徐伟洲1, 2,
张雄1,
张岁岐3,,
1.榆林学院生命科学学院 榆林 719000
2.陕西省陕北矿区生态修复重点实验室 榆林 719000
3.西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室 杨凌 712100
基金项目: 国家科技支撑计划项目2015BAD22B01
黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室特别资助项目A314021403-C5
陕西省科技厅创新团队项目2013KCT-2
陕西省教育厅专项17JK0904
详细信息
作者简介:王小林, 主要从事水分生理生态和高产高效生物学基础研究。E-mail: wangxl0915@yulinu.edu.cn
通讯作者:张岁岐, 主要从事植物水分生理生态研究。E-mail: sqzhang@ms.iswc.ac.cn
中图分类号:S181计量
文章访问数:1041
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2017-07-31
录用日期:2017-09-13
刊出日期:2018-03-01
Responses of dry matter distribution and water use of summer maize (Zea mays L.) to intercropped cultivars competition on the Loess Plateau of China
WANG Xiaolin1, 2,,XU Weizhou1, 2,
ZHANG Xiong1,
ZHANG Suiqi3,,
1. College of Life Sciences, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
2. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration in Shanbei Mining Area, Yulin 719000, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
Funds: the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China2015BAD22B01
the Special Funds of Scientific Research Programs of State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau of ChinaA314021403-C5
Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Group Fund2013KCT-2
the Special Project of Education Department of Shaanxi Province17JK0904
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Corresponding author:ZHANG Suiqi, E-mail: sqzhang@ms.iswc.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:品种间作竞争具有优化作物个体形态特征和生物量分配的生态效应。综合干旱环境、密度和降雨年际变化影响下的品种间作生物量分配机制研究，可为旱区作物增产增效栽培提供理论依据。试验于2011年（降雨量645.0 mm，湿润年份）和2012年（降雨量497.1 mm，干旱年份）调查了两个玉米品种（‘郑单958’和‘沈单16号’）、两种密度（4.5万株·hm-2和7.5万株·hm-2）隔行间作处理下，地上部生物量和地下部根系形态特征，并分析了品种间作下生物量分配策略、根系竞争机制与产量、水分利用效率的关系。结果显示：1）干旱显著降低玉米根系表面积（SA），低密度间作下‘沈单16号’扬花期SA显著降低而‘郑单958’显著增加，高密度间作‘郑单958’的SA显著下降25.3%，间作下根系对于水资源的竞争随种植密度的增加而加剧；两个种植密度和两个不同降雨年份，间作系统0~20 cm土层根长密度（RLD）显著增加，增加种植密度和雨水亏缺，刺激根系向深层土壤生长，导致30~40 cm土层RLD的增加，且‘郑单958’的RLD增加幅度远高于‘沈单16号’。2）间作竞争下生物量积累具有品种差异，‘郑单958’集中在营养生长期，而‘沈单16号’集中在生殖生长期；且随种植密度的增加，间作栽培下单株生物量显著降低。3）群体收获指数（HI）在高密度间作下，两个不同降雨年份出现平均6.0%的增加幅，雨水充足促进群体HI的提升；根冠比因降雨和种植密度而变，雨水充足、低密度间作下根冠比较大，干旱和高密度下资源竞争造成‘郑单958’根冠比显著下降。4）干旱年份玉米品种间作增产优势显著，高、低密度间作增产率分别为10.3%和21.4%，水分利用效率（WUE）分别增加28.2%和42.0%；且‘郑单958’增产和增效能力分别较‘沈单16号’高17.6%和50.0%。综上所述，品种间作栽培下‘郑单958’具有更合理的地上部生物量分配和响应机制，其根系通过减少冗余生长，降低资源消耗来应对土壤干旱，高效的根系自我调节能力和生物量分配机制在间作系统产量形成和WUE提升中起到了关键作用。
关键词:夏玉米/
品种间作/
生物量分配/
资源竞争/
水分利用效率/
半干旱地区/
黄土塬区
Abstract:On the Loess Plateau, maize morphological structure and yield performance are restricted by low rainfall and limited soil nutrient. Resource competition in intercroped cultivation have a postive effect on individual establishment and biomass allocation of maize cultivars. It was necessary to research root morphology and biomass allocation of maize under the combined effect of rainfall, planting density and intercropping for exploring effects of intercropping models on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize in the Loess Plateau. To this end, a field experiment was conducted at Changwu Agri-ecological Station in the Loess Plateau, Chinese Academy of Science which is located in the classic dry farmming region in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China. Two maize cultivars ('Z958' and 'S16a') were intercroped under two planting densities (45 000 plants·hm-2 and 75 000 plants·hm-2) with 1:1 lines ratio. The aboveground and belowground growth and biomass accumulation were investigated at different growth stages of maize in tow rainfall year types, 2011 with rainfall of 647 mm and 2012 with rainfall 497 mm. The study also measured and analyzed the correlation among biomass allocation, root distribution, grain yield and WUE. The results showed that:1) soil water deficiency had a negative effect on root surface area (SA) of 'S16a' at flowering stage under low intercropped planting density. Also while SA of 'Z958' decreased by 30.5% under high intercropping density, WUE increased with increasing intercropping density. After two years of experimentation, root length density (RLD) in the 0-20 cm soil layer significantly increased under 'Z958' and 'S16a' intercropping. Also with increasing planting denstiy, rainwater deficiency led to deeper root growth to enhance water uptake. This in turn enhanced root competition for water and eventually obviously increased RLD in the 30-40 cm soil layer. Root distribution of 'Z958' was higher than that of 'S16a' for the two planting densities. 2) Biomass accumulation under two cultivars intercropping was genotypically different, with enhanced 'Z958' growth during vegetative period and enhanced 'S16a' growth during reproductive period. The individual biomass of two maize cultivars decreased with increasing intercropping density. The increase in dry weight at reproductive growth period was higher for 'S16a' than for 'Z958' in 2011 under low intercropped planting density. With high density and drought condition, individual biomass accumulation decreased under maize cultivars intercropping after flowering. 3) There was on average 6.0% increase in harvest index (HI) under high intercropping density and HI increased with increasing rainfall. Root and shoot growth was normal due to light competition under sufficient precipitation and low planting density. Soil drought and high intercropping density resulted in significant decrease in root to shoot rate (RSR) of 'Z958' as root competition for water increased. 4) In drought year (2011), competitive advantage was fully apparent in the two cultivars intercropping system, with yield and WUE increases of respectively 10.3% and 21.4%, 28.2% and 42.0% under two intercropping densities. Furthermore, yield and WUE of intercropped 'Z958' were 17.6% and 50.0% higher than that of 'S16a' for the two-year experimental period. Finally, 'Z958' showed rational biomass distribution and response to soil drought when intercropped with 'S16a' via reducing redundant root growth and decreasing excessive resouces use. Effective root morphological adjustment and biomass distribution of 'Z958' were responsible for the yield and WUE increase.
Key words:Summer maize/
Cultivar intercropping/
Dry matter distribution/
Resource competition/
Water use efficiency/
Semi-arid region/
Loess highland
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图1试验区长武生态农业试验站2011—2012年玉米生育期降雨与日平均温度的变化
Figure1.Changes of precipitation and daily temperature during maize growth period in 2011 and 2012 at the experiment site in Changwu Eco-agricultural Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2玉米品种'郑单958'(Z958)和'沈单16号'(S16)间作模式及根系取样点(P1, P2, P3)位置
Figure2.Sketch map of mixed cropping pattern of maize varieties 'Z958' and 'S16' and positions (P1, P2, P3) of root sampling
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32011年(A, B)和2012年(C, D)不同种植密度下品种间作对玉米生育期单株生物量积累的影响
A1B1-A1(B1)表示两玉米品种(A, '郑单958'; B, '沈单16号')低密度(1, 45 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); A2B2-A2(B2)表示两玉米品种(A, '郑单958'; B, '沈单16号')高密度(2, 75 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); CK-A1(B1, A2, B2)分别表示两种密度下的两玉米品种的单作。柱状图上不同小写字母表示相同生育期不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。V6: 6叶期; V12: 12叶期; VT:抽穗期; R1:灌浆期; R3:乳熟期; R5:蜡熟期; R6:成熟期。
Figure3.Effect of two maize cultivars intercropping on dry matter accumulation per plant at different maize growth stages in 2011 (A, B) and 2012 (C, D)
A1B1-A1(B1) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping system of 'Z958' and 'S16' with low planting density (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2). A2B2-A2 (B2) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping systems of 'Z958' and 'S16' with high planting density (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2). CK-A1(B1) and CK-A2(B2) indicate monoculture of 'Z958'('S16') under low (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2) and high (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2) planting densities, respectively. V6: 6-leaf stage; V12: 12-leaf stage; VT: tasseling stage; R1: pustulation stage; R3: milking stage; R5: dough stage; R6: mature stage. Different lowercase letters above histograms at the same growth stage indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图42011年和2012年间作下玉米收获指数(HI)的变化
A1B1、A2B2表示两玉米品种(A, '郑单958'; B, '沈单16号')低密度(1, 45 000株×hm-2)和高密度(2, 75 000株×hm-2)间作; CK-A1(B1, A2, B2)分别表示两种密度下的两玉米品种的单作。柱状图上不同小写字母表示不同年份不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。
Figure4.Changes of harvested index (HI) of maize cultivars intercropping systems in 2011 and 2012
A1B1 and A2B2 represent maize cultivars 'Z958' and 'S16' intercropping systems with low (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2) and high (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2) planting densities. CK-A1(B1) and CK-A2(B2) indicate mono-cultured 'Z958'('S16') under low (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2) and high (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2) planting densities, respectively. Different lowercase letters above histograms indicate significant differences among treatments in different years at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图52011年和2012年品种间作下玉米扬花期总根系表面积
A1B1-A1(B1)表示两玉米品种(A, '郑单958'; B, '沈单16号')低密度(1, 45 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); A2B2-A2(B2)表示两玉米品种(A, '郑单958'; B, '沈单16号')高密度(2, 75 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); CK-A1(B1, A2, B2)分别表示两种密度下的两玉米品种的单作。柱状图上不同小写字母表示不同年份不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。
Figure5.Root surface areas of maize cultivars in intercropping systems at maize flowering stage in 2011 and 2012
A1B1-A1(B1) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping system of 'Z958' and 'S16' with low planting density (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2). A2B2-A2(B2) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping system of 'Z958' and 'S16' with high planting density (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2). CK-A1(B1) and CK-A2(B2) indicate mono-cultured 'Z958'('S16') under low (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2) and high (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2) planting densities, respectively. Different lowercase letters above histograms indicate significant differences among treatments in different years at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图62011年(A, B)和2012年(C, D)两品种间作下玉米扬花期根长密度(RLD)的垂直分布
A1B1-A1(B1)表示两玉米品种(A, '郑单958'; B, '沈单16号')低密度(1, 45 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); A2B2-A2(B2)表示两玉米品种(A, '郑单958'; B, '沈单16号')高密度(2, 75 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); CK-A1(B1, A2, B2)分别表示两种密度下的两玉米品种的单作。柱状图上不同小写字母表示相同土层不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。
Figure6.Vertical distribution of root length density (RLD) of maize cultivars in intercropping systems at maize flowering stage in 2011 (A, B) and 2012 (C, D)
A1B1-A1(B1) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping system of 'Z958' and 'S16' with low planting density (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2). A2B2-A2(B2) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping system of 'Z958' and 'S16' with high planting density (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2). CK-A1(B1) and CK-A2(B2) indicate monocultured 'Z958'('S16') under low (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2) and high (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2) planting densities, respectively. Different lowercase letters above histograms for the same soil depth indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图72011年和2012年两玉米品种间作下根冠比的变化
A1B1-A1(B1)表示两玉米品种(A, 郑单958; B, 沈单16号)低密度(1, 45 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); A2B2-A2(B2)表示两玉米品种(A, 郑单958; B, 沈单16号)高密度(2, 75 000株×hm-2)间作下的'郑单958'('沈单16号'); CK-A1(B1, A2, B2)分别表示两种密度下的两玉米品种的单作。柱状图上不同小写字母表示不同年份不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。
Figure7.Root to shoot ratio (RSR) of maize cultivars in intercropping systems in 2011 and 2012
A1B1-A1(B1) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping system of 'Z958' and 'S16' with low planting density (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2). A2B2-A2(B2) represents maize cultivar 'Z958'('S16') in intercropping system of 'Z958' and 'S16' with high planting density (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2). CK-A1(B1) and CK-A2(B2) indicate mono-cultured 'Z958'('S16') under low (1, 45 000 plants×hm-2) and high (2, 75 000 plants×hm-2) planting densities, respectively. Different lowercase letters above histograms indicate significant differences among treatments in different years at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同密度品种间作下玉米产量、耗水量(ET)和水分利用效率(WUE)的差异
Table1.Differences in yield, water consumption (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) between monoculture and intercropping of two maize cultivars under two planting densities
| 处理 Treatment | 产量?Yield | 耗水量 Water consumption (ET) (mm) | 水分利用效率?Water use efficiency (WUE) | ||||||||||||
| 数值 Value (t×hm-2) | 增长率 Increasing rate (%) | 数值 Value (t×hm-2) | 增长率 Increasing rate (%) | 数值 Value (kg×hm-2×mm-1) | 增长率 Increasing rate (%) | 数值 Value (kg×hm-2×mm-1) | 增长率 Increasing rate (%) | ||||||||
| 2011 | 2012 | 2011 | 2012 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||||||
| A1B1 | 9.13c | 0.7 | 13.85c | 21.4 | 353.14ab | 345.34c | 25.84c | 1.0 | 40.10ab | 42.0 | |||||
| A2B2 | 12.92b | -2.0 | 15.42a | 10.3 | 352.87ab | 351.01bc | 36.62ab | -0.2 | 43.93a | 28.8 | |||||
| CK-A1 | 9.09c | 11.45d | 347.99b | 361.49b | 26.12c | 32.69d | |||||||||
| CK-B1 | 9.11c | 12.57c | 360.06a | 373.98ab | 25.31c | 33.61d | |||||||||
| CK-A2 | 14.13a | 14.35b | 368.47a | 383.10a | 38.36a | 37.45c | |||||||||
| CK-B2 | 12.12b | 14.99b | 345.14b | 380.48a | 35.11ab | 39.39bc | |||||||||
| 密度?Density (D) | ** | NS | * | ||||||||||||
| 年份?Year (Y) | ** | NS | * | ||||||||||||
| D × Y | * | NS | * | ||||||||||||
| 同列不同字母表示间作与单作处理间差异显著(P＜0.05);增长率表示相同年份、相同密度下间作产量和水分利用效率(WUE)相对于单作的增长率(%); *和**表示在P＜0.05和P＜0.01水平显著; NS表示不显著。Different letters in the same column mean significant differences between intercropping system and monoculture at 0.05 level. The increase rate of yield and WUE is increase of intercropping system compared with monoculture in the same year and under the same density. * and ** indicate significant effects at P＜0.05 and P＜0.01; NS indicates non-significant effect. | |||||||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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