Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods
Long-Long MA, Ling-Tong DU,*, Yang DAN, Le WANG, Cheng-Long QIAO, Hong-Yue WUBreeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; and Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41967027) National Natural Science Foundation of China(41661003) Ningxia Excellent Talents Support Program(RQ0012) “Light of West China” Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XAB2017AW01) Project of First-Class Discipline Construction (Ecology) for Ningxia Higher Education(NXYLXK2017B06)
摘要 中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。 关键词：荒漠草原带;人工灌丛;蒸腾;水循环;中间锦鸡儿
Abstract AimsCaragana liouana has been widely planted in northwest China for ecological restoration which has induced the planted shrub landscape in the desert steppe zone and changed the structure and function of the original ecosystem. These plantations would affect the water vapor interactions between land surface and atmosphere eventually. Therefore, studying the evapotranspiration characteristics of the planted shrub communities in the desert steppe zone is significant for us to understand its ecohydrological mechanism and guide local ecological restoration. Methods The transpiration of shrubs and the evapotranspiration under shrub canopy in the desert steppe zone in Yanchi County, Ningxia, were measured by a coupled method of sap flow sensors and lysimeter from May to August in 2018. The effects of environmental factors on the evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities were analyzed by path analysis. Important findings (1) The evapotranspiration obtained by the coupled method of sap flow sensors and lysimeter was consistent with the estimations based on the water balance method and the eddy covariance method. Thus, the coupled method of sap flow and lysimeter can be used to measure the evapotranspiration and its components of the planted shrub communities in the desert steppe zone. (2) The diurnal variations of transpiration rate of shrubs and the evapotranspiration rate under shrub canopy were consistent with each other, and both presented an obvious single peak at noon. The evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities mainly occurred in day time. However, the time of the maximum transpiration rate of shrubs was 1 h later than that of the maximum evapotranspiration rate under shrub canopy. (3) The cumulative transpiration of shrubs was 83.6 mm, the daily average transpiration was 0.7 mm·d-1, and the series curve of daily transpiration had a parabolic shape from May to August. The cumulative evapotranspiration under shrub canopy was 182.5 mm, and the daily average evapotranspiration was 1.5 mm·d-1 during the same period. The evapotranspiration under shrub canopy was higher than the transpiration of shrubs. It can be concluded that the water consumption in the planted shrub communities is mainly caused by evapotranspiration under shrub canopy. (4) The total evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities from May to August was 266.1 mm, and the total precipitation in the same period was 222.6 mm. Therefore, the water balance in the planted shrub communities was in deficit. (5) Net radiation is the most important and direct driving factor that affected evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities, and it coupled other environmental factors to drive the process of evapotranspiration. Therefore, the water deficit in the planted shrub communities encroaching desert steppe zone should be paid attention in ecological restoration and reconstruction. Keywords：desert steppe zone;planted shrubs community;transpiration;water cycle;Caragana liouana
PDF (1510KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 引用本文 马龙龙, 杜灵通, 丹杨, 王乐, 乔成龙, 吴宏玥. 基于茎流-蒸渗仪法的荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散特征. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(8): 807-818. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0104 MA Long-Long, DU Ling-Tong, DAN Yang, WANG Le, QIAO Cheng-Long, WU Hong-Yue. Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(8): 807-818. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0104
茎流-蒸渗仪法测得2018年5-8月人工灌丛群落的蒸散总量为266.1 mm, 而水量平衡法测得的群落蒸散总量为298.2 mm, 茎流-蒸渗仪法测得的蒸散低于水量平衡法测得的蒸散总量, 两者的绝对误差为32.1 mm, 相对误差为10.8% (表2), 总体来说, 茎流-蒸渗仪法与水量平衡法计算结果具有较好的一致性, 说明茎流-蒸渗仪法能够适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散总量的测定。
Table 2 表2 表2茎流-蒸渗仪法和水量平衡法测定的人工灌丛群落5-8月蒸散总量对比 Table 2Comparison of total evapotranspiration of a planted shrub communities measured by sap flow-lysimeter method and by water balance method from May to August
茎流-蒸渗仪 Sap flow-lysimeter method (mm)
水量平衡法 Water balance method (mm)
绝对误差 Absolute error (mm)
相对误差 Relative error (%)
丛下蒸散 ET under shrub canopy
灌木蒸腾 Transpiration of shrub
群落蒸散 Total ET of community
降水 Precipitation
土壤含水量变化 ?W
群落蒸散 Total ET of community
182.5
83.6
266.1
222.6
75.6
298.2
32.1
10.8
ET, evapotranspiration; ?W, change of soil water content.
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WangL, XuYD, FuBJ, LüYH (2009). Landscape pattern and eco-hydrological process Advances in Earth Science, 24, 1238-1246. URL [本文引用: 1] There is tight connection and interaction between landscape patterns and eco-hydrological processes, especially in the arid and semiarid regions. The complex interaction between them is one of the research frontiers. Scale, as an important impact factor on both of landscape patterns and ecohydrological processes, plays an important role in their relationship. Interaction mechanisms may be distinct in different scales. In this article, we reviewed the domestic and foreign research of landscape patterns and eco-hydrological processes in the semi-arid regions in different scales, including the patch scale, the slope scale and the watershed scale. We also discussed the interaction mechanisms, the main influential factors, the effects of disturbance, especially the human beings′ disturbance, and the main models. Finally，the problems, insufficiencies and tendency of the present studies are put forward, including further study in physical mechanism, recovery mechanism after disturbance and simulation models. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the interactions in the watershed scale and the scale conversion. [ 王朗, 徐延达, 傅伯杰, 吕一河 (2009). 半干旱区景观格局与生态水文过程研究进展 地球科学进展, 24, 1238-1246.] [本文引用: 1]
WangWN, ZhangX, ZhangLF, LiuXQ, ZhaoL, LiQ, GuS (2019). A comparison study of the evapotranspiration measured by lysimeter and eddy covariance Chinese Journal of Ecology, 38, 3551-3559. [本文引用: 1]
XuJJ, JinXY, QiangHF, DaiH, LiangC (2018). Variety characteristics and cause analysis of potential evapotranspiration in the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xingjiang Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 37(2), 89-94. [本文引用: 1]
YangXG, ZhaoW, ChenL, WangL, SongNP (2015). Antidromal succession between soil and plant in the Caragana intermedia shrubland in the desert steppe Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 24, 590-594. [本文引用: 1]
YueGY, ZhangTH, ZhaoHL, NiuL, LiuXP, HuangG (2006). Characteristics of sap flow and transpiration of Salix gordejevii and Caragana microphylla in Horqin Sandy Land, northeast China Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26, 3205-3213. [本文引用: 1]
YueGY, ZhaoHL, ZhangTH, YunJY, NiuL, HeYH (2007). Characteristics of Caragana microphylla sap flow and water consumption under different weather conditions on Horqin sandy land of northeast China Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 2173-2178. URLPMID:18163294 [本文引用: 1] Employing heat balance Dynamax packaged sap flow measuring system and automatic weather recording system, the sap flow of artificial Caragana microphylla community on Horqin sandy land of northeast China was monitored consecutively in 2006, and the photosynthetically effective radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity were measured synchronously. According to the manual records of weather conditions, four most representative weather conditions were gathered up to analyze the relationships of C. microphylla sap flow and its single branch water consumption with test meteorological factors. The results showed that under high air temperature and intense radiation on sunny days, the diurnal variation of C. microphylla sap flow appeared a broad peak curve, so as to adapt the circumstance of drought and water shortage via lower transpiration. The diurnal variations of sap flow and its dominant affecting factors differed with weather conditions, and photosynthetically effective radiation was always the dominant factor affecting the sap flow. The variation of the sap flow was the result of comprehensive effects of multi-meteorological factors, and the overall variation trend of water consumption of single branch was declined in the order of sunny days > cloudy days > windy days > rainy days, with the mean value being 459, 310, 281 and 193 mg x d(-1), respectively. [ 岳广阳, 赵哈林, 张铜会, 云建英, 牛丽, 何玉惠 (2007). 不同天气条件下小叶锦鸡儿茎流及耗水特性 应用生态学报, 18, 2173-2178.] PMID:18163294 [本文引用: 1]
YueGY, ZhaoHL, ZhangTH, ZhaoXY, ZhaoW, NiuL, LiuXP (2009). Estimation of transpiration in communities dominated by shrub Caragana microphylla Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 33, 508-515. DOI:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.010URL [本文引用: 1] Aims Our objectives were to develop an appropriate procedure for scaling up the sap flow from individual stems to the whole shrub and to the plot and to assess the utility of using sap flow gauges to determine the stand-level transpiration of shrub plantations in a semiarid sandy environment. Methods Sap flow rates of stems in a 15-year-old Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin Sandy Land, China were measured using the stem heat balance techniques in June 2006 to determine transpiration of the C. microphylla plantation. The gauge-equipped stems, ranging in basal diameter from 0.4 to 1 cm, were selected on the basis of statistical analysis within the representative sampling plot for determining the “mean stem”. Synchronously, total leaf area of the plant was measured by the basal cross-sectional area method and the leaf area density (LAD) method. We took advantage of the sparse distribution of C. microphylla and the ease of directly measuring LAD for individual shrubs to create a new scaling method based on these direct LAD measurements for shrubs in the study plot. We extrapolated the measurements of water use by individual stems to determine the area-averaged transpiration of the shrubland. The method used for the extrapolation assumed that the transpiration of a shrub was proportional to its leaf area. Important findings We found daily differences of <14.3% between transpiration estimated with sap measurements and with a weighing lysimeter reference, suggesting that the scaling procedure can be used to provide reliable estimates of transpiration from the shrub C. microphylla in Horqin Sandy Land. ]]> [ 岳广阳, 赵哈林, 张铜会, 赵学勇, 赵玮, 牛丽, 刘新平 (2009). 小叶锦鸡儿灌丛群落蒸腾耗水量估算方法 植物生态学报, 33, 508-515.] [本文引用: 1]
ZhangK, KimballJS, NemaniRR, RunningSW, HongY, GourleyJJ, YuZ (2015). Vegetation greening and climate change promote multidecadal rises of global land evapotranspiration Scientific Reports, 5, 15956. DOI: 10.1038/srep15956. DOI:10.1038/srep15956URLPMID:26514110 [本文引用: 1]
ZhangPJ, QingH, ZhangL, XuYD, MuL, YeRH, QiuX, ChangH, ShenHH, YangJ (2017). Population structure and spatial pattern of Caragana tibetica communities in Nei Mongol shrub-encroached grassland Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 41, 165-174. DOI:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0448URL [本文引用: 1] Aims The community structure and function of the shrub-encroached grassland, as well as its formation mechanism, is one of hot scientific problems in vegetation science. The spatial pattern analysis is an important means for studying plant population interactions and the relationships between plant population and environment. The shrub-encroached grassland is one major vegetation type in Nei Mongol. Knowledge on the spatial pattern of shrub can improve our understanding on adaptive characteristics of shrub to steppe environment. Methods We chose Caragana tibetica encroached grassland distributed in Ordos City as research objects. The spatial position of each C. tibetica individual in 64 m × 64 m study plot was determined by a method of “three-distance location method”, and then the spatial pattern and intraspecific associations of C. tibetica individuals was analyzed with the point pattern analysis. Important findings The results showed that C. tibetica population was at the rising stage. The mature individuals showed a uniform distribution at the scale of less than 3.7 m, subsequently exhibiting a random distribution with an increased scale. The juvenile individuals showed an aggregation distribution at the scale of 0.3-20.4 m, but a uniform distribution at other scales. The dead C. tibetica individuals were distributed aggregately at the scale from 0.7 to 1.4 m, but randomly at other scales. An indistinctive positive association was found for live C. tibetica individuals to dead individuals at the scale of less than 9.9 m, but no associations was found between them at other scales. The mature individuals negatively interacted with juveniles at the scale of larger than 2.2 m, but unassociated at the other scales.]]> [ 张璞进, 清华, 张雷, 徐延达, 木兰, 晔薷罕, 邱晓, 常虹, 沈海花, 杨劼 (2017). 内蒙古灌丛化草原毛刺锦鸡儿种群结构和空间分布格局 植物生态学报, 41, 165-174.] [本文引用: 1]
ZhangQ, WangS, WenXM, NanYH, ZengJ (2012). An experimental study of land surface condense phenomenon and water budget characteristics over the Loess Plateau Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 70, 128-135. DOI:10.11676/qxxb2012.012URL [本文引用: 1] The Chinese Loess Plateau is a unique area in the world, dominated by a semi arid climate with unusual land surface hydrology. The previous studies have paid little attention to the non precipitation land surface hydrological processes, such as dew formation, on the semi arid Loess Plateau. Therefore, it is important to improve our understanding of the micrometeorological conditions controlling dew formation and the main characteristics of the land surface water balance. Here, we have analysed the observation data on land surface processes, collected at the Dingxi observational station in the LOPEX experimental area, to investigate the relationships between dewfall (or frost) amount and micrometeorological conditions, the characteristics of the seasonal distribution of dewfall (frost) and the influence of precipitation and other weather conditions on dewfall (frost). The fractional contributions of precipitation, dewfall, fog and soil adsorbed water to the land surface water balance are also calculated. The differences between land surface evapotranspiration rates observed by the three methods (eddy covariance, large lysimeter and evaporation pan), and the balance between evapotranspiration and the total land surface water sources are discussed. The land surface water sources, without precipitation or evapotranspiration, jointly constitute a diurnal cycle known as “water respiration” on the land surface. It has been found that the amount of dewfall (frost) is influenced by micrometeorological conditions: a higher relative humidity of the atmosphere surface layer leads to greater dewfall (frost). The amount of dew (frost) is greatest under an inversion strength of 0.25℃ and wind speed of 1.5 m/s, explaining why dewfall totals are the greatest in autumn, second greatest in spring and the lowest in summer and winter. Over an annual cycle, the total land surface water sources are similar to evapotranspiration values observed by both the methods of lysimeter and eddy covariance, indicating that the land surface water budget is close to a steady state. In the semi arid region of the Loess Plateau, precipitation is still the dominant water source, but non precipitation surface water can account for more than about 15% of the total land surface water sources. Of these non precipitation land surface water sources, soil absorbed water is the greatest, followed by dew, and fog is the weakest. [ 张强, 王胜, 问晓梅, 南玉合, 曾剑 (2012). 黄土高原陆面水分的凝结现象及收支特征试验研究 气象学报, 70, 128-135.] [本文引用: 1]
ZhangZS, LiXR, WangXP, ZhangJG, LiuLC, TanHJ (2005). Evaporation and transpiration in re-vegetated desert area Acta Ecologica Sinica, 25, 2484-2490. [本文引用: 2]
ZhaoW, YangMX, ChenL, WangL, SongNP, YangXG (2015). Structure and dynamics of herbaceous layer vegetation of artificial Caragana intermedia shrublands in desert steppe. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture & Life Sciences), 41, 723-731. DOI:10.1016/0024-3205(87)90452-8URLPMID:3039270 [本文引用: 1] [3H]ET (etorphine), which is considered either as an [ 赵伟, 杨明秀, 陈林, 王磊, 宋乃平, 杨新国 (2015). 荒漠草原人工柠条林草本层植被的结构与动态 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 41, 723-731.] PMID:3039270 [本文引用: 1]
ZhaoYN, YuL, ZhouYR, WangHM, MaQH, LuQ (2020). Soil moisture dynamics and deficit of desert grassland with anthropogenic introduced shrub encroachment in the eastern Ningxia, China Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40, 1305-1315. [本文引用: 1]
ZhaoYN, ZhouYR, WangHM (2018). Spatial heterogeneity of soil water content under introduced shrub (Caragana korshinskii) in desert grassland of the eastern Ningxia, China Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 3577-3586. DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201811.001URLPMID:30460804 [本文引用: 1] Combined with geographic information system (GIS) data, the spatial heterogeneity of soil water in the 0-200 cm soil layer of the desert steppe with the introduction of the shrub Caragana korshinskii in eastern Ningxia was studied by classical statistical and geostatistical methods. It was found that the soil water content of each soil layer in the 0-200 cm profile was relatively low, ranging from 0.6% to 19.0% (averaged 4.4%). The coefficient of soil water content variation ranged from 49.5% to 86.3%, which indicated moderate spatial heterogeneity. The variation of soil water content at the 0-60 cm and 80-120 cm soil layers fitted the spherical model, while that at the 60-80 cm soil layer fitted the exponential model and that at the 120-200 cm soil layer fitted the Gaussian model. Soil water content at different soil layers showed different degrees of spatial autocorrelation. The nugget/sill [C0/(C0+C)] of soil water content in the 0-40, 60-80, and 120-200 cm soil layers ranged from 26.1% to 49.9%, with moderate spatial correlations. The nugget/sill of soil water content in the 40-60 cm, 80-100 cm, and 100-120 cm soil layers ranged from 15.5% to 22.1%, with strong spatial correlations. The scale of spatial heterogeneity in soil water content (A0) varied among soil layers. The A0 was relatively large in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers (37.10-45.18 km) and small in the 40-200 cm soil layers (3.58-8.66 km). The results indicated that the introduction of C. korshinskii shrubs into desert grassland for vegetation recovery in recent decades have depleted soil water and accelerated the depletion of soil water in the deep layer (40-200 cm), leading to spatial heterogeneity and fragmentation of soil water (0-200 cm) with stronger effects at deep soil layer. [ 赵亚楠, 周玉蓉, 王红梅 (2018). 宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛引入下土壤水分空间异质性 应用生态学报, 29, 3577-3586.] PMID:30460804 [本文引用: 1]
ZhengQQ (2019). Landscape Distribution and Biomass Estimation of Caragana intermedia Plantation in Yanchi Desert Steppe based on Remote Sensing Technology. Master degree dissertation, Ningxia University, Yingchuan. [本文引用: 2]
ZhuL, QiYS, XuX (2014). Water sources of Medicago sativa grown in different slope positions in Yanchi County of Ningxia Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 38, 1226-1240. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00118URL [本文引用: 2] Aims Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is considered as an elite forage with high economic and ecological values. In semi-arid areas of Northwest China, the low rainfall is far from satisfying water demand of alfalfa. The northern part of Yanchi County is adjacent to Mu Us desert and has a shallow groundwater table. In this area, groundwater could be the potential water sources for growing alfalfa. Our objective was to investigate the growth performance and potential water sources of alfalfa grown in four slope positions with different altitudes in the bottomland of northern Yanchi County.Method Stable 18O and D isotope compositions (δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem water were analyzed in April, June, July and August 2013. IsoSource was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake. Stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of whole plant, soil volumetric water content in the 0–300 cm soil profile were also determined.Important findings Slope position had a significant effect on water content in the 0–300 cm soil profile. Highest soil water content was found in the slope position of lowest altitude. The δ18O-δD coordinates of soil water and plant stem xylem water were distributed on the right of Northwest China local meteoric water line (LMWL), indicating that oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions in the water sources of alfalfa were subjected to enrichment due to evaporation. The δ18O values of soil water in the 0–450 cm profile increased with altitude. Soil water δ18O values decreased with the depth of soil profile for a given slope position. Soil water δ18O values in deep profile were similar to those in groundwater, implying that groundwater would move to the upper soil layer via soil capillary. Seasonal fluctuation was observed in soil water δ18O in the 0–40 cm profile, while soil water δ18O inprofile below 270 cm was stable seasonally. Plant stem xylem water δ18O value was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the slope position 1 than in other three slope positions in April, July and August. Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile (below 270 cm) was recorded for alfalfa grown in the slope position 1 in April, June and July. In August, alfalfa grown in the slope positions 1, 3 and 4 mainly used soil water in the 150–270 cm and 270–450 cm profiles and groundwater; highest dependence on soil water in the shallow profile (0–20 cm) was found in alfalfa grown in the slope position 2. Higher yield, whole plant Δ13C value and stomatal conductance were observed in alfalfa grown in the slope position 1 than in other three slope positions. These results suggest that bottomland with lower altitude and shallow groundwater table should be adopted when planting alfalfa without irrigation in the semi-arid areas of Northwest China where average annual rainfall is around 280 mm. Thus, groundwater could contribute to better growth performance of alfalfa, leading to higher ecological and economic returns.]]> [ 朱林, 祁亚淑, 许兴 (2014). 宁夏盐池不同坡位旱地紫苜蓿水分来源 植物生态学报, 38, 1226-1240.] [本文引用: 2]
Sources of error in estimating stand transpiration using allometric relationships between stem diameter and sapwood area for Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa 1 2005
,*, 丹杨, 王乐, 乔成龙, 吴宏玥宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室, 银川 750021; 宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室, 银川 750021
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