关键词:烤烟-大豆带状套作; 不同套作年限; 根际土壤; 微生物数量 Effects of Relay Strip Intercropping Years between Flue-cured Tobacco and Soybean on Rhizospheric Microbes Quantities TU Yong1,2, YANG Wen-Yu1,*, LIU Wei-Guo1, YONG Tai-Wen1, JIANG Lian-Qiang3, WANG Xiao-Chun1 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
2 School of Agricultural Science of Xichang College, Xichang 615013, China
3Liangshan Tobacco Company of Sichuan Province, Xichang 615000, China
AbstractTo overcome obstacles from continuous tobacco cropping and improve the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco, we studied the effects of flue-cured tobacco and soybean relay intercropping years on the population changes of three classifiable microorganism and functional microorganisms related to nitrogen metabolism in rhizospheric soil, and their relationship with the occurrence of major soil-borne disease of flue-cured tobacco in this research. Results showed that the flue-cured tobacco-soybean relay strip intercropping markedly increased the population of bacteria (B), actinomycetes (A), B/F, and A/F, while reduced the fungi (F) quantity in rhizospheric soil. Meanwhile, the flue-cured tobacco-soybean relay intercropping enhanced the quantity of functional microorganisms related to nitrogen metabolism, such as ammonifier, nitrobacteria, nitrite bacteria and free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria. In addition, it alleviated the occurrence level of soil-borne disease of flue-cured tobacco, and the severity indexes of soil-borne disease had significantly negative correlation with the quantities of bacteria and actinomycetes respectively, but were positively correlated with the increasing of fungi. With increasing the number of years for relay intercropping, the quantities of bacteria (B), actinomycetes (A), and value of B/F and A/F, ammonifier, nitrobacteria, nitrite bacteria and free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria were raised largely, while the quantities of the fungi (F) and the denitrifying bacteria were significantly declined, and there was a marked improvement in the relative control efficiency to soil-borne disease of flue-cured tobacco. These effects showed a trend of flue-cured tobacco relay strip intercropping with soybean for three years (A3) > that intercropping for two years (A2) > that intercropping for one year (A1).
Keyword:Flue-cured tobacco relay strip intercropping with soybean; Different intercropping years; Rhizospheric soil; Microbes quantities Show Figures Show Figures
表1 烟豆不同套作年限下烤烟根际土壤三大类群微生物数量比较(2013) Table 1 Three microbes quantities from flue-cured tobacco rhizospheric soil under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)
土壤取样时间 Soil sampling time
处理 Treatment
细菌 Bacteria (B) (× 107 CFU g-1)
放线菌Actinomyces (A) (× 104 CFU g-1)
真菌 Fungi (F) (× 103 CFU g-1)
B/F (× 103)
A/F
下部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of lower leaves (Jul. 30)
A1
26.64± 0.58 b
9.48± 0.52 c
3.74± 0.19 b
71.23± 0.83 c
25.35± 0.22 c
A2
26.36± 0.39 b
11.67± 0.97 b
2.92± 0.29 c
89.38± 1.24 b
40.34± 6.48 b
A3
29.26± 0.70 a
16.96± 0.22 a
2.88± 0.16 c
101.60± 1.14 a
58.98± 2.59 a
A4
27.18± 0.95 b
9.12± 0.26 c
5.58± 0.31 a
49.61± 72 d
16.37± 0.65 d
中部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of middle leaves (Aug. 22)
A1
28.31± 0.33 c
19.26± 0.40 b
4.85± 0.50 b
58.37± 0.78 c
39.96± 3.70 b
A2
29.99± 0.46 b
19.08± 0.31 b
4.44± 0.13 b
67.55± 0.66 b
43.00± 1.59 b
A3
32.51± 1.09 a
28.55± 1.18 a
3.82± 0.17 c
85.10± 0.84 a
74.92± 6.44 a
A4
24.65± 0.89 d
6.91± 0.33 c
6.62± 0.11 a
37.24± 1.23 d
10.43± 0.33 c
上部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of upper leaves (Sep. 9)
A1
23.97± 0.41 b
15.60± 0.42 b
2.02± 0.10 a
118.66± 3.45 c
77.28± 1.57 c
A2
26.88± 1.02 a
17.09± 0.26 b
1.10± 0.13 b
244.36± 2.49 b
156.96± 20.83 b
A3
27.96± 0.58 a
20.02± 1.60 a
0.42± 0.04 c
665.71± 12.16 a
478.74± 50.49 a
A4
20.50± 0.59 c
10.28± 0.56 c
2.05± 0.18 a
100.00± 2.88 d
50.46± 5.75 c
A1: one-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A2: two-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A3: three-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A4: sole cropping for tobacco; A5: sole cropping for soybean; Values within each column at the same tobacco harvesting time followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. A1: 1年烤烟-大豆套作; A2: 2年烤烟-大豆套作; A3: 3年烤烟-大豆套作; A4: 烤烟单作; A5: 大豆单作; 烟叶同一采收时期各列中标以不同字母的数字表示在0.05水平上差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表1 烟豆不同套作年限下烤烟根际土壤三大类群微生物数量比较(2013) Table 1 Three microbes quantities from flue-cured tobacco rhizospheric soil under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)
表2 烟豆不同套作年限下大豆根际土壤三大类群微生物数量比较(2013) Table 2 Three microbes quantities from soybean rhizospheric soil under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)
土壤取样时间 Soil sampling time
处理 Treatment
细菌 Bacteria (B) (× 107 CFU g-1)
放线菌 Actinomyces (A) (× 104 CFU g-1)
真菌 Fungi (F) (× 103 CFU g-1)
B/F (× 103)
A/F
盛花期, R2 Full blooming stage (Aug. 29)
A1
23.42± 1.14 c
5.22± 0.43 d
2.30± 0.40 b
103.54± 15.68 c
23.20± 4.92 c
A2
25.53± 1.03 b
9.15± 1.15 c
1.83± 0.25 bc
141.79± 25.27 b
50.69± 9.66 b
A3
30.30± 0.78 a
16.34± 0.95 a
1.42± 0.14 c
214.79± 22.24 a
115.39± 4.95 a
A5
24.35± 0.72 bc
11.82± 1.10 b
4.35± 0.50 a
56.49± 7.03 d
27.31± 2.91 c
盛荚期, R4 Full podding stage (Sep. 15)
A1
24.73± 0.97 bc
31.76± 2.98 a
3.65± 0.52 b
68.77± 10.76 c
87.62± 7.93 b
A2
26.82± 1.26 b
30.58± 1.03 a
2.72± 0.17 c
98.70± 3.23 b
112.66± 6.59 a
A3
29.98± 1.72 a
32.38± 2.51 a
2.52± 0.18 c
119.09± 3.59 a
129.10± 15.62 a
A5
24.01± 1.42 c
14.65± 0.85 b
6.76± 0.85 a
35.77± 3.27 d
21.97± 3.75 c
满粒期, R6 Full-filling stage (Oct. 5)
A1
30.73± 1.83 c
19.21± 2.15 c
2.60± 0.45 b
120.28± 20.07 bc
74.41± 4.92 b
A2
34.72± 2.26 b
22.44± 1.98 b
2.48± 0.69 b
145.94± 34.14 b
95.03± 27.18 b
A3
39.08± 1.08 a
28.77± 1.47 a
1.43± 0.25 c
278.21± 42.75 a
204.74± 32.22 a
A5
28.56± 1.47 d
9.01± 2.04 d
4.50± 0.52 a
64.16± 9.59 c
19.90± 2.62 c
A1: one-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A2: two-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A3: three-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A5: sole cropping for soybean; Values within each column at the same soybean growth period followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. A1: 1年烤烟-大豆套作; A2: 2年烤烟-大豆套作; A3: 3年烤烟-大豆套作; A5: 大豆单作; 大豆同一生育期各列中标以不同字母的数字表示在0.05水平上差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表2 烟豆不同套作年限下大豆根际土壤三大类群微生物数量比较(2013) Table 2 Three microbes quantities from soybean rhizospheric soil under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)
表3 烟豆不同套作年限下烤烟根际土壤氮素转化相关微生物数量比较(2013) Table 3 Microbes quantities of flue-cured tobacco rhizospheric soil related to nitrogen metabolism under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)(× 105 CFU g-1)
土壤取样时间 Soil sampling time
处理 Treatment
氨化细菌 Ammonifier
亚硝酸细菌 Nitrite bacteria
硝酸细菌 Nitro bacteria
反硝化细菌 Denitrifying bacteria
自生固氮菌 Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria
总数 Total
下部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of lower leaves (Jul. 30)
A1
17.25± 0.93 a
15.28± 1.20 a
18.24± 1.22 ab
17.62± 1.36 a
15.36± 1.24 b
83.75± 4.80 b
A2
17.69± 0.57 a
15.16± 0.61 a
18.10± 1.22 ab
17.04± 0.95 a
16.29± 1.10 b
85.28± 4.27 ab
A3
18.26± 1.22 a
16.27± 1.12 a
19.16± 0.57 a
17.12± 1.06 a
17.34± 1.08 a
89.15± 4.30 a
A4
15.36± 0.95 b
15.32± 0.76 a
17.92± 0.73 b
17.50± 1.06 a
12.18± 1.00 c
78.28± 4.26 c
中部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of middle leaves (Aug. 22)
A1
29.14± 0.95 c
17.48± 0.82 b
23.31± 1.59 d
29.72± 1.84 b
23.31± 1.83 c
122.96± 5.50 c
A2
35.67± 1.83 b
23.77± 1.73 a
35.67± 2.20 b
23.31± 0.66 c
35.67± 1.43 b
154.09± 7.20 b
A3
39.38± 1.23 a
23.57± 1.25 a
38.18± 1.58 a
21.78± 1.15 c
39.18± 0.99 a
162.09± 3.33 a
A4
22.79± 2.33 d
18.23± 0.98 b
28.48± 0.63 c
34.18± 0.81 a
17.09± 0.55 d
120.77± 3.30 c
上部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of upper leaves (Sep. 9)
A1
3.46± 0.69 b
5.45± 0.53 b
3.73± 0.48 b
8.00± 0.75 a
10.28± 0.54 c
30.92± 2.15 c
A2
3.97± 0.83 b
6.65± 0.48 ab
5.76± 0.82 a
6.84± 0.27 b
14.08± 1.74 b
37.30± 3.24 b
A3
5.15± 0.73 a
7.88± 1.15 a
6.34± 0.58 a
5.46± 0.49 c
20.61± 1.78 a
45.44± 4.02 a
A4
1.94± 0.11 c
4.00± 0.27 c
3.14± 0.35 b
8.56± 0.58 a
2.79± 0.58 d
20.43± 1.75 d
A1: one-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A2: two-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A3: three-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A4: sole cropping for tobacco. Values within each column at the same tobacco harvesting time followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. A1: 1年烤烟-大豆套作; A2: 2年烤烟-大豆套作; A3: 3年烤烟-大豆套作; A4: 烤烟单作。烟叶同一采收时期各列中标以不同字母的数字表示在0.05水平上差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表3 烟豆不同套作年限下烤烟根际土壤氮素转化相关微生物数量比较(2013) Table 3 Microbes quantities of flue-cured tobacco rhizospheric soil related to nitrogen metabolism under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)(× 105 CFU g-1)
表4 烟豆不同套作年限下大豆根际土壤功能性微生物数量比较(2013) Table 4 Microbes quantities of soybean rhizospheric soil related to nitrogen metabolism under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013) (× 105 CFU g-1)
土壤取样时间 Soil sampling time
处理 Treatment
氨化细菌 Ammonifier
亚硝酸细菌 Nitrite bacteria
硝酸细菌 Nitro bacteria
反硝化细菌 Denitrifying bacteria
自生固氮菌 Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria
总数 Total
盛花期, R2 Full blooming stage (Aug. 29)
A1
31.78± 2.03 c
21.78± 1.27 c
21.78± 1.44 c
35.46± 0.66 b
32.68± 1.26 b
133.48± 3.69 d
A2
36.72± 1.33 ab
34.35± 0.81 b
28.62± 0.82 b
17.42± 1.55 d
34.35± 2.50 b
151.46± 4.09 b
A3
39.18± 0.85 a
38.77± 1.35 a
39.27± 1.96 a
22.90± 2.67 c
39.18± 2.01 a
179.30± 2.66 a
A5
35.46± 0.83 b
23.64± 1.27 c
17.73± 1.25 d
39.18± 2.88 a
23.64± 2.78 c
139.65± 7.25 c
盛荚期, R4 Full podding stage (Sep. 15)
A1
10.77± 0.69 b
17.02± 1.03 c
18.15± 0.78 c
7.65± 0.55 b
22.68± 1.80 c
76.27± 4.38 c
A2
8.82± 0.39 c
23.52± 1.71 b
23.52± 1.45 b
5.10± 0.25 c
29.40± 2.01 b
90.36± 4.19 b
A3
13.79± 1.13 a
25.56± 0.60 a
35.98± 1.65 a
4.80± 0.23 c
34.38± 2.72 a
114.51± 4.87 a
A5
5.07± 0.34 d
18.04± 0.36 c
16.91± 1.50 c
10.71± 0.68 a
16.91± 1.45 d
67.64± 4.29 d
满粒期, R6 Full-filling stage (Oct. 5)
A1
8.85± 0.81 c
5.08± 0.58 c
5.32± 0.55 c
8.47± 0.49 b
8.86± 1.89 c
36.58± 3.13 c
A2
13.00± 1.56 b
7.68± 0.53 b
7.34± 0.55 b
7.68± 0.37 b
12.99± 2.48 b
48.69± 5.06 b
A3
19.18± 0.84 b
8.99± 0.77 a
8.99± 0.75 a
8.99± 0.99 b
17.98± 1.98 a
64.13± 2.72 a
A5
7.32± 0.62 c
4.51± 0.77 c
4.51± 0.47 c
12.96± 0.97 a
7.32± 0.73 c
36.62± 1.32 c
A1: one-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A2: two-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A3: three-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A5: sole cropping for soybean; Values within each column at the same soybean growth period followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. A1: 1年烤烟-大豆套作; A2: 2年烤烟-大豆套作; A3: 3年烤烟-大豆套作; A5: 大豆单作; 大豆同一生育期各列中标以不同字母的数字表示在0.05水平上差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表4 烟豆不同套作年限下大豆根际土壤功能性微生物数量比较(2013) Table 4 Microbes quantities of soybean rhizospheric soil related to nitrogen metabolism under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013) (× 105 CFU g-1)
表5 烟豆不同套作年限下烤烟主要土传病害发生情况的数量比较(2013) Table 5 Quantity of main soil-borne disease occurring on flue-cured tobacco under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)
调查时间 Survey time
处理 Treatment
烟草黑胫病 Tobacco black shank
烟草根黑腐病 Black root of tobacco
烟草青枯病 Tobacco bacterial wilt
病情指数 Disease index
相对防效 Relative control effects
病情指数 Disease index
相对防效 Relative control effects
病情指数 Disease index
相对防效 Relative control effects
下部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of lower leaves (Jul. 30)
A1
0.74± 0.02 b
17.72± 3.60 b
0.45± 0.01 b
9.90± 3.04 b
1.68± 0.02 a
2.33± 0.59 c
A2
0.76± 0.03 b
15.44± 5.80 b
0.43± 0.03 bc
14.04± 2.20 ab
1.62± 0.01 b
5.81± 1.47 b
A3
0.63± 0.02 c
29.99± 1.48 a
0.42± 0.01 c
15.91± 2.73 a
1.53± 0.04 c
11.03± 2.95 a
A4
0.90± 0.03 c
—
0.50± 0.03 a
—
1.72± 0.02 a
—
中部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of middle leaves (Aug. 22)
A1
0.76± 0.05 b
26.19± 3.47 a
0.62± 0.04 b
13.91± 3.83 b
2.08± 0.02 b
8.77± 1.92 ab
A2
0.74± 0.05 b
28.18± 1.19 a
0.61± 0.02 bc
15.23± 3.83 ab
2.12± 0.09 b
7.04± 2.83 b
A3
0.72± 0.04 b
29.88± 6.91 a
0.57± 0.03 c
20.80± 4.62 a
1.96± 0.04 c
14.02± 2.53 a
A4
1.03± 0.05 a
—
0.72± 0.02 a
—
2.28± 0.03 a
—
上部烟叶采收期 Harvest time of upper leaves (Sep. 9)
A1
1.00± 0.04 b
16.66± 2.13 b
0.80± 0.03 ab
6.95± 0.88 c
3.01± 0.09 b
5.35± 0.97 b
A2
0.95± 0.05 b
20.79± 4.80 ab
0.78± 0.02 b
9.25± 1.95 b
2.96± 0.02 b
6.89± 1.61 b
A3
0.86± 0.05 c
28.35± 2.67 a
0.75± 0.02 b
12.75± 1.47 a
2.79± 0.03 c
12.25± 1.17 a
A4
1.20± 0.03 a
—
0.86± 0.04 a
—
3.18± 0.07 a
—
A1: one-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A2: two-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A3: three-year relay intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and soybean; A4: sole cropping for tobacco; Values within each column at the same tobacco harvesting time followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. A1: 1年烤烟-大豆套作; A2: 2年烤烟-大豆套作; A3: 3年烤烟-大豆套作; A4: 烤烟单作:烟叶同一采收时期各列中标以不同字母的数字表示在0.05水平上差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表5 烟豆不同套作年限下烤烟主要土传病害发生情况的数量比较(2013) Table 5 Quantity of main soil-borne disease occurring on flue-cured tobacco under relay strip intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and soybean in different years (2013)
表6 烤烟主要土传病害病情指数与其根际土壤三大类群微生物数量的相关性分析(2013) Table 6 Correlation analysis between disease index of main soil-borne disease occurring on flue-cured tobacco and quantities of three microbes in rhizospheric soil (2013)
病害 Disease
指标 Index
细菌 Bacteria
放线菌Actinomyces
真菌 Fungi
B/F
A/F
病情指数 Disease index
烟草黑胫病Tobacco black shank
细菌Bacteria (B)
1
0.99* *
-0.98* *
0.93*
0.93*
-0.94*
放线菌Actinomyces (A)
1
-0.96*
0.92*
0.92*
-0.96*
真菌Fungi (F)
1
-0.83
-0.82
0.96* *
B/F
1
1.00* *
-0.76
A/F
1
-0.77
病情指数Disease index
1
烟草根黑腐病 Black root of tobacco
细菌Bacteria
1
0.99* *
-0.98* *
0.93*
0.93*
-0.96*
放线菌Actinomyces
1
-0.96*
0.92*
0.92*
-0.97*
真菌Fungi
1
-0.83
-0.82
0.98* *
B/F
1
1.00* *
-0.80
A/F
1
-0.80
病情指数Disease index
1
烟草青枯病 Tobacco bacterial wilt
细菌Bacteria
1
0.99* *
-0.98* *
0.93*
0.93*
-0.99* *
放线菌Actinomyces
1
-0.96*
0.92*
0.92*
-1.00* *
真菌Fungi
1
-0.83
-0.82
0.95* *
B/F
1
1.00* *
-0.93*
A/F
1
-0.93*
病情指数Disease index
1
* , * * 分别表示0.05和0.01显著水平。* , * * Significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.
表6 烤烟主要土传病害病情指数与其根际土壤三大类群微生物数量的相关性分析(2013) Table 6 Correlation analysis between disease index of main soil-borne disease occurring on flue-cured tobacco and quantities of three microbes in rhizospheric soil (2013)
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