关键词:夏玉米; 渍水; 氮肥后移; 叶面积指数; 干物质; 氮素吸收 Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Application Regime on Dry Matter, Nitrogen Accumulation and Transportation in Summer Maize under Waterlogging at the Seedling Stage WU Wen-Ming1, CHEN Hong-Jian1, WANG Shi-Ji1, WEI Feng-Zhen2, LI Jin-Cai2,* 1 Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2 College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
AbstractField experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2012 to clarify the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under waterlogging at the seedling stage in summer maize cultivar “Zhengdan958”. Under both waterlogging and control (normal watering) conditions, we implemented four treatments with total N amount of 240 kg ha-1in all treatments and different N application ratios at land preparation, jointing, and big trumpet stages (10:0:0 for N1, 7:3:0 for N2, 5:5:0 for N3, and 3:5:2 for N4). The results showed that waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased grain yield by 24.2%-25.7%, postponement of nitrogen application was able to alleviate the effect of waterlogging on grain yield. The grain yield was affected more by kernel number per ear than by 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield was positively correlated to the maximum LAI at silking stage and harvest index, while not to grain-leaf ratio. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased leaf area index (LAI), especially LAI of under-ear layer. Postponed nitrogen application increased the LAI of ear layer and above-ear layer to compensate the LAI decrease of under-ear layer, and the compensation effect was higher than the decrease effect of waterlogging stress, which resulted in higher LAI compared to the nitrogen application in advance. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased dry matter accumulation, and increased the transportation amount after silking stage. Postponed nitrogen application enhanced the accumulation of dry matter and laid the foundation for increasing grain yield. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage also significantly decreased nitrogen accumulation of different organs, and decreased nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to the grain, and nitrogen accumulation amount after silking stage. Compared with nitrogen applied in advance, postponed nitrogen application significantly increased the nitrogen content of different organs, and nitrogen accumulation amount after silking stage. Waterlogging stress decreased nitrogen uptake efficiency and partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen, postponed nitrogen application increased the nitrogen uptake efficiency by 0.9% to 18.2%, and partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen by 1.0% to 17.5%.
Keyword:Summer maize; Waterlogging; Postponed nitrogen application; Leaf area index; Dry matter; Nitrogen uptake Show Figures Show Figures
表1 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米产量、粒叶比和收获指数的影响 Table 1 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on grain yield, grain/leaf ratio and harvest index under waterlogging at the seedling stage
处理 Treatment
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
有效穗数 Effective-ear hm-2
穗粒数 Kernel per ear
千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
粒叶比 Grain/leaf ratio
收获指数 Harvest index
2011 渍水处理 Waterlogging
N1
7013.1± 491.7 a
67163
496.7± 7.2 a
297.5± 25.7
0.21± 0.01
0.41± 0.01
N2
7247.9± 399.2 a
67458
499.2± 18.3 a
317.8± 22.2
0.22± 0.02
0.42± 0.03
N3
7551.1± 810.0 a
67247
507.2± 12.0 a
329.5± 16.2
0.23± 0.01
0.44± 0.01
N4
7698.7± 342.9 a
67500
532.9± 19.0 a
330.1± 6.1
0.24± 0.01
0.47± 0.04
2011 对照 Control
N1
9388.2± 192.3 b
72563
540.6± 6.2 a
300.6± 33.8
0.22± 0.02
0.47± 0.01
N2
9611.5± 639.8 ab
70748
548.1± 10.7 a
327.6± 12.1
0.23± 0.01
0.48± 0.02
N3
9915.5± 233.2 a
71719
558.8± 13.9 a
351.0± 27.6
0.23± 0.01
0.50± 0.01
N4
10009.6± 96.6 a
70791
564.6± 5.5 a
358.5± 14.7
0.24± 0.03
0.52± 0.04
2012 渍水处理 Waterlogging
N1
6537.9± 321.5 b
63240
460.7± 4.1 b
289.9± 3.8
0.18± 0.01
0.40± 0.03
N2
6894.0± 357.8 a
65031
489.2± 5.9 b
298.3± 5.0
0.18± 0.02
0.40± 0.01
N3
7276.3± 401.8 a
66813
495.1± 7.6 a
306.7± 1.5
0.23± 0.03
0.45± 0.01
N4
7458.6± 178.3 a
66809
509.5± 4.0 a
319.3± 6.4
0.24± 0.01
0.47± 0.04
2012 对照 Control
N1
8902.1± 278.4 b
69478
525.5± 3.3 a
300.1± 3.0
0.20± 0.01
0.46± 0.07
N2
9343.6± 267.4 a
69998
532.5± 5.0 a
311.9± 7.6
0.21± 0.01
0.47± 0.03
N3
9703.6± 461.4 a
70500
548.2± 6.3 a
328.6± 8.1
0.22± 0.02
0.51± 0.01
N4
9964.7± 246.1 a
71899
558.1± 10.8 a
339.8± 4.6
0.23± 0.01
0.52± 0.04
Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) between different nitrogen treatments. N1: 100% N applied at land preparation; N2: 70% N applied at land preparation and 30% N applied at jointing stage; N3: 50% N applied at land preparation and 50% N applied at jointing stage; N4: 30% N applied at land preparation, 50% N applied at jointing stage and 20% N at big trumpet stage. 小写字母不同表示不同氮肥运筹方式在P< 0.05的水平上差异显著。N1: 氮肥全部基施; N2: 基肥70%+拔节肥30%; N3: 基肥50%+拔节肥50%; N4: 基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%。
表1 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米产量、粒叶比和收获指数的影响 Table 1 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on grain yield, grain/leaf ratio and harvest index under waterlogging at the seedling stage
图1 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米群体LAI的影响(2011年)Fig. 1 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on leaf area index (LAI) in maize under waterlogging at the seedling stage in 2011
图2 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米吐丝期不同部位群体LAI的影响Fig. 2 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on LAI of different layers in silking stage under waterlogging at the seedling stage
图3 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米地上部干物质吐丝前后分配的影响Fig. 3 Above ground biomass distribution under waterlogging at the seedling stage of different nitrogen treatments
表2 Table 2 表2(Table 2)
表2 吐丝期后营养器官贮藏干物质的转运和干物质积累 Table 2 Dry matter translocation amount from vegetative organ to grain and accumulation amount after silking stage
处理 Treatment
渍水处理 Waterlogging
对照 Control
吐丝前贮藏 干物质转运量ATASS (kg hm-2)
吐丝前贮藏干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率 CATASG (%)
吐丝后籽粒干物质积累量 AAASS (kg hm-2)
吐丝后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率 CAAASK (%)
吐丝前贮藏 干物质转运量ATASS (kg hm-2)
吐丝前贮藏干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率 CATASG (%)
吐丝后籽粒 干物质积累量 AAASS (kg hm-2)
吐丝后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率 CAAASK (%)
2011
N1
3035.7 a
38.0
4963.0 a
62.0
2537.8 a
25.4
7471.8 a
74.6
N2
2128.5 b
28.2
5422.6 a
71.8
2007.6 a
20.2
7907.9 a
79.8
N3
1954.2 bc
27.0
5293.7 a
73.0
1615.7 b
16.8
7995.8 a
83.2
N4
1688.4 c
24.1
5324.7 a
75.9
1671.9 b
17.8
7716.3 a
82.2
2012
N1
3438.5 a
48.4
3668.6 a
51.6
2289.5 a
23.1
7609.6 a
76.9
N2
2826.5 b
41.0
4073.5 a
59.0
1876.0 ab
19.4
7773.2 a
80.6
N3
2340.3 bc
35.2
4309.1 a
64.8
1375.4 b
14.8
7911.4 a
85.2
N4
1839.8 c
29.1
4473.4 a
70.9
886.3 c
10.0
8003.8 a
90.0
Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) between different nitrogen treatments. ATASS: assimilates transportation amount after silking stage; CATASG: contribution of assimilates transportation amount after silking to grain; AAASS: assimilates accumulation amount after silking stage; CAAASK: contribution of assimilates accumulation amount after silking to kernel. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 小写字母不同表示氮肥运筹方式在P< 0.05的水平上差异显著; 缩写同表1。
表2 吐丝期后营养器官贮藏干物质的转运和干物质积累 Table 2 Dry matter translocation amount from vegetative organ to grain and accumulation amount after silking stage
表3 不同氮肥运筹方式苗期受渍夏玉米植株不同器官的氮素积累量 Table 3 Nitrogen accumulation amount of different nitrogen treatments on nitrogen concentration in different organs of summer maize under waterlogging at seedling stage (kg hm-2)
生育期 Growth stage
2011
2012
渍水处理 Waterlogging
对照 Control
渍水处理 Waterlogging
对照 Control
叶 Leaf
大喇叭口期 BTS
28.65± 2.96 b
47.49± 2.07 a
23.13± 1.00 b
36.78± 0.78 a
吐丝期 SS
36.93± 1.73 b
59.18± 1.11 a
35.43± 1.45 b
50.12± 1.01 a
成熟期 MS
19.62± 0.74 b
25.24± 2.16 a
23.98± 1.78 b
28.10± 0.91 a
茎 Stem
大喇叭口期 BTS
10.41± 0.98 b
19.96± 1.86 a
11.34± 0.57 b
24.10± 0.75 a
吐丝期 SS
15.57± 2.17 b
24.85± 1.41 a
17.12± 0.76 b
25.18± 1.34 a
成熟期 MS
11.87± 0.57 b
17.55± 1.13 a
12.13± 0.79 b
15.20± 1.00 a
籽粒 Grain
成熟期 MS
82.06± 3.89 b
119.03± 3.43 a
74.09± 2.45 b
108.31± 4.03 a
合计Total
大喇叭口期 BTS
39.06
67.45
34.47
60.88
吐丝期 SS
52.50
84.03
52.55
75.30
成熟期 MS
113.55
161.82
110.20
151.61
Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) in nitrogen accumulation amount between waterlogging treatment and control. BTS: big trumpet stage; SS: silking stage; MS: maturity stage. 小写字母不同表示渍水处理和对照在P< 0.05的水平上差异显著。
表3 不同氮肥运筹方式苗期受渍夏玉米植株不同器官的氮素积累量 Table 3 Nitrogen accumulation amount of different nitrogen treatments on nitrogen concentration in different organs of summer maize under waterlogging at seedling stage (kg hm-2)
表4 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配的影响(2011年) Table 4 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on accumulation, distribution, and translocation of nitrogen in various organs of summer maize under waterlogging at the seedling stage in 2011
生育期 Growth stage
处理 Treatment
茎 Stem
叶 Leaf
籽粒 Grain
总积累量 Total N (kg hm-2)
积累量 NA (kg hm-2)
占总量比例 NP (%)
积累量 NA (kg hm-2)
占总量比例 NP (%)
积累量 NA (kg hm-2)
占总量比例NP (%)
渍水处理 Waterlogging
大喇叭 口期 BTS
N1
12.84± 1.32 a
27.18
34.40± 3.34 a
72.82
47.24
N2
10.95± 0.81 a
26.08
31.03± 1.28 a
73.92
41.98
N3
9.59± 0.02 a
25.06
28.68± 1.30 a
74.94
38.27
N4
8.25± 1.24 b
28.70
20.50± 1.76 b
71.30
28.75
吐丝期 SS
N1
18.12± 1.06 a
32.83
37.08± 0.16 a
67.17
55.20
N2
18.38± 0.30 a
34.38
35.08± 1.55 a
65.62
53.46
N3
19.38± 0.28 a
36.42
33.83± 1.67 a
63.58
53.21
N4
21.37± 1.28 a
33.87
41.72± 2.49 a
66.13
63.09
成熟期 MS
N1
11.91± 0.03 a
11.30
18.25± 1.67 a
17.31
75.24± 1.57 b
71.39
105.40
N2
13.42± 1.91 a
12.07
18.48± 0.37 a
16.62
79.26± 3.40 ab
71.30
111.16
N3
11.48± 1.15 a
10.19
20.64± 2.94 a
18.33
80.50± 3.06 a
71.48
112.62
N4
10.69± 0.18 a
8.55
21.12± 2.74 a
16.89
93.22± 4.71 a
74.56
125.03
对照 Control
大喇叭口期 BTS
N1
24.08± 1.82 a
31.70
51.89± 2.98 a
68.30
75.97
N2
21.10± 1.77 a
30.80
47.41± 1.17 a
69.20
68.51
N3
19.46± 2.93 a
28.55
48.70± 6.08 a
71.45
68.16
N4
15.19± 0.34 b
26.57
41.97± 1.76 a
73.43
57.16
吐丝期 SS
N1
22.43± 1.20 a
27.02
60.59± 5.36 a
72.98
83.02
N2
23.24± 1.62 a
27.45
61.41± 7.61 a
72.55
84.65
N3
24.98± 4.20 a
30.05
58.16± 5.09 a
69.95
83.14
N4
28.76± 4.45 a
33.70
56.57± 10.23 a
66.30
85.33
成熟期 MS
N1
16.28± 1.39 a
10.77
21.69± 0.95 b
14.34
113.25± 3.77 a
74.89
151.22
N2
19.27± 0.71 a
12.30
23.64± 0.94 ab
15.09
113.80± 1.39 a
72.62
156.71
N3
19.65± 4.10 a
11.90
24.09± 1.35 ab
14.59
121.38± 2.40 a
73.51
165.12
N4
15.01± 2.84 a
8.62
31.53± 2.20 a
18.10
127.69± 2.70 a
73.29
174.23
Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) in nitrogen accumulation amount between different nitrogen treatments. BTS: big trumpet stage; SS: silking stage; MS: maturity stage; NA: nitrogen accumulation; NP: nitrogen proportion. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 小写字母不同表示不同氮肥运筹方式在P< 0.05的水平上存在差异; 缩写同表1。
表4 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配的影响(2011年) Table 4 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on accumulation, distribution, and translocation of nitrogen in various organs of summer maize under waterlogging at the seedling stage in 2011
表5 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米氮素利用的影响 Table 5 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on nitrogenous fertilizer use efficiency under waterlogging at seedling stage
处理 Treatment
2011
2012
氮素吸收效率 NUPE (kg kg-1)
氮肥偏生产 PFPN (kg kg-1)
氮素吸收效率 NUPE (kg kg-1)
氮肥偏生产 PFPN (kg kg-1)
渍水处理 Waterlogging
N1
0.44 b
29.22 b
0.41 a
28.56 b
N2
0.46 ab
30.20 ab
0.41 a
28.16 ab
N3
0.47 a
31.46 a
0.45 a
30.73 a
N4
0.52 a
32.08 a
0.48 a
31.00 a
对照Control
N1
0.63 b
39.12 b
0.57 b
37.13 b
N2
0.65 b
40.05 ab
0.59 a
38.34 b
N3
0.69 a
41.31 a
0.64 a
41.10 a
N4
0.73 a
41.71 a
0.67 a
41.03 a
Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) between different nitrogen treatments. NUPE: nitrogen uptake efficiency; PFPN: partial factor productivity of nitrogen. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. 小写字母不同氮肥运筹方式在P< 0.05的水平上差异显著; 缩写同表1。
表5 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米氮素利用的影响 Table 5 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on nitrogenous fertilizer use efficiency under waterlogging at seedling stage
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