means aggregation distribution
负二项分布K指数K index of negative binomial distribution $K = {x^2}/\left( {{s^2} - x} \right)$ K < 0为均匀分布, K=0为随机分布, K > 0为聚集分布K < 0 means uniform distribution, K = 0 means a random distribution, K > 0 means aggregation distribution
Taylor幂法则Taylor’s power law lgs2=lgα + βlgx β→0为均匀分布, β=1为随机分布, β > 1为聚集分布β→0 means uniform distribution, β = 1 means a random distribution, β > 1 means aggregation distribution
x为平均数; s2为方差; α为基本成分按大小分布的平均拥挤度; β为基本成分的空间分布图式。x is the average; s2 is the variance; α is the average crowding intensity according to the size distribution of the basic components; β is the spatial distribution pattern of the basic composition.


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表2猪舍微生物发酵床真菌的分离与鉴定
Table2.Isolation and identification of fungal species from microbial fermentation bed of pigsty
序号
No.		 真菌种类
Fungal species		 菌株编号
Strain no.		 GenBank登录号
GenBank no.
ITS BenA
1 亮白曲霉Aspergillus candidus FJAT-30990 KU687804 KU737553
2 薛氏曲霉菌Aspergillus chevalieri FJAT-30995 MF044040 -
3 黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus FJAT-30988 KU687807 KU737556
4 构巢曲霉Aspergillus nidulans FJAT-30987 KU687803 KU737552
5 匍匐曲霉Aspergillus repens FJAT-31014 MF044049 -
6 聚多曲霉Aspergillus sydowii FJAT-30991 KU687805 KU737554
7 土曲霉Aspergillus terreus FJAT-31011 KU687809 KU737558
8 橘青霉Penicillium citrinum FJAT-30994 KU687813 KU737562
9 爪哇正青霉Eupenicllium javanicum FJAT-30996 KU687815 KU737564
10 短柄帚霉Scopulariopsis brevicaulis FJAT-30989 MF044038 -
11 黄帚霉Scopulariopsis flava FJAT-31013 MF044048 -
12 尖孢枝孢菌Cladosporium oxysporum FJAT-30992 MF044039 -
13 白地霉Geotrichum candidum FJAT-31003 MF044044 -
14 总状毛霉Mucor racemosus FJAT-31001 MF044043 -
15 水贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti FJAT-31012 MF044047 -
16 地衣镰刀菌Fusarium lichenicola FJAT-31005 MF979187 -
17 黑孢属菌Nigrospora sp. FJAT-30999 MF044042 -
18 毛壳属菌Chaetomium sp. FJAT-30997 MF044041 -
-未检测。-not tested.


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表3猪舍微生物发酵床不同空间样本的真菌种类与数量
Table3.Fungal species and amounts in different samples from microbial fermentation bed of pigsty
×103colonies·g-1
真菌种类Fungal species 空间样本Spatial sample
1-A 1-B 1-C 1-D 2-A 2-B 2-C 2-D 3-A 3-B 3-C 3-D 4-A 4-B 4-C 4-D5-A 5-B 5-C 5-D 6-A 6-B 6-C 6-D 7-A 7-B 7-C 7-D 8-A 8-B 8-C 8-D
亮白曲霉Aspergillus candidus 0.0 200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
薛氏曲霉菌Aspergillus chevalieri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
构巢曲霉Aspergillus nidulans 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 8.0 3.2 0.4 125.0 0.0 58.0 6.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
匍匐曲霉Aspergillus repens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.00.0 9.0 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
聚多曲霉Aspergillus sydowii 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
土曲霉Aspergillus terreus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
橘青霉Penicillium citrinum 0.0 2.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.00.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 42.0
爪哇正青霉Eupenicllium javanicum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
短柄帚霉Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 550 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
黄帚霉Scopulariopsis flava 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
尖孢枝孢菌Cladosporium oxysporum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.00.0 1.2 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
白地霉Geotrichum candidum 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
总状毛霉Mucor racemosus 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.2 5.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 2.0
水贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
地衣镰刀菌Fusarium lichenicola 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 4.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
黑孢属菌Nigrospora sp. 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
毛壳属菌Chaetomium sp. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.0


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表4猪舍微生物发酵床真菌种群的空间分布型指数
Table4.Spatial distribution pattern indexes of fungal population in microbial fermentation bed of pigsty
样方行
Sample row		 拥挤度
m* Congestion degree		 I指标
I index		 m*/m指标
m*/m index		 CA指标
CA index		 扩散系数C
Diffusion coefficient		 K指数
K index
1 34.72 33.27 23.92 22.92 34.27 0.04
2 76.82 73.97 26.99 25.99 74.97 0.04
3 17.48 14.83 6.59 5.59 15.83 0.18
4 2.08 1.89 10.84 9.84 2.89 0.10
平均值Average 32.78 30.99 17.09 16.09 31.99 0.09


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表5猪舍发酵床真菌种群的空间分布多样性指数
Table5.Diversity indexes of fungal population in different spatial samples from microbial fermentation bed of pigsty
空间样本
Spatial sample		 种类
Species		 数量
Amount
(×103 colonies·g-1)		 丰富度指数
Richness index
(D)		 均匀度指数
Pielou’s evenness index (J')		 香农指数
Shannon-wiener index (H')		 优势度指数
Simpson index (λ)
1-A 3 580.00 0.15 0.22 0.24 0.10
1-B 4 206.00 0.25 0.12 0.16 0.06
1-C 3 22.00 0.20 0.83 0.92 0.56
1-D 3 57.00 0.18 0.66 0.73 0.40
2-A 3 0.50 0.32 0.96 1.05 0.64
2-B 2 0.90 0.15 0.99 0.69 0.49
2-C 1 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2-D 4 7.60 0.34 0.49 0.67 0.32
3-A 2 3.20 0.12 0.45 0.31 0.17
3-B 2 8.40 0.11 0.28 0.19 0.09
3-C 4 4.60 0.36 0.68 0.95 0.48
3-D 3 1.30 0.28 0.99 1.09 0.66
4-A 2 126.00 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.02
4-B 3 1.70 0.27 0.53 0.58 0.30
4-C 3 68.00 0.18 0.47 0.52 0.26
4-D 3 32.00 0.19 0.70 0.77 0.44
5-A 3 12.00 0.21 0.94 1.03 0.63
5-B 3 10.30 0.22 0.38 0.41 0.22
5-C 2 10.00 0.11 0.40 0.28 0.15
5-D 3 0.60 0.31 0.79 0.87 0.50
6-A 3 0.80 0.30 0.95 1.04 0.63
6-B 3 1.00 0.29 0.73 0.80 0.46
6-C 2 0.40 0.17 1.00 0.69 0.50
6-D 2 1.20 0.14 0.41 0.29 0.15
7-A 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7-B 3 1.80 0.27 0.93 1.03 0.62
7-C 3 0.40 0.33 0.95 1.04 0.63
7-D 2 6.00 0.11 0.92 0.64 0.44
8-A 3 10.00 0.22 0.82 0.90 0.54
8-B 3 0.80 0.30 0.82 0.90 0.53
8-C 2 0.70 0.15 0.86 0.60 0.41
8-D 2 44.00 0.09 0.27 0.18 0.09


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表6猪舍微生物发酵床真菌种类的生态位宽度和生态位重叠
Table6.Niche breadth and niche overlap of fungal population in different spatial samples from microbial fermentation bed of pigsty
种类编号
Species No.		 生态位宽度
Niche breadth		 生态位重叠Pianka指数Niche overlap Pianka index
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1.00
2 1.00 0.00 1.00
3 1.60 0.00 0.00 1.00
4 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
5 2.15 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.00
6 1.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 1.00
7 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
8 2.12 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.00
9 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
10 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
11 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
12 5.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
13 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
14 7.60 0.35 0.00 0.14 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.30 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00 1.00
15 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 1.00
16 2.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 1.00
17 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
18 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
1:亮白曲霉; 2:薛氏曲霉菌; 3:黄曲霉; 4:构巢曲霉; 5:匍匐曲霉; 6:聚多曲霉; 7:土曲霉; 8:橘青霉; 9:爪哇正青霉; 10:短柄帚霉; 11:黄帚霉; 12:尖孢枝孢菌; 13:白地霉; 14:总状毛霉; 15:水贼镰刀菌; 16:地衣镰刀菌; 17:黑孢属菌; 18:毛壳属菌。1: Aspergillus candidus; 2: Aspergillus chevalieri; 3:Aspergillus flavus; 4: Aspergillus nidulans; 5: Aspergillus repens; 6: Aspergillus sydowii; 7: Aspergillus terreus; 8: Penicillium citrinum; 9: Eupenicllium javanicum; 10: Scopulariopsis brevicaulis; 11: Scopulariopsis flava; 12: Cladosporium oxysporum; 13: Geotrichum candidum; 14: Mucor racemosus; 15: Fusarium equiseti; 16: Fusarium lichenicola; 17: Nigrospora sp.; 18: Chaetomium sp.


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