关键词:氮肥运筹; 钵苗机插; 优质食味水稻; 产量; 稻米品质 Effect of Nitrogen Application Regime on Yield and Quality of Mechanical Pot-seedlings Transplanting Rice with Good Taste Quality HU Qun1, XIA Min1, ZHANG Hong-Cheng1,*, CAO Li-Qiang1, GUO Bao-Wei1, WEI Hai-Yan1, CHEN Hou-Cun2, HAN Bao-Fu3 1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
Fund:This work was financed by the Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province (CX[12]1003-9), Three New Agriculture Project of Jiangsu Province (SXGC[2015]325), China Key Research and Development Programs (2016YFD0300503), Science and Technology Innovation Foundation Project of Yangzhou University (2015CXJ042), and Important Research and Development Programs of Jiangsu Province (BE2016344). AbstractTwo rice cultivars with good taste quality in Jiangsu, Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055, were adopted in mechanical transplantion with pot-seedlings which was a new cultivation technique. The total amount of nitrogen applied in each treatment was 270 kg ha-1 with different ratios of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer, including 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, and 4:6. The effects of the nitrogen application strategies on yield and grain quality were studied and the suitable method of nitrogen application was also determined. It was found that the rice yield was highest in the treatment of 6:4. The brown rice rate, milled rice rate and head milled rice rate gradually increased with decreasing the application percentage of basal-tillering fertilizer. Amylose content and gel consistency of grain gradually reduced with decreasing the application percentage of basal-tillering fertilizer, however, there was an opposite change trend in protein content, the more late nitrogen applied, the larger protein content would be. Chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree of two cultivars increased at first and then decreased with decreasing the application percentage of basal-tillering fertilizer, and the treatment of 6:4 was significantly higher than other treatments. However, the chalkiness area gradually increased with decreasing the application percentage of basal-tillering fertilizer. It also found that, with decreasing the application percentage of basal-tillering fertilizer, the aroma, gloss, taste, mouthfeel and comprehensive indices decreased while integrity increased. The peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown value in different treatments all gradually decreased with decreasing the application percentage of basal-tillering fertilizer, but the setback value increased. In general, the treatment with the ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer of 6:4 can significantly increase the yield of mechanical transplanting good taste quality rice with pot-seedlings. An appropriate increase in the proportion of panicle-fertilizer can improve processing quality and nutritional quality of rice, also increase the kernel length and kernel width of grain, but deteriorate the appearance quality and eating quality of rice.
Keyword:Nitrogen application; Mechanical transplanting with pot-seedlings; Good taste quality rice; Yield; Rice quality Show Figures Show Figures
2 结果与分析2.1 钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量基蘖肥与穗肥比例不同, 连续2年钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量处理间差异达显著水平, 部分达极显著水平。由表1可知, 随着基蘖肥占总施氮量的比例降低, 水稻产量先增加后减小, 当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶ 4时产量最高, 显著高于其他处理。如2015年, 南粳9108、南粳5055实际产量分别为10.68 t hm-2和10.61 t hm-2, 分别较两品种10∶ 0处理的最低产量9.65 t hm-2和9.50 t hm-2增产9.71%和10.41%。 表1(1) Table 1(1) 表1(1)(Table 1(1))
表1(1) 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量 Table 1(1) Yield of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
2015
2014
理论产量 Theoretic yield (t hm-2)
实际产量 Actual yield (t hm-2)
理论产量 Theoretic yield (t hm-2)
实际产量 Actual yield (t hm-2)
南粳9108 Nanjing 9108
10:0
10.06 eD
9.65 dD
9.93 dC
9.42 dD
9:1
10.35 deCD
9.74 dCD
10.20 cBC
9.52 dCD
8:2
10.67 cBC
10.13 cB
10.37 cB
9.85 cB
7:3
11.04 bAB
10.49 bA
10.72 bA
10.32 bA
6:4
11.38 aA
10.68 aA
11.01 aA
10.52 aA
5:5
10.63 cdBC
10.02 cBC
10.23 cBC
9.79 cBC
4:6
10.26 eCD
9.81 dCD
9.91 dC
9.74 cBC
对照CK
6.15 fE
5.42 eE
5.86 eD
5.20 eE
平均Mean
10.07
9.49
9.78
9.30
CV(%)
15.25
16.61
15.55
17.05
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055
10:0
10.00 dC
9.50 eD
9.98 deD
9.40 eC
9:1
10.31 cdC
9.69 dCD
10.12 cdeCD
9.50 deC
8:2
10.43 cBC
9.90 cBC
10.32 cBC
9.65 dBC
7:3
10.86 bAB
10.46 bA
10.62 bAB
10.23 bA
6:4
11.23 aA
10.61 aA
10.85 aA
10.43 aA
5:5
10.46 cBC
10.01 cB
10.19 cdCD
9.85 cB
4:6
10.20 cdD
9.74 dC
9.96 eD
9.58 deBC
对照CK
5.80 eD
5.18 fE
5.61 fE
4.90 fD
平均Mean
9.91
9.39
9.70
9.19
CV(%)
16.09
17.34
16.20
18.03
Values for a cultivar within a column followed by different lowercase and capital letters are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. 同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。
表1(1) 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量 Table 1(1) Yield of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
表2 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的稻米品质主要指标的方差分析 Table 2 Variance of main rice quality characteristics for mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality among cultivars and nitrogen applications
变异来源 Source of variation
年份 Y
品种 C
年份× 品种 Y× C
比例 R
年份× 比例 Y× R
品种× 比例 C× R
年份× 品种× 比例 Y× C× R
自由度 df
1
1
1
7
7
7
7
糙米率 BR
897.54* *
175.69* *
7.14*
419.64* *
1.21 ns
3.82* *
0.67 ns
精米率 MR
1355.25* *
104.56* *
80.59* *
613.39* *
4.20* *
13.28* *
0.91 ns
整精米率 HMR
1072.36* *
236.11* *
32.92* *
585.29* *
5.52* *
3.10*
3.38* *
垩白率 CP
2748.62* *
689.88* *
3.16 ns
1933.98* *
9.48* *
22.80* *
1.56 ns
垩白大小 CA
6054.66* *
1795.92* *
1186.20* *
2571.39* *
23.93* *
12.59* *
1.57 ns
垩白度 CD
4091.60* *
47.92* *
261.50* *
1606.44* *
11.69* *
4.37* *
1.26 ns
直链淀粉 AC
4044.88* *
2876.98* *
0.01 ns
1059.64* *
0.08 ns
9.52* *
0.11 ns
蛋白质 PC
800.76* *
546.46* *
0.37 ns
585.43* *
0.06 ns
8.34* *
0.15ns
胶稠度 GC
3927.94* *
2148.51* *
0.02 ns
930.23* *
0.05 ns
0.02 ns
0.08 ns
F0.05
4.16
4.16
4.16
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
F0.01
7.53
7.53
7.53
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.28
* and * * mean significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ns: no significant difference. C: cultivars; R: ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer; BR: brown rice rate; MR: milled rice rate; HMR: head milled rice rate; CP: chalkiness percentage; CA: chalkiness area; CD: chalkiness degree; AC: amylose content; PC: protein content; GC: gel consistency. * 和* * 分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示差异不显著(P> 0.05)。
表2 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的稻米品质主要指标的方差分析 Table 2 Variance of main rice quality characteristics for mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality among cultivars and nitrogen applications
表3 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的加工品质以及蒸煮食味和营养品质 Table 3 Processing quality, cooking and eating, and nutritional quality of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
糙米率 BR (%)
精米率 MR (%)
整精米率 HMR (%)
直链淀粉含量 AC (%)
蛋白质含量 PC (%)
胶稠度 GC (mm)
南粳9108 Nanjing 9108
10:0
84.96 dE
75.41 eC
70.70 eD
14.89 bB
7.51 eD
79.83 bB
9:1
85.25 dE
75.74 dC
70.96 eD
14.47 cC
7.95 dC
79.45 bB
8:2
85.97 cD
76.36 cB
71.57 dC
14.16 dC
8.12 cdBC
78.62 cC
7:3
86.22 cCD
76.54 bcB
72.46 cD
13.74 eD
8.27 bcBC
77.05 dD
6:4
86.54 bBC
76.74 bB
72.91 bB
13.52 eDE
8.31 bcAB
76.48 eDE
5:5
86.68 bB
77.17 aA
73.84 aA
13.25 fEF
8.45 abAB
75.94 eE
4:6
87.15 aA
77.24 aA
73.96 aA
13.04 fF
8.62 aA
73.86 fF
对照 CK
84.06 eF
74.44 fD
69.37 fE
16.15 aA
6.94 fE
80.72 aA
平均 Mean
85.85
76.20
71.97
14.15
8.02
77.74
CV(%)
1.12
1.17
2.09
6.73
6.45
2.78
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055
10:0
85.23 eF
75.17 eE
71.22 eE
13.41 bB
8.14 eD
82.38 bAB
9:1
85.71 dEF
75.66 dD
71.87 dD
13.12 cBC
8.22 eCD
81.97 bB
8:2
86.12 dDF
76.23 cC
72.54 cC
12.89 dC
8.39 dC
81.15 cC
7:3
86.70 cCD
76.41 cBC
72.63 cC
12.42 eD
8.64 cB
79.58 dD
6:4
86.82 cBC
76.86 bB
73.14 bB
12.13 fDE
8.85 bAB
78.95 eDE
5:5
87.38 bAB
77.58 aA
74.03 aA
12.02 fE
8.95 abA
78.41 eE
4:6
87.84 aA
77.83 aA
74.17 aA
11.91 fE
9.07 aA
76.23 fF
对照 CK
84.17 fG
74.18 fF
69.59 fF
15.35 aA
7.16 fE
83.19 aA
平均 Mean
86.25
76.24
72.40
12.90
8.43
80.23
CV(%)
1.30
1.50
1.95
8.17
6.84
2.74
Values for a cultivar within a column followed by different lowercase and capital letters are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. BR: brown rice rate; MR: milled rice rate; HMR: head milled rice rate; AC: amylose content; PC: protein content; GC: gel consistency. 同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。
表3 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的加工品质以及蒸煮食味和营养品质 Table 3 Processing quality, cooking and eating, and nutritional quality of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
表4 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的外观品质 Table 4 Appearance quality of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
垩白率 CP (%)
垩白大小 CA (%)
垩白度 CD (%)
粒长 KL (mm)
粒宽 KW (mm)
长宽比 L/W
南粳9108 Nanjing 9108
10:0
13.0 eE
17.9 eE
2.32 eD
4.55 cB
2.96 abA
1.54 bcAB
9:1
13.1 eDE
18.8 dD
2.46 dCD
4.59 bcAB
2.96 abA
1.55 abA
8:2
13.4 dD
19.3 dD
2.58 dC
4.61 abAB
2.98 abA
1.55 abA
7:3
14.8 bB
20.6 cC
3.04 bcB
4.62 abA
2.99 aA
1.54 abAB
6:4
15.6 aA
21.2 bBC
3.29 aA
4.64 aA
2.99 aA
1.55 aA
5:5
14.3 cC
21.7 aAB
3.10 bAB
4.61 abAB
2.97 abA
1.55 aA
4:6
13.4 dD
22.1 aA
2.95 cB
4.61 abAB
2.96 abA
1.56 aA
对照CK
9.4 fF
13.3 fF
1.24 fE
4.48 dC
2.94 bA
1.53 cB
平均Mean
13.4
19.3
2.62
4.59
2.97
1.55
CV (%)
12.96
13.83
23.32
1.02
0.54
0.62
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055
10:0
12.1 eD
18.1 eD
2.18 eE
4.44 cB
2.97 bcAB
1.49 aA
9:1
12.9 cdC
18.6 dD
2.39 dD
4.44 cB
2.98 bcAB
1.49 aA
8:2
13.3 cBC
19.4 cC
2.57 cC
4.47 bcB
2.98 bcAB
1.50 aA
7:3
13.8 bAB
21.2 bB
2.93 bB
4.51 aA
3.01 abAB
1.50 aA
6:4
14.4 aA
21.6 bB
3.11 aA
4.52 aA
3.02 aA
1.50 aA
5:5
13.0 cdC
22.7 aA
2.94 bAB
4.45 cB
2.99 abcAB
1.49 aA
4:6
12.7 dCD
23.0 aA
2.91 bB
4.48 bAB
2.98 bcAB
1.50 aA
对照CK
8.9 fE
13.0 fE
1.16 fF
4.38 dC
2.95 cB
1.48 aA
平均Mean
12.6
19.7
2.52
4.46
2.98
1.49
CV (%)
12.32
15.48
23.59
0.91
0.70
0.36
Values for a cultivar within a column followed by different lowercase and capital letters are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. CP: chalkiness percentage; CA: chalkiness area; CD: chalkiness degree; KL: kernel length; KW: kernel width; L/W: ratio of length/width of kernel. 同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。
表4 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的外观品质 Table 4 Appearance quality of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
表5 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的食味品质 Table 5 Eating quality of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
香气 Aroma
光泽 Gloss
完整性 Integrity
味道 Taste
口感 Mouthfeel
食味值 Comprehensive
南粳9108 Nanjing 9108
10:0
6.69 bB
6.23 bB
7.14 cC
6.73 bB
6.91 bB
75.47 bAB
9:1
6.64 bcB
6.11 bB
7.18 cBC
6.68 bB
6.78 bBC
74.92 bABC
8:2
6.58 cBC
5.92 cC
7.23 cBC
6.55 cC
6.63 cC
74.58 bBC
7:3
6.49 dC
5.67 dD
7.35 bAB
6.48 cdCD
6.32 dD
72.96 cCD
6:4
6.47 dC
5.58 dDE
7.41 abA
6.41 dD
6.23 dD
71.84 cD
5:5
6.34 eD
5.43 eEF
7.49 aA
6.27 eE
6.03 eE
68.37 dE
4:6
6.28 eD
5.35 eF
7.51 aA
6.19 eE
5.89 fF
66.56 eE
对照CK
6.82 aA
6.85 aA
6.93 dD
6.95 aA
7.33 aA
77.08 aA
平均Mean
6.54
5.89
7.28
6.53
6.51
72.72
CV (%)
2.60
7.89
2.55
3.59
6.96
4.68
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055
10:0
6.62 abAB
6.01 bB
7.38 dE
6.63 bB
6.68 bB
72.61 bB
9:1
6.58 bAB
5.87 bBC
7.42 cdDE
6.59 bBC
6.57 bcB
71.97 bB
8:2
6.49 bcBC
5.68 cCD
7.46 cDE
6.51 cCD
6.51 cB
70.59 cC
7:3
6.40 cdBC
5.55 cdD
7.53 bCD
6.42 dDE
6.29 dC
69.02 dD
6:4
6.37 cdBC
5.49 dDE
7.59 bBC
6.37 dE
6.13 eC
68.83 dD
5:5
6.24 deCD
5.33 eEF
7.68 aAB
6.26 eF
5.89 fD
66.27 eE
4:6
6.09 eD
5.18 fF
7.74 aA
6.23 eF
5.67 gE
64.61 fF
对照CK
6.75 aA
6.73 aA
7.19 eF
6.81 aA
7.04 aA
74.05 aA
平均Mean
6.44
5.73
7.50
6.48
6.35
69.74
CV (%)
3.12
7.96
2.18
2.84
6.56
4.31
Values for a cultivar within a column followed by different lowercase and capital letters are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. 同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。
表5 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的食味品质 Table 5 Eating quality of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
表6 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的RVA谱特征值 Table 6 RVA profile characteristics of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
峰值黏度 Peak viscosity (cP)
热浆黏度 Trough viscosity (cP)
崩解值 Breakdown (cP)
最终黏度 Final viscosity (cP)
消减值 Setback (cP)
峰值时间 Peak time (s)
糊化温度 Pasting temperature (° C)
南粳9108 Nanjing 9108
10:0
2597 bB
1379 bB
1218 bB
2014 bB
-583 eD
5.96 abA
68.65 dCD
9:1
2570 bcBC
1361 bcBC
1209 bcB
1997 bcBC
-573 dC
5.98 abA
69.14 cdBC
8:2
2545 cdBCD
1344 cdBCD
1201 bcBC
1975 cdCD
-570 dC
5.99 abA
69.43 bcBC
7:3
2521 deCD
1325 deCD
1196 bcBC
1963 deCD
-559 cB
6.03 aA
69.68 bAB
6:4
2509 deCD
1321 deD
1188 cdBC
1959 deCD
-550 bB
6.05 aA
69.89 abAB
5:5
2484 eD
1312 eD
1173 dC
1950 deCD
-535 aA
5.98 abA
69.95 abAB
4:6
2476 eD
1308 eD
1168 dC
1942 eD
-534 aA
5.97 abA
70.27 aA
CK
2732 aA
1453 aA
1279 aA
2101 aA
-631 fE
5.91 bA
68.01 eD
平均Mean
2554
1350
1204
1987
-567
5.98
69.38
CV (%)
3.03
3.34
2.71
2.44
-5.19
0.68
1.01
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055
10:0
2533 bB
1317 bB
1216 bB
1962 bB
-571 eE
5.91 abA
68.27 deCD
9:1
2515 bBC
1302 bcBC
1213 bB
1955 bB
-560 dD
5.93 abA
68.68 cdBC
8:2
2483 bcBCD
1293 bcBC
1190 cBC
1926 cC
-557 dD
5.95 abA
69.03 bcABC
7:3
2459 cdBCD
1284 cdBCD
1175 cdCD
1917 cdCD
-542 cC
5.98 aA
69.26 bcAB
6:4
2444 cdeCD
1273 cdeBCD
1171 cdCD
1906 deCD
-538 cC
6.01 aA
69.31 bAB
5:5
2427 deD
1263 deCD
1164 dCD
1901 deCD
-526 bB
5.93 abA
69.53 abAB
4:6
2402 eD
1247 eD
1155 dD
1895 eD
-507 aA
5.94 abA
69.94 aA
CK
2693 aA
1402 aA
1292 aA
2070 aA
-623 fF
5.87 bA
67.72 eD
平均Mean
2494
1297
1197
1941
-553
5.94
68.97
CV (%)
3.43
3.42
3.45
2.76
-5.89
0.65
0.97
Values for a cultivar within a column followed by different lowercase and capital letters are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. 同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。
表6 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的RVA谱特征值 Table 6 RVA profile characteristics of mechanical pot-seedlings transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications
4 结论不同氮肥运筹处理对钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量及稻米品质有显著影响, 当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶ 4时, 水稻产量最高, 其次是7∶ 3处理。提高穗肥在总施氮量中所占的比例, 可以显著改善稻米的加工品质和营养品质, 能够增大稻米粒长和粒宽, 但同时增加了稻米垩白, 降低了稻米外观品质, 而且稻米的蒸煮食味品质有所下降。氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻稻米品质的影响具有多向性, 很难获得各项稻米品质性状指标均最优的稻米。钵苗机插优质食味水稻在中上等地力(前茬小麦产量6.7 t hm-2, 不施氮肥处理粳稻产量5.42 t hm-2)、施氮量270 kg hm-2条件下, 从兼顾产量和稻米综合品质的角度, 高产、高效及优质的基蘖肥与穗肥比例以6∶ 4较为适宜。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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表1 水稻生长期间平均温度、日照时数和降雨量 Table 1 Mean temperature, sunshine hours, and precipitation during rice growing seasons