Responses of radial growth to temperature in Larix gmelinii of the Da Hinggan Ling under climate warming
CHANGYong-Xing, CHENZhen-Ju*,, ZHANGXian-Liang, BAIXue-Ping, ZHAOXue-Peng, LIJun-Xia, LUXu Tree-ring Laboratory, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China and Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network, Changtu, Liaoning 112500, China 通讯作者:* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail:zhenjuchen@hotmail.com) 版权声明:2017植物生态学报编辑部本文是遵循CCAL协议的开放存取期刊，引用请务必标明出处。 基金资助:国家自然科学基金(41271066、31570632、41571094和41601045)
关键词：气候变暖;大兴安岭;落叶松;年轮宽度;径向生长;温度变化;敏感度 Abstract Aims The Da Hinggan Ling is amongst the areas in China susceptible to climate warming. The objective of this study is to determine the responses of radial growth to temperature variations in Larix gmelinii growing in different parts of the Da Hinggan Ling in the process of climate warming, by using dendrochronological techniques. Methods We collected tree-ring samples from the southern, the middle and the northern parts of the main Da Hinggan Ling, developed site-specific ring-width chronologies, and synthesized tree-ring indices of the southern, the middle and the northern parts of the study area according to the first principal component loading factors for each chronology. The relationships between radial growth in L. gmelinii and temperature variations were determined with correlation analysis, and the differences in the responses of radial growth to temperature variations among various parts were analyzed and compared with principle component analysis. Important findings There were notable discrepancies in the effects of temperature variations on radial growth in L. gmelinii between the southern and the northern parts of the study area (the middle part > the northern part > the southern part). In the southern part, the mean monthly temperature between the previous November and April of the current year had a significant relationship with tree-ring indices (p < 0.05). In the middle part, the mean monthly temperature during March and October of the current year had a significant relationship with tree-ring indices (p < 0.05), and so did the mean monthly temperature during June and August of the previous year (p < 0.05). The mean monthly temperature during April and May of the current year had a highly significant relationship with tree-ring indices in the northern part (p < 0.01). This study suggests that the warmer and drier regional climate condition caused by elevated temperature has resulted in that soil moisture becomes the main factor limiting the radial growth, and the relationship between tree growth and temperature variations signified with aggravated soil drought under climate warming. The productivity in L. gmelinii as reflected by basal area increment experienced a shift response from cold stress to water stress. In addition, the radial growth in L. gmelinii in the Da Hinggan Ling will likely to show a declining trend in the southern and the middle parts, and an increasing trend in the northern part, in response to rapid warming in the coming decades.
Keywords：climate warming;the Da Hinggan Ling;Larix gmelinii;tree-ring width;radial growth;temperature variation;sensitivity -->0 PDF (4684KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 常永兴, 陈振举, 张先亮, 白学平, 赵学鹏, 李俊霞, 陆旭. 气候变暖下大兴安岭落叶松径向生长对温度的响应. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(3): 279-289 https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0222 CHANGYong-Xing, CHENZhen-Ju, ZHANGXian-Liang, BAIXue-Ping, ZHAOXue-Peng, LIJun-Xia, LUXu. Responses of radial growth to temperature in Larix gmelinii of the Da Hinggan Ling under climate warming. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(3): 279-289 https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0222 全球气温在20世纪20年代中期和70年代末期经历了两次增温突变, 而第二次突变之后的几十年是近百年来最暖的时期(王绍武和叶瑾琳, 1995; IPCC, 2013), 由此引发的极端气候事件发生频率、发生强度和发生范围也在增加, 而持续的高温将对自然生态系统, 尤其是对森林生态系统造成极大的负面影响(Alverson et al., 2000)。因此, 关于气候变暖对森林生态系统的影响已成为目前的研究热点。 落叶松(Larix gmelinii)主要分布于我国全球变化的敏感区域(李峰等, 2006)——大兴安岭林区。长期发育形成的落叶松林生态系统是大兴安岭地区代表性较强的森林生态系统。落叶松作为高纬度地区的优势树种, 具有寿命长、适应能力强的特点, 因其年轮界限明显且径向生长对气候变化敏感的特性, 而被证明是用于树木年代学分析的理想树种(吴祥定, 1990)。 目前, 开展关于大兴安岭地区落叶松径向生长响应气候变暖方面的研究很有必要。首先, 有研究发现, 在北半球高纬度地区, 随着全球温度升高, 树木生长对温度的敏感度降低(Jacoby & D’Arrigo, 1995; Briffa et al., 2010), 然而也有研究发现, 随着全球温度升高, 树木生长对温度的敏感度升高(Andreu et al., 2007), 预示了气候变暖对树木生长的显著影响; 其次, 我国关于大兴安岭地区落叶松径向生长与温度变化关系的研究取得了重要进展, 如落叶松树轮宽度与树轮密度对气候变化响应关系的对比(王丽丽等, 2005)、不同树龄落叶松年轮宽度变化对气候变化的响应差异(Wang et al., 2009)和利用落叶松树轮宽度指数重建夏季温度变化(Chen et al., 2013), 然而对气候变暖后相同生境的落叶松生长特性和模式的南北差异研究很少; 最后, 关于落叶松相关种属的生长与气候变化关系的研究多集中于与我国临近的西伯利亚地区(Andreu et al., 2007; Kujansuu et al., 2007; Sano et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2012; Bryukhanova et al., 2013)。为此, 本文采集了大兴安岭地区落叶松年轮宽度数据, 并应用树木年轮学方法探讨了落叶松响应气候变暖的生长模式和发展趋势, 以期为大兴安岭林区森林生态系统的管理和维护提供理论依据, 并为预测全球变化背景下北半球高纬度地区树木生长提供数据基础。
1 材料和方法
1.1 研究区概况
研究区位于大兴安岭地区(图1), 地处欧亚大陆中高纬度地带, 分跨黑龙江和内蒙古两省区, 属寒温带大陆性季风气候。域内多冻土和寒区环境分布, 山地主脉狭长且由高到低呈西南至东北走向, 地势复杂, 导致气候条件具有局地差异性(朱波, 2000; 刘艳玲和朱天伟, 2009; 李喜恩, 2012): 阿尔山一带的主脉南麓, 年降水量369.6 mm, 年平均气温-2.5 ℃; 根河、图里河一带的主脉中段年降水量为443.1 mm, 年平均气温-5.3 ℃; 塔河、漠河一带的主脉北段年降水量为461.8 mm, 年平均气温为-5.6 ℃。研究区最暖月为7月(16.0-17.9 ℃), 最冷月为1月(-25.4- -30.0 ℃)和12月(-22.1- -28.4 ℃), 降水集中在6-8月, 占全年总和的65.9%-68.9% (图2)。近年来, 研究区暖干化趋势明显。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1研究区气象站和采样点分布位置。AEL, 阿尔山采样点; MHL, 漠河采样点; THL, 塔河采样点; TLH, 图里河采样点; YTL, 伊图里河采样点。 -->Fig. 1Locations of sampling sites and meteorological stations in the study area. AEL, sampling site of Arxan; MHL, sampling site of Mohe; THL, sampling site of Tahe; TLH, sampling site of Tulihe; YTL, sampling site of Yitulihe. -->
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2研究区月平均温度(曲线)和月降水量(柱形)。M, 大兴安岭主脉中段; N, 大兴安岭主脉北段; S, 大兴安岭主脉南段。 -->Fig. 2Monthly mean temperature (curves) and monthly precipitation (bars) in the study area. M, middle section of the Da Hinggan Ling; N, northern section of the Da Hinggan Ling; S, southern section of the Da Hinggan Ling. -->
近百年来, 研究区在冬季和生长季前升温最明显, 冬季升温速率为0.026 ℃·a-1, 生长季升温速率为0.021 ℃·a-1 (p < 0.01)。Mann-Kendall检验结果表明: 1960-2010年各区气象站年平均温度突变年份分别为1988年、1982年、1976年; 区域格点温度在1901-1980年间的突变年份为1925年, 说明近百年来研究区温度变化有两个明显的分界点: 20世纪20-30年代和70-80年代。1924-1954年和1984-2014年分别是研究区近百年前、后段的最暖时期(图3A), 平均温度分别为-2.9 ℃和-1.9 ℃, 高于前、后半段年至1949-1979年有一段低温阶段(图3E)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3区域平均温度(Tr)、伊万诺夫干湿指数(K值)、冻结指数(F值)、胸高断面积增量(BAI)的变化及其31年滑动趋势系数。A, 区域平均温度及其11年滑动平均值(11 Mov)。B, K值。C, F值。D, 落叶松胸高断面积增量。E、F、G、H分别为Tr、K值、F值、BAI的趋势变化。M, 大兴安岭主脉中段; N, 大兴安岭主脉北段; S, 大兴安岭主脉南段。 -->Fig. 3Changes in the regional mean temperature (Tr), Mr Ivanov dry wet index (K value), freezing index (F value), the basal area increment (BAI) and their 31-year moving trend coefficients. A, Regional mean temperature and its 11-year moving mean (11 Mov). B, K value of various parts. C, F value of various parts. D, The basal area increment in Larix gmelinii in various parts. E, F, G and H presented the tendency coefficient of Tr, K value, F value and BAI. M, middle section of the Da Hinggan Ling; N, northern section of the Da Hinggan Ling; S, southern section of the Da Hinggan Ling. -->
南部与中部落叶松年轮宽度指数极显著相关(r = 0.379, p < 0.01), 中部与北部落叶松年轮宽度指数极显著相关(r = 0.445, p < 0.01); 由于空间距离较远, 南部年轮指数和北部年轮指数不显著相关(r = 0.055, p > 0.05)。落叶松径向生长对温度变化表现出明显的响应差异, 其中, 南部、中部落叶松年轮指数与各月、各季节温度变化多呈负相关关系, 而北部落叶松年轮指数与各月、各季节温度变化多呈正相关关系(图4)。南部落叶松生长对温度变化不敏感, 但7月和上年冬季温度与其年轮指数有较高的负相关 (图4A)。中部落叶松年轮宽度与上年6-8月(上年生长季, PG)温度显著相关(图4B, p < 0.05), 其中6月的平均温度和平均最高温度达到极显著水平(p < 0.01); 中部年轮宽度还与当年3月、9月和10月的平均温度显著负相关(图4B, p < 0.05)。北部落叶松年轮宽度与当年4、5月的温度显著正相关(图4C, p < 0.05), 其中5月的平均温度和平均最低温度达到极显著水平(p < 0.01)。此外, 南部落叶松生长与上年11月至当年4月平均温度显著相关(r = -0.300, p < 0.05), 中部落叶松生长与当年3-10月的平均温度显著相关(r = -0.335, p < 0.05), 北部落叶松生长与4-5月(生长季前, BG)平均温度极显著相关(r = 0.388, p < 0.01), 表明月份组合的温度变化对落叶松径向生长的影响更具有代表性。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图4落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关关系。A, 大兴安岭南部落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关系数。B, 大兴安岭中部落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关系数。 C, 大兴安岭北部落叶松年轮宽度指数与温度的相关系数。P6, 前一年的6月; P7, 前一年的7月; P8, 前一年的8月; P9, 前一年的9月; P10, 前一年的10月; P11, 前一年的11月; P12, 前一年的12月; BG, 生长季前; CG, 当年生长季; PA, 上年秋季; PG, 上年生长季; PW, 上年冬季; Tm, 月/季度平均温度; Tmax, 月/季度平均最高温度; Tmin, 月/季度平均最低温度。 -->Fig. 4Correlations between tree-ring width index in Larix gmelinii and temperature. A, Correlation coefficients between tree-ring width index and temperature in the southern section of the Da Hinggan Ling. B, Correlation coefficients between tree-ring width index and temperature in the middle section of the Da Hinggan Ling. C, Correlation coefficients between tree-ring width index and temperature in the northern section of the Da Hinggan Ling. P6, last June; P7, last July; P8, last August; P9, last September; P10, last October; P11, last November; P12, last December; BG, pre-growth season; CG, current growth season; PA, last autumn; PG, last growth season; PW, last winter. Tm, mean temperature on a monthly and seasonal basis; Tmax, mean maximum temperature on a monthly and seasonal basis; Tmin, mean minimum temperature on a monthly and seasonal basis. -->
落叶松生长与区域格点温度的相关性与上述相关性分析的结果一致, 例如: 南部落叶松生长与当年7月(r = -0.215, p < 0.05)区域格点平均温度显著相关; 中部落叶松生长与上年6月(r = -0.360, p < 0.01)、上年7月(r = -0.204, p < 0.05)、上年生长季(PG, r = -0.331, p < 0.01)和当年10月(r = -0.238, p < 0.05)的区域格点平均温度显著相关; 北部落叶松生长与当年5月(r = 0.242, p < 0.01)和生长季前(BG, r = 0.199, p < 0.05)的区域格点平均温度显著相关。 对阿尔山、图里河、伊图里河、塔河、漠河各年轮宽度指数(1960-2010年)主成分分析发现: 第1主成分(R2 = 53.1%)与PDSI极显著相关(r = 0.333, p < 0.01), 其中阿尔山年轮宽度指数在第1主成分的得分系数(偏离均值程度)远小于其他各点; 第2主成分(R2 = 25.8%)与区域年平均温度显著相关(r = -0.306, p < 0.05), 且各点在第2主成分的得分系数差别很大(阿尔山>塔河、漠河>图里河、伊图里河), 说明温度对落叶松生长的限制作用为中部>北部>南部。
2.3 落叶松生长对温度响应的时间动态分析
落叶松径向生长对温度的响应增强: 南部落叶松生长与上年11月至当年4月的平均温度在1952-1982年之后呈负响应, 且敏感度呈先升后降的趋势(图5A); 中部落叶松生长与当年3-10月的平均温度在1968-1998年之后呈负响应, 敏感度升高且在1975-2005年之后达到显著水平(图5B, p < 0.05); 北部落叶松生长与当年4-5月(生长季前, BG)平均温度在1951-1981年之后呈正响应, 敏感度呈升高趋势(图5C)。 基于相关分析建立的落叶松径向生长模型显示: 与南部落叶松年轮宽度显著相关(p < 0.05)的上年11月至当年4月平均温度可总体上解释南部落叶松实际生长的9%, 调整后的解释量为7.3% (r = 0.3, F = 5.3, p < 0.05), 解释量随温度升高而发生变化, 1988年(突变年份)之后可解释11.6%的落叶松生长变化; 与中部落叶松年轮宽度显著相关(p < 0.05)的当年秋季(9-10月)和上年生长季(6-8月)平均温度可总体上解释中部落叶松实际生长的22.7%, 调整后的解释量为19.7% (r = 0.477, F = 7.361, p < 0.01), 1982年(突变年份)之后可以解释56.4%的落叶松生长变化; 与北部落叶松年轮宽度极显著相关(p < 0.01)的当年5月平均温度可总体上解释北部落叶松实际生长的13.9%, 调整后的解释量为12.3% (r = 0.373, F = 3.1, p < 0.01), 1976年(突变年份)后可以解释16.5%的落叶松生长变化。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图5落叶松年轮宽度指数对温度变化响应的稳定性。A, 大兴安岭南部落叶松年轮宽度指数与11-4月区域平均温度的31年滑动响应系数和11-4月区域平均温度的趋势系数随时间的变化。B, 大兴安岭中部落叶松年轮宽度指数与3-10月区域平均温度的31年滑动响应系数和3-10月区域平均温度的趋势系数随时间的变化。C, 大兴安岭北部落叶松年轮宽度指数与4-5月区域平均温度的31年滑动响应系数和4-5月区域平均温度趋势系数随时间的变化。柱形为31年滑动响应系数, 曲线为温度趋势系数。 -->Fig. 5The climate response stabilities of tree-ring width index to temperature variations in Larix gmelinii. A, Temporal changes of 31-year moving response coefficient between tree-ring width index in L. gmelinii in the southern part of the Da Hinggan Ling and the regional mean temperature of November to April, together with the tendency coefficient of the regional mean temperature of November to April. B, Temporal changes of 31-year moving response coefficient between tree-ring width index in L. gmelinii in the middle part of the Da Hinggan Ling and the regional mean temperature of March to October, together with the tendency coefficient of the regional mean temperature of March to October. C, Temporal changes of 31-year moving response coefficient between tree-ring width index in L. gmelinii in the northern part of the Da Hinggan Ling and the regional mean temperature of April to May, together with the tendency coefficient of the regional mean temperature of April to May. Cylindrical bars represent the 31-year moving response coefficients, and the thick curves represented the thermal tendency coefficients. -->
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Past global changes and their significance for the future. 1 2000
, 张先亮, 白学平, 赵学鹏, 李俊霞, 陆旭
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