魏海燕, 李宏亮, 程金秋, 张洪程^*, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 郭保卫, 胡雅杰, 崔培媛
扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 / 粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009
^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn 第一作者联系方式: E-mail:wei_haiyan@163.com
收稿日期:2016-11-10 接受日期:2017-01-21网络出版日期:2017-02-17基金:本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300503), 江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2016344), 江苏省农业科技自主创新基金项目(CX[12]1003-9), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)和扬州大学科技创新培育基金项目(2016CXJ056)资助

摘要以大穗型品种甬优2640和多穗型品种南粳9108为材料, 270 kg hm^-2纯氮条件下, 选用树脂包衣(PCU)、硫包衣(SCU)和脲甲醛(UF)3种缓控释肥类型, 设置了缓控释肥与尿素均基施、缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施尿素2种施肥方式, 以常规尿素定量分施为对照(CK)。结果表明, 缓控释肥的应用对甬优2640无增产效应。主要因为甬优2640穗大粒多, 群体颖花量大。与CK比, 相对集中在前中期的肥效难以满足植株全生育期生长, 中后期叶面积指数下降快, 氮素积累少, 光合势弱, 物质生产量不足, 不能实现群体大库容的有效充实。而对南粳9108, 脲甲醛基施+尿素分蘖期施处理比CK增产5.2%~5.9%, 树脂包衣基施+尿素分蘖期施和脲甲醛+尿素均基施处理与CK平产的同时可减少施肥2~3次。2种运筹方式中, 以缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施用尿素处理能有效增加植株茎蘖数, 提高成穗率和最终穗数, 扩大叶面积指数, 增强光合势, 增加干物质和氮素的积累, 获得高产。3种肥料类型中, 产量呈现UF>PCU>SCU。脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理之所以能使南粳9108获得比CK更高的产量, 是因为UF的肥效在中后期依然能相对稳定释放, 配合尿素的分蘖期施用, 既保证了前期分蘖的发生, 又能保证高峰苗后稳定的茎蘖数和群体叶面积指数, 植株在拔节后的光合势和物质积累量大, 氮肥利用率高, 增产显著。由此可见, 针对不同穗型和产量特性的水稻品种, 优选缓控释肥类型基施的同时, 分蘖期配合速效肥料的施用, 可获得既省工又增产的效果。

关键词:缓控释肥类型; 肥料运筹; 不同穗型水稻; 产量
Effects of Slow/Controlled Release Fertilizer Types and Their Application Regime on Yield in Rice with Different Types of Panicle
WEI Hai-Yan, LI Hong-Liang, CHENG Jin-Qiu, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^*, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, GUO Bao-Wei, HU Ya-Jie, CUI Pei-Yuan
Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Fund:This work was financed by the National Key Research and Development Programs (2016YFD0300503), the Key Research and Development Programs of Jiangsu Province (BE2016344), the Agricultural Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province (CX[12]1003-9), the China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102), and the Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Yangzhou University (2016CXJ056)
AbstractRice cultivars of Yongyou 2640 with big panicle and Nanjing 9108 with more panicles were adopted in this study. Three types of slow/controlled release fertilizer (polymer-coated urea, sulfur-coated urea, and urea formaldehyde) and two fertilization methods (both slow/controlled release fertilizer and conventional urea as basal fertilizer, slow/controlled release fertilizer as basal fertilizer with conventional urea as tillering fertilizer) were applied in field with conventional urea split fertilization as control (CK). The application of slow/controlled release fertilizer could not increase the yield of Yongyou 2640 that has big panicles and a large amount of spikelets. Compared with CK, most nitrogen of slow/controlled release fertilizers were released at early and middle stage of rice resulting in rapid decrease of LAI, fewer nitrogen accumulation and LAD, insufficient dry matter production and poor grain filling at middle and late stage. For Nanjing 9108, compared with CK, the yield in treatment with urea formaldehyde as basal fertilizer and conventional urea as tillering fertilizer was increased by 5.2% to 5.9%. And rice yield in treatment with polymer-coated urea as basal fertilizer and conventional urea as tillering fertilizer or treatment with both urea formaldehyde and conventional urea as basal fertilizer was similar to that of CK, while the fertilizer application frequency was decreased by 2 to 3 times. Rice yields in treatments with slow/controlled release fertilizer as basal fertilizer and conventional urea as tillering fertilizer were higher than those in treatments with both slow/controlled release fertilizer and conventional urea as basal fertilizer. Compared with the application of both slow/controlled release fertilizer and conventional urea as basal fertilizer, the application of slow/controlled release fertilizer as basal fertilizer and conventional urea as tillering fertilizer could increase the number of rice tillers effectively with a large number of panicles and a higher percentage of productive tillers. Meanwhile, the leaf area index and leaf area duration in treatment with both slow/controlled release fertilizer and conventional urea as basal fertilizer were large, which could enhance the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in rice. Rice yield by using different types of slow/controlled release fertilizer showed a tendency of urea formaldehyde > polymer-coated urea > sulfur-coated urea. In Nanjing 9108, the reason of high yield by using urea formaldehyde was that, nitrogen of urea formaldehyde could be steadily released at the late stage also, therefore, the application of urea formaldehyde as basal fertilizer and conventional urea as tillering fertilizer could not only promote tillering but also maintain a high level of productive tiller and leaf area index after peak seedling stage. And the highest leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation after elongating and the final nitrogen use efficiency were beneficial to obtain high yield. In conclusion, for rice cultivars with different types of panicle and various characteristics of yield, the application of optimal type of slow/controlled release fertilizer as basal fertilizer and conventional urea as tillering fertilizer can achieve labor saving and yield increasing simultaneously in rice production.

Keyword:Type of slow/controlled release fertilizer; Application regime of fertilizer; Rice with different types of panicle; Yield
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水稻常规施氮一般采用基肥加多次追肥的方式^[1], 这种方式存在施肥次数多、费工费时、肥料利用率低等缺点, 难以满足高效、资源节约、环境友好的现代水稻生产要求。近年来, 利用多种调控机制使养分按照设定的释放速率和周期缓慢或控制释放、以满足作物在一定生长季内对养分需求的缓控释肥得到了快速发展和应用, 为现代作物生产简化施肥、降低施肥劳动强度、提高肥料利用率提供了可能。现有的缓控释肥大体可分为物理型缓控释肥(各种包膜肥料)和化学型缓释肥(养分释放抑制型肥料、阻溶型肥料及化学合成类肥料等)等类型^{[2, 3]}。不同类型缓控释肥其养分释放规律有差异^{[4, 5, 6]}, 对水稻生长发育有着不同的影响。已有的研究表明, 施用缓控释肥, 可显著降低稻田表土层和表面水NH₄⁺-N的含量^[7], 使氮素释放过程与水稻吸氮过程基本一致, 减少氮肥损失^[8], 提高水稻中、后期叶片中硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性^{[9, 10]}, 促进根系生长、延缓叶片衰老^[11], 增加水稻产量, 提高氮肥利用率^[12]。同时, 缓控释肥的施用还能减少稻田N₂O、CH₄等温室气体的排放^{[13, 14, 15]}, 减少氮肥施用对环境的压力。但邢晓鸣等^[16]研究不同类型缓控释肥及其组配对水稻生产发育的影响时也发现, 单纯的硫包衣或树脂包衣缓控释肥在水稻上应用效果不佳, 而组配的掺混肥配合分蘖期施用速效氮肥, 可显著提高水稻群体光合物质生产和产量。但也有研究发现^{[14, 17, 18]}, 一旦缓控释肥的肥效释放与水稻需肥规律存在一定差异时, 施用缓控释肥则难以达到优化群体质量和增产效果。以上研究大多是缓控释肥在某一类型水稻上的应用研究。缓控释肥因类型不同其肥效释放有差异, 而水稻植株也会因品种不同对氮素的吸收存在差异。本试验选用长江中下游近年来新推出的高产大穗型品种甬优2640和优质多穗型品种南粳9108为材料, 在等量施氮条件下, 比较3种缓控释肥类型及其与尿素的配施方法对产量的影响, 以期为缓控释肥的因种施用提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法1.1 试验材料试验于2014— 2015年在泰州市姜堰区沈高镇河横试验基地进行, 土壤类型为潴育型水稻土, 土壤0~20 cm耕层含有机质36.13 g kg^-1、全氮2.14 g kg^-1、速效磷5.81 mg kg^-1、速效钾163.02 mg kg^-1, pH 6.72。
供试水稻为大穗型品种甬优2640, 多穗型品种南粳9108。
供试肥料类型为树脂包衣PCU (N 21%); 硫包衣SCU (N 37%); 脲甲醛UF (N 16%); 普通尿素(N 46%)。
1.2 试验设计试验采用毯苗机插塑盘育秧, 5月31日播种, 甬优2640播种量为每盘80 g, 南粳9108播种量为每盘120 g。6月20日秸秆还田条件下机械移栽。甬优2640栽插密度为22.5万穴 hm^-2(14.6 cm × 30.0 cm), 每穴2株苗; 南粳9108栽插密度为28.5万穴 hm^-2 (11.7 cm × 30.0 cm), 每穴4株苗。每处理小区面积25.5 m², 重复3次。各小区间作埂隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 单独排灌。
试验每公顷施用纯氮270 kg, 其中缓控释肥与尿素以5:4的比例配合施用。设置3种缓控释肥类型和2种施肥方式。其中缓控释肥类型包括树脂包衣、硫包衣、脲甲醛。肥料施用方式依据施用时间的不同分为缓控释肥与尿素均基施、缓控释肥料基施后分蘖期施用尿素。以普通尿素定量分施为对照(CK), 具体处理名称、肥料用量与施用时间见表1。基肥于水稻移栽前施用, 分蘖肥于水稻移栽后5~7 d施用, 促花肥和保花肥分别于倒四叶叶龄和倒二叶叶龄期施用。同时增设不施氮肥空白处理, 以计算肥料利用率。除氮肥外, 以过磷酸钙和氯化钾的形式分别基施P₂O₅和K₂O各150 kg hm^-2。其他水分与病虫害管理按高产栽培要求统一进行。
表1
Table 1
表1(Table 1)

表1 各处理氮肥种类、用量(kg hm-2纯N)与施用时间 Table 1 Nitrogen fertilizer types, application amount and time in different treatments (kg hm-2) 处理 Treatment 基肥Basal fertilizer 分蘖肥(尿素) Tillering fertilizer (urea) 促花肥(尿素) Spikelet-promoting fertilizer (urea) 保花肥(尿素) Spikelet-developing fertilizer (urea) 缓控释肥 Slow/controlled release fertilizer 尿素 Urea 树脂包衣+尿素均基施B(PCU+U) 150 120 0 0 0 硫包衣+尿素均基施B(SCU+U) 150 120 0 0 0 脲甲醛+尿素均基施B(UF+U) 150 120 0 0 0 树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素B(PCU)+T(U) 150 0 120 0 0 硫包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素B(SCU)+T(U) 150 0 120 0 0 脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素B(UF)+T(U) 150 0 120 0 0 普通尿素定量分施CK 0 81 81 54 54 B(PCU+U): both polymer-coated urea and conventional urea as basal fertilizer; B(SCU+U): both sulfur-coated urea and conventional urea as basal fertilizer; B(UF+U): both urea formaldehyde and conventional urea as basal fertilizer; B(PCU)+T(U): polymer-coated urea as basal fertilizer with conventional urea as tillering fertilizer; B(SCU)+T(U): sulfur-coated urea as basal fertilizer with conventional urea as tillering fertilizer; B(UF)+T(U): urea formaldehyde as basal fertilizer with conventional urea as tillering fertilizer; CK: common urea applied separately. B(PCU+U): 树脂包衣+尿素均基施; B(SCU+U): 硫包衣+尿素均基施; B(UF+U): 脲甲醛+尿素均基施; B(PCU)+T(U): 树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素; B(SCU)+T(U): 硫包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素; B(UF)+T(U): 脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素; CK: 普通尿素定量分施。

表1 各处理氮肥种类、用量(kg hm-2纯N)与施用时间 Table 1 Nitrogen fertilizer types, application amount and time in different treatments (kg hm-2)

1.3 测定指标及方法1.3.1 茎蘖动态 每小区定点20穴, 于移栽后每隔7 d调查茎蘖数直至分蘖停止发生, 计算成穗率。
1.3.2 叶面积、干物重和含氮率 分别于拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 按小区茎蘖数的平均值取有代表性的植株4穴, 采用长宽法测定植株叶面积, 计算叶面积指数。将所取植株样品105℃杀青, 80℃烘至恒重后测定各器官及全株的干物重。样品粉碎后采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂消化, 半微量凯氏定氮法测定植株含氮率。
1.3.3 产量及其结构 成熟期采用每块田五点普查100穴, 计算有效穗数, 按每小区的平均穗数取有代表性的植株4穴, 测定每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重等, 计算理论产量, 并实收计产。
1.4 数据计算与统计分析氮肥吸收利用率(%) = (施氮处理总吸氮量-无氮处理总吸氮量)/施氮量× 100。
光合势(m² d m^-2) = (L₁+L₂)× (t₂-t₁)/2; 式中, L₁和L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积指数, t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的时间。
2年试验的产量在年度间差异不显著, 因此, 本文以2015年数据为主。以Microsoft Excel 2013处理数据, 运用DPS V7.05数据处理软件进行统计分析。

2 结果与分析2.1 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对不同穗型水稻产量的影响大穗型品种甬优2640, 与普通尿素定量分施(CK)相比, 缓控释肥的施用无增产效应。缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素比相对应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施处理略增产, 但差异不显著(表2)。
表2
Table 2
表2(Table 2)

表2 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻产量及其构成的影响 Table 2 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on rice yield and its component 品种与处理 Cultivar and treatment 穗数 Panicle number (× 104 hm-2) 穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle 群体颖花量 Total spikelet number (× 108 hm-2) 结实率Seed-setting rate (%) 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) 产量Grain yield (t hm-2) 2015 2014 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640 B(PCU+U) 201.50± 1.70 e 273.17± 1.41 b 5.50± 0.02 e 89.27± 0.17 a 24.29± 0.28 b 11.83± 0.18 d 11.53± 0.11 c B(SCU+U) 208.50± 2.76 d 255.33± 1.84 c 5.32± 0.01 f 88.30± 0.03 b 24.75± 0.20 ab 11.34± 0.21 e 10.96± 0.16 d B(UF+U) 224.00± 2.12 c 254.71± 2.83 c 5.71± 0.02 c 88.40± 0.14 b 24.47± 0.16 ab 12.29± 0.18 bc 11.93± 0.18 b B(PCU)+T(U) 225.15± 2.12 c 249.38± 1.70 d 5.61± 0.01 d 88.50± 0.03 b 24.40± 0.13 ab 12.04± 0.15 cd 11.57± 0.15 c B(SCU)+T(U) 233.50± 2.97 b 234.07± 1.56 e 5.47± 0.01 e 87.20± 0.01 c 24.81± 0.14 a 11.51± 0.19 e 11.06± 0.19 d B(UF)+T(U) 254.00± 3.18 a 233.14± 1.56 e 5.92± 0.02 b 87.00± 0.17 c 24.62± 0.10 ab 12.54± 0.15 b 12.06± 0.15 b CK 209.00± 2.33 d 287.14± 1.98 a 6.00± 0.02 a 88.50± 0.01 b 24.86± 0.16 a 13.07± 0.16 a 12.68± 0.16 a 南粳9108 Nanjing 9108 B(PCU+U) 316.00± 2.12 g 130.55± 1.41 a 4.13± 0.02 d 92.90± 0.01 a 26.18± 0.08 b 9.87± 0.11 c 9.48± 0.14 c B(SCU+U) 323.80± 2.33 f 121.29± 1.53 c 3.93± 0.02 e 91.80± 0.03 b 26.42± 0.10 ab 9.32± 0.02 d 8.97± 0.05 d B(UF+U) 349.50± 2.55 d 126.20± 0.99 b 4.41± 0.02 b 91.60± 0.28 b 26.34± 0.12 ab 10.47± 0.21 b 10.14± 0.27 b B(PCU)+T(U) 361.50± 0.42 c 122.00± 1.58 c 4.41± 0.01 b 91.50± 0.14 b 26.42± 0.11 ab 10.59± 0.06 b 10.24± 0.06 b B(SCU)+T(U) 370.00± 2.76 b 113.90± 1.70 d 4.21± 0.02 c 89.20± 0.42 c 26.70± 0.12 a 9.84± 0.04 c 9.51± 0.05 c B(UF)+T(U) 412.50± 2.97 a 115.18± 2.26 d 4.75± 0.04 a 89.30± 0.01 c 26.65± 0.13 a 11.12± 0.13 a 10.82± 0.04 a CK 330.50± 3.18 e 133.70± 1.70 a 4.42± 0.04 b 91.50± 0.42 b 26.62± 0.11 ab 10.57± 0.08 b 10.21± 0.07 b Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level, respectively. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表1。

表2 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻产量及其构成的影响 Table 2 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on rice yield and its component

多穗型品种南粳9108的脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理比CK增产5.2%~5.9%, 而树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素、脲甲醛+尿素均基施[B(UF+U)]处理与CK产量相当, 无显著差异。缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素比相应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施处理显著增产。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的产量, 脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。分析产量各构成因素, 与缓控释肥料+尿素均基施处理相比, 缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理, 主要通过增加穗数提高了群体颖花量, 获得高产。
2.2 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对不同穗型水稻茎蘖动态及成穗率的影响2种不同类型品种茎蘖动态的变化规律基本一致(图1)。移栽后至分蘖盛期, 不同缓控释肥类型及其运筹处理的茎蘖数均大于CK。其中缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素各处理的茎蘖数显著高于缓控释肥+尿素均基施各处理。相同运筹方式下, 高峰苗前, 各处理茎蘖数以硫包衣> 脲甲醛> 树脂包衣, 高峰苗后, 以脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。
图1
Fig. 1

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	图1 缓控释肥料类型及其运筹对水稻茎蘖动态的影响 缩写同表1。Fig. 1 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on rice tiller dynamics Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

2种类型水稻中, 施用缓控释肥各处理的成穗率要低于CK (图2)。且缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的成穗率显著高于对应的缓控释肥料+尿素均基施处理。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥类型的成穗率呈树脂包衣> 脲甲醛> 硫包衣处理。甬优2640与南粳9108表现一致。
图2
Fig. 2

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	图2 缓控释肥料类型及其运筹对水稻成穗率的影响 缩写同表1。Fig. 2 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on percentage of productive tiller Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

2.3 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对不同穗型水稻叶面积指数的影响甬优2640拔节期, 缓控释肥处理的叶面积指数高于CK。抽穗和成熟期, 缓控释肥处理的叶面积指数低于CK (表3), 且缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的叶面积指数比相对应的缓控释肥料+尿素均基施略有增加, 但是不显著。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥料处理的叶面积指数呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。
表3
Table 3
表3(Table 3)

表3 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻叶面积指数的影响 Table 3 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on rice leaf area index 水稻品种与处理 Rice cultivars and treatment 拔节期 Jointing 抽穗期 Heading 成熟期 Maturity 叶面积衰减率 Decreasing rate of leaf area (LAI d-1) 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640 B(PCU+U) 4.39± 0.06 d 7.74± 0.07 c 3.72± 0.10 c 0.080± 0.004 a B(SCU+U) 4.30± 0.03 e 7.40± 0.06 d 3.48± 0.04 d 0.078± 0.007 a B(UF+U) 4.47± 0.01 c 7.97± 0.04 b 3.96± 0.04 b 0.080± 0.004 a B(PCU)+T(U) 4.75± 0.04 b 7.79± 0.03 c 3.77± 0.03 c 0.080± 0.004 a B(SCU)+T(U) 4.48± 0.03 c 7.44± 0.01 d 3.50± 0.01 d 0.079± 0.006 a B(UF)+T(U) 4.87± 0.06 a 7.99± 0.01 b 3.98± 0.01 b 0.080± 0.004 a CK 4.22± 0.07 f 8.10± 0.04 a 4.23± 0.08 a 0.080± 0.007 a 南粳9108 Nanjing 9108 B(PCU+U) 4.23± 0.03 e 6.89± 0.08 d 2.36± 0.01 c 0.082± 0.001 ab B(SCU+U) 4.15± 0.01 f 6.40± 0.07 e 1.91± 0.06 d 0.082± 0.001 ab B(UF+U) 4.32± 0.01 d 7.26± 0.03 b 2.64± 0.07 b 0.080± 0.002 ab B(PCU)+T(U) 4.50± 0.07 b 7.28± 0.01 b 2.69± 0.01 b 0.083± 0.002 ab B(SCU)+T(U) 4.42± 0.06 c 6.94± 0.01 d 2.35± 0.03 c 0.083± 0.002 ab B(UF)+T(U) 4.63± 0.01 a 7.68± 0.04 a 2.95± 0.04 a 0.082± 0.002 a CK 4.05± 0.03 g 7.08± 0.06 c 2.68± 0.03 b 0.086± 0.002 b Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level, respectively. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表1。

表3 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻叶面积指数的影响 Table 3 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on rice leaf area index

南粳9108拔节期, 缓控释肥处理的叶面积指数也高于CK; 抽穗期与成穗期, 脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的叶面积指数高于CK, 而树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素和脲甲醛肥+尿素均基施两处理的叶面积指数与CK相当。缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的叶面积指数要显著大于相对应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施处理。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥料处理的叶面积指数, 脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。
不同缓控释肥类型及运筹处理对2种类型品种叶面积的衰减率无显著影响。
2.4 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对不同穗型水稻光合势的影响甬优2640, 播种至拔节阶段, 缓控释肥处理的光合势高于CK。拔节后, 缓控释肥处理的光合势低于或显著低于CK, 且缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的光合势比相对应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施有所增加, 但在抽穗至成熟阶段未能达到显著差异。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的光合势呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣(表4)。
表4
Table 4
表4(Table 4)

表4 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻光合势的影响 Table 4 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on rice leaf area duration (m2 dm-2) 水稻品种与处理 Rice cultivars and treatment 播种-拔节 SS-JS 拔节-抽穗 JS-HS 抽穗-成熟 HS-MS 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640 B(PCU+U) 147.07± 2.83 d 181.68± 1.70 cd 286.36± 2.83 c B(SCU+U) 144.05± 0.98 e 174.28± 1.13 e 272.12± 1.41 d B(UF+U) 149.75± 1.27 c 185.63± 0.85 bc 298.15± 2.83 b B(PCU)+T(U) 159.13± 0.42 b 186.26± 2.12 b 288.92± 0.28 c B(SCU)+T(U) 150.03± 0.28 c 177.88± 0.99 de 273.62± 0.14 d B(UF)+T(U) 163.15± 0.57 a 191.17± 1.41 a 299.44± 0.85 b CK 141.37± 0.71 f 194.56± 2.57 a 308.15± 0.99 a 南粳9108 Nanjing 9108 B(PCU+U) 148.11± 0.50 e 181.78± 0.20 e 254.25± 1.00 d B(SCU+U) 145.08± 0.40 f 170.70± 0.80 f 228.50± 0.50 e B(UF+U) 151.20± 0.60 d 189.62± 0.60 c 272.25± 2.00 b B(PCU)+T(U) 157.50± 0.80 b 195.81± 0.50 b 274.24± 0.10 b B(SCU)+T(U) 154.70± 0.70 c 183.74± 0.40 de 255.44± 0.20 d B(UF)+T(U) 162.05± 0.90 a 203.25± 1.00 a 292.30± 0.30 a CK 141.75± 1.00 g 185.91± 0.82 d 268.46± 0.40 c SS: sowing stage; JS: jointing stage; HS: heading stage; MS: maturity stage. Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level, respectively. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表1。

表4 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻光合势的影响 Table 4 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on rice leaf area duration (m2 dm-2)

南粳9108播种至拔节阶段, 缓控释肥处理的光合势也高于CK。拔节后, 脲甲醛或树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素和脲甲醛肥料+尿素均基施三处理的光合势高于CK, 而其他处理低于CK。拔节后, 缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的光合势显著大于相对应的缓控释肥料+尿素均基施处理, 尤其是抽穗至成熟阶段。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的光合势呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。
2.5 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对不同穗型水稻物质积累量与积累比例的影响甬优2640播种至拔节, 拔节至抽穗阶段, 缓控释肥处理的物质积累量和积累比例高于CK, 而抽穗至成熟阶段, 缓控释肥处理的物质积累量和积累比例低于CK。缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的物质积累量比相应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施处理略高, 但中后期尤其是抽穗至成熟阶段, 未能达到显著水平。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的物质积累量在抽穗至成熟阶段呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣(表5)。
表5
Table 5
表5(Table 5)

表5 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻物质积累量及比例的影响 Table 5 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on the amount and percentage of dry matter accumulation in rice 水稻品种与处理 Rice cultivars and treatment 物质积累量及比例 Amount and percentage of dry matter accumulation 播种-拔节 SS-JS 拔节-抽穗 JS-HS 抽穗-成熟 HS-MS (t hm-2) (%) (t hm-2) (%) (t hm-2) (%) 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640 B(PCU+U) 5.03± 0.06 a 23.75± 0.28 a 8.60± 0.06 e 40.64± 0.27 c 7.54± 0.07 c 35.61± 0.33 c B(SCU+U) 4.72± 0.03 b 23.23± 0.14 a 8.85± 0.06 d 43.55± 0.28 a 6.75± 0.05 d 33.22± 0.25 e B(UF+U) 4.66± 0.05 b 21.21± 0.21 c 9.28± 0.05 b 42.25± 0.21 b 8.02± 0.09 b 36.54± 0.42 b B(PCU)+T(U) 5.11± 0.04 a 23.51± 0.18 a 9.04± 0.06 c 41.58± 0.25 b 7.59± 0.06 c 34.91± 0.28 d B(SCU)+T(U) 4.80± 0.05 b 23.15± 0.25 a 8.98± 0.07 cd 43.30± 0.33 a 6.96± 0.03 d 33.55± 0.14 e B(UF)+T(U) 4.97± 0.10 a 22.04± 0.42 b 9.49± 0.10 a 42.07± 0.42 b 8.10± 0.05 b 35.89± 0.21 c CK 4.47± 0.08 c 20.17± 0.37 d 8.43± 0.05 f 38.06± 0.23 d 9.25± 0.05 a 41.77± 0.21 a 南粳9108 Nanjing 9108 B(PCU+U) 3.80± 0.05 bc 21.64± 0.28 a 7.53± 0.06 c 42.89± 0.37 a 6.23± 0.05 d 35.47± 0.28 c B(SCU+U) 3.77± 0.07 c 22.28± 0.44 a 7.32± 0.04 d 43.22± 0.23 a 5.85± 0.05 e 34.50± 0.27 c B(UF+U) 3.80± 0.04 bc 20.05± 0.21 b 7.95± 0.05 a 41.94± 0.28 b 7.20± 0.07 bc 38.01± 0.35 ab B(PCU)+T(U) 4.15± 0.06 a 22.01± 0.33 a 7.64± 0.07 c 40.57± 0.35 c 7.05± 0.06 c 37.42± 0.33 b B(SCU)+T(U) 3.88± 0.04 bc 22.14± 0.25 a 7.54± 0.07 c 43.02± 0.41 a 6.11± 0.09 d 34.84± 0.54 c B(UF)+T(U) 3.96± 0.08 b 20.26± 0.42 b 8.01± 0.04 a 41.06± 0.21 c 7.55± 0.08 a 38.68± 0.42 a CK 3.73± 0.07 c 19.77± 0.37 b 7.79± 0.07 b 41.27± 0.40 bc 7.35± 0.07 b 38.96± 0.37 a SS: sowing stage; JS: jointing stage; HS: heading stage; MS: maturity stage. Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level, respectively. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表1。

表5 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻物质积累量及比例的影响 Table 5 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on the amount and percentage of dry matter accumulation in rice

南粳9108播种至拔节阶段, 除脲甲醛或树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的物质积累量显著高于CK外, 其他处理物质积累量仅略高于CK或相当。拔节至抽穗阶段, 脲甲醛+尿素分蘖期施或一次性基施处理的物质积累量显著高于CK, 而抽穗至成熟阶段, 仅脲甲醛+分蘖期施尿素处理的物质积累量要显著高于CK。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的物质积累量在各生育阶段均呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣, 以抽穗至成熟阶段差异最为显著。
2.6 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对不同穗型水稻氮素积累量与积累比例的影响甬优2640播种至拔节阶段, 缓控释肥处理的氮素积累量和积累比例高于CK, 而拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段, 缓控释肥处理的氮素积累量和积累比例低于CK。缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的氮素积累量比相对应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施处理高, 但抽穗至成熟阶段, 未能达到显著差异。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的氮素积累量在播种至拔节阶段呈树脂包衣> 脲甲醛> 硫包衣, 而拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣(表6)。
表6
Table 6
表6(Table 6)

表6 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻氮素积累量及比例的影响 Table 6 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on the amount and percentage of nitrogen accumulation in rice 水稻品种与处理 Rice cultivars and treatment 氮素积累量及比例 Amount and percentage of nitrogen accumulation 播种-拔节 SS-JS 拔节-抽穗 JS-HS 抽穗-成熟 HS-MS (kg hm-2) (%) (kg hm-2) (%) (kg hm-2) (%) 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640 B(PCU+U) 74.66± 0.66 b 32.17± 0.20 a 114.53± 0.62 d 49.36± 0.27 c 42.86± 0.75 b 18.47± 0.33 bc B(SCU+U) 74.08± 0.32 b 32.69± 0.10 a 109.92± 0.64 e 48.50± 0.28 d 42.63± 0.58 b 18.81± 0.25 b B(UF+U) 74.51± 0.51 b 31.22± 0.15 b 121.25± 0.51 c 50.80± 0.21 b 42.91± 1.01 b 17.98± 0.42 cd B(PCU)+T(U) 78.57± 0.45 a 32.38± 0.13 a 120.86± 0.62 c 49.81± 0.25 c 43.19± 0.69 b 17.80± 0.28 d B(SCU)+T(U) 75.31± 0.59 b 32.45± 0.18 a 113.80± 0.75 d 49.04± 0.33 cd 42.96± 0.33 b 18.51± 0.14 bc B(UF)+T(U) 75.40± 1.05 b 30.49± 0.30 b 128.54± 1.05 b 51.97± 0.42 a 43.38± 0.52 b 17.54± 0.21 d CK 68.09± 0.93 c 26.83± 0.26 c 133.81± 0.57 a 52.71± 0.23 a 51.94± 0.54 a 20.46± 0.21 a 南粳9108 Nanjing 9108 B(PCU+U) 70.04± 0.57 bc 34.55± 0.20 a 95.13± 0.75 e 46.93± 0.37 c 37.54± 0.57 d 18.52± 0.28 c B(SCU+U) 68.82± 0.86 c 35.02± 0.31 a 91.23± 0.44 f 46.42± 0.23 c 36.48± 0.53 d 18.56± 0.27 c B(UF+U) 70.99± 0.47 b 32.28± 0.15 c 107.20± 0.62 c 48.75± 0.28 b 41.73± 0.78 bc 18.98± 0.35 bc B(PCU)+T(U) 73.67± 0.71 a 33.62± 0.23 b 102.58± 0.77 d 46.82± 0.35 c 42.86± 0.71 b 19.56± 0.33 abc B(SCU)+T(U) 71.51± 0.52 b 34.98± 0.18 a 92.63± 0.84 f 45.30± 0.41 d 40.32± 1.10 c 19.72± 0.54 ab B(UF)+T(U) 70.93± 0.97 b 31.05± 0.30 d 112.47± 0.48 ab 49.24± 0.21 ab 45.01± 0.97 a 19.71± 0.42 ab CK 66.34± 0.82 d 29.82± 0.26 e 110.79± 0.88 b 49.81± 0.40 a 45.31± 0.82 a 20.37± 0.37 a SS: sowing stage; JS: jointing stage; HS: heading stage; MS: maturity stage. Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level, respectively. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表1。

表6 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻氮素积累量及比例的影响 Table 6 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on the amount and percentage of nitrogen accumulation in rice

南粳9108播种至拔节阶段, 缓控释肥处理的氮素积累量和积累比例高于CK, 拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段, 除脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的氮素积累量与积累比例与CK相当外, 其他处理显著低于CK。缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的氮素积累量比相应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施处理高, 以拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段最为显著。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的氮素积累量在拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段均呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。
2.7 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率的影响在甬优2640中, 不施氮肥空白处理的吸氮量为129.09 kg hm^-2, 缓控释肥处理的氮肥利用率低于CK (图3)。缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素比相对应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施氮素利用率提高。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的氮素利用率为脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。
图3
Fig. 3

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	图3 缓控释肥料类型及其运筹对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率的影响 缩写同表1。Fig. 3 Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizer types and their application on nitrogen use efficiency in rice Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

南粳9108不施氮肥空白处理的吸氮量为104.10 kg hm^-2, 脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理的氮肥利用率高于CK, 而树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素、脲甲醛+尿素均基施处理的氮肥利用率略低于CK, 但未达显著差异。与甬优2640类似, 缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素比相对应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施氮素利用率高。相同运筹方式下, 3种缓控释肥处理的氮素利用率为脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。

3 讨论3.1 缓控释肥类型及其运筹对水稻产量的影响不同类型缓控释肥的肥效控制或缓慢释放的机理及影响因素有所不同。树脂、硫包衣等控释肥是将包膜材料直接在颗粒尿素表面缩合成膜状物, 其养分释放影响因素主要有调节成膜的物质组成、膜的厚度和温度^[19]。而脲甲醛则是由甲醛和尿素在一定条件下反应缩合形成, 根据甲醛与尿素反应的摩尔比不同, 获得亚甲基二脲、二亚甲基三脲、三亚甲基四脲、四亚甲基五脲和五亚甲基六脲等缩合物。缩合度越高, 分子链越长、在水中的溶解度越小, 其肥效期越长^[20]。正是由于以上不同, 前人关于缓控释肥施用效应的研究具有一定的差异。李玥等^[12]研究发现, 相对于常规尿素运筹, 树脂包膜缓控释氮肥能有效促进机插稻物质积累和增产, 而硫包膜和抑制剂包膜缓控释氮肥不利于水稻增产增效。彭玉等^[21]研究缓控释肥在不同移栽秧龄施肥对水稻根系形态及籽粒产量的结果表明, 与其他类型肥料相比, 杂交中稻在五叶一心移栽并施用树脂包膜的控释肥可获得高产。胡春花等^[22]研究发现, 尽管树脂包膜缓释尿素能促进水稻增产, 但水稻生产后期有贪青和倒伏现象, 而脲甲醛和水溶性聚合物包膜缓控释肥, 能促进水稻后期叶青秆壮、成熟期适中, 获得稳定高产。在本试验条件下, 不同类型缓控释肥对水稻的增产效应呈脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。这可能是由于影响包膜类肥料养分释放的主要因素是温度, 而影响脲甲醛肥料的因素为土壤微生物, 南方稻季高温多湿的条件非常不利于包膜类控释肥肥效按照预期曲线稳定释放^[17]。已有的研究认为, 缓控释肥能显著提高水稻生育中后期叶片SPAD值和净光合速率^[23], 延缓叶片衰老, 促进根系生长^[11], 增加根系活力, 增强植株对养分的吸收和地上部的物质积累^[24], 提高氮肥利用效率^[25], 增加籽粒产量^[26]。在本试验的南粳9108中, 与普通尿素定量分施相比, 脲甲醛肥料基施+尿素分蘖期处理之所以能够增产, 是由于提高了植株在各个生育时期的叶面积指数和光合势, 增强了植株的干物质和氮素积累, 提高了氮肥利用效率。由于缓控释肥肥效释放相对要慢, 一次性基施条件下难以满足作物前期生长的需要^{[16, 27]}, 为此本试验在一次性施用缓控释肥的同时, 以基肥或分蘖肥的方式配施了一定比例的速效尿素, 以探索缓控释肥与尿素的运筹方式对水稻产量的影响。结果表明, 缓控释肥基施+分蘖期施尿素比相应的缓控释肥+尿素均基施处理的产量高, 以南粳9108最为显著。与缓控释肥+尿素均基施相比, 缓控释肥料基施+分蘖期施尿素的各处理, 能有效增加植株分蘖, 提高茎蘖成穗率, 以保证植株中后期具有较高的叶面积指数进行光合生产, 形成高产。针对以上水稻生长发育对养分的需求, 今后可探索不同缓释期的缓释肥料按照一定比例混合、一次性基施方法, 不仅可以简化水稻生产中的施肥次数, 还能满足水稻生长发育对养分的阶段性需求。
3.2 缓控释肥施用对不同穗型水稻品种产量的影响已有的研究表明, 缓控释肥料的实际应用还受到品种、土壤类型、地力水平、灌溉方式等因素的影响。徐明岗等^[7]研究表明, 针对早稻和晚稻品种, 要分别选择不同的缓控释肥料, 才能有利于水稻获得高产。张小翠等^[28]研究表明, 缓控释肥在黏土上的施用效果要优于在沙土上。而王永军等^[29]研究发现, 在低地力条件下施用缓释期短的控释肥、在高地力下施用缓释期较长的控释肥更有利于玉米高产。同时, 在水稻生产中, 与常规淹水灌溉相比, 干湿交替灌溉条件下, 施用缓控释肥能保持氮素的高效释放, 提高植株氮素积累, 利于高产群体的形成^{[30, 31]}。本试验的研究表明, 缓控释肥的应用效果还因品种生长发育特性而有所差异。对于大穗型的籼粳杂交稻甬优2640, 无论何种缓控释肥+尿素一次性基施还是+尿素分蘖期施处理, 均没有获得预期的增产效果, 而对于多穗型品种南粳9108, 脲甲醛+尿素基施或+尿素分蘖期施处理和树脂包衣基施+尿素分蘖期施处理与CK相比却能增产或在平产的基础上减少施肥次数。这可能是由于, 相对于CK, 同一品种的各缓控释肥处理在播种至拔节的氮素积累量与积累比例均高于CK, 即缓控释肥各处理的肥效相对集中在前中期。这种肥效释放模式, 使得即使是同类缓控释肥料的同种施用方法, 对两种不同穗型品种的产量具不同的效果: 对于大穗型品种甬优2640, 集中在前中期的肥效尽管可以形成一定数量的穗数和5.32× 10⁸~6.00× 10⁸ hm^-2的群体颖花量, 但是抽穗后, 相对于CK, 其叶面积指数下降快, 生长发育中后期的氮素积累少, 光合势弱, 物质生产量不足, 难以满足群体大库容充实需求, 不能发挥大穗型品种的产量优势^[32]。对于多穗型品种南粳9108, 前期肥效的释放有利于分蘖的发生, 在获得足够穗数的同时, 群体颖花量相对适中(3.93× 10⁸~4.75× 10⁸ hm^-2), 因此部分肥效相对较长的缓控释肥料在拔节后能保证植株维持一定数量的叶面积指数和氮素吸收, 促进物质生产的同时实现了群体中等库容的有效充实, 获得与CK相当或更高的产量。因此, 针对中后期生长具有优势的大穗型品种, 其缓控释肥的应用, 可探索性选择一些肥效集中在中后期发挥的缓控释肥或缓控释肥基施配合部分尿素做穗肥施用, 以满足大穗型品种中后期籽粒灌浆的物质生产需求。

4 结论在本试验条件下, 与CK相比, 缓控释肥的应用对大穗型品种甬优2640无增产效应, 而对多穗型品种南粳9108, 脲甲醛肥基施+分蘖期施尿素处理比CK增产5.2%~5.9%, 树脂包衣基施+分蘖期施尿素和脲甲醛+尿素均基施处理与CK产量相当的同时可减少施肥次数。2种运筹方式中, 以缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施尿素处理更容易获得高产, 3种缓控释肥类型中, 产量呈现脲甲醛> 树脂包衣> 硫包衣。与缓控释肥+尿素同时基施处理相比, 缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施用尿素, 可有效增加植株茎蘖数, 提高成穗率和最终穗数, 增加群体颖花量, 提高植株在各个生育时期的叶面积指数和光合势, 增加干物质和氮素积累量。与其他类型缓控释肥相比, 脲甲醛的肥效在植株生长的前中后期能相对稳定释放, 其基施配合尿素的分蘖期施用, 既保证了前期分蘖的发生, 又能保证高峰苗后稳定的茎蘖数和群体叶面积指数, 植株在拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段的光合势和物质积累量大, 氮肥利用率高, 从而获得高产。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。


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