关键词:旱地; 冬小麦; 地膜覆盖; 土壤水分; 水分利用效率 Effects of Plastic Mulching Modes on Soil Moisture and Grain Yield in Dryland Winter Wheat CHAI Shou-Xi1, YANG Chang-Gang1,*, ZHANG Shu-Fang2, CHEN Heng-Hong3, CHANG Lei1 1Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2Meteorological Bureau of Linxia Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, Linxia 731100, China
3Gansu Guofeng Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730070, China
AbstractMulching strategies and practices are required to increase crop yields in arid and semiarid rainfed areas. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different mulching modes on soil moisture, grain yield, and water use efficiency for winter wheat in a semiarid rainfed region of Loess Plateau, Northwest China during 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons. Winter wheat was grown under four cultivation patterns: whole field plastic mulching with soil cover on the top of the plastic mulch and bunch-seeding (T1), whole field plastic mulching without soil cover on the top of the plastic mulch and bunch-seeding (T2), ridges mulched with plastic film and row-seeding in the furrow (T3), and non-mulching with row-seeding as control (CK). Compared with CK, the three plastic mulching treatments showed the increase of water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer before booting stage by 2.3% in the 2008-2009 season and 1.7% in the 2009-2010 season and the decrease of 0-200 cm soil water storage from booting to harvest by 14.7% and 7.6% in the two seasons, respectively. In the three plastic mulching treatments, the 0-20 cm soil moisture during the whole growth season was obviously higher than that in CK, however the 20-90 cm soil moisture after jointing and the 90-200 cm soil moisture during the whole growth season were lower than that in CK. As a result, the 0-200 cm soil water storage at harvest in the plastic mulching treatments was 64.7 mm (2008-2009 growing season) and 47.0 mm (2009-2010 growing season) lower than that in CK. Although T1, T2 and T3 consumed 64.6 mm and 77.2 mm more soil water than CK in two growing seasons, the 0-200 cm soil water storage was 29.8 mm and 22.8 mm higher at seeding stage in autumn after the summer fallowing. This result indicated that soil water storage was restored rapidly during summer fallow in plastic mulching treatments. Compared with CK, plastic mulching treatments enhanced wheat yield by 49.4% in 2008-2009 season and 53.2% in 2009-2010 season and water use efficiency by 11.8% in 2008-2009 season and 14.3% in 2009-2010 season. In a comprehensive consideration of yield, water use efficiency and economical return, T1 is recommended as a simple and applicable technique in semiarid rainfed wheat production aiming at high yield and high efficiency.
Keyword:Dryland; Winter wheat; Plastic film mulching; Soil moisture; Water use efficiency Show Figures Show Figures
表1 冬小麦生育期及休闲期降水量 Table 1 Precipitations in winter wheat growing duration and fallow stage (mm)
月份/生育阶段 Month/period
总降水量 Total precipitation
有效降水量 ≥ 5 mm Precipitation
2008-2009
2009-2010
Mean of 1970-2010
2008-2009
2009-2010
9月 September
53.8
0
0
53.8
0
10月 October
39.3
38.2
28.5
33.8
32.5
11月 November
4.3
7.1
5.3
0
0
12月 December
0
3.4
1.6
0
0
1月 January
2.1
0
3.3
0
0
2月 February
9.5
1.5
4.6
7.4
0
3月 March
11.9
20.1
12.1
0
16.7
4月 April
18.0
36.0
28.0
10.4
36.0
5月 May
29.9
74.4
44.6
20.0
65.9
6月 June
22.3
44.9
53.4
18.2
44.9
7月 July
85.3
27.2
77.4
85.3
22.3
8月 August
97.4
40.2
82.6
95.0
33.4
9月 September
10.7
30.6
49.5
0
27.2
生育期 Growth duration
191.1
243.2
181.4
143.6
211.9
休闲期 Fallow stage
193.4
80.4
209.5
180.3
67.0
总计 Total
384.5
323.6
390.9
323.9
278.9
Growing period and fallow stage in 2008-2009 were from 20 Sep. 2008 to 14 July 2009 and from 15 July to 22 Sep. 2009, respectively. Growing period and fallow stage in 2009-2010 were from 23 Sep. 2009 to 1 July 2010 and from 2 July to 20 Sep. 2010, respectively. 2008-2009年度冬小麦生育期为2008年9月20日至2009年7月14日, 休闲期为2009年7月15日至9月22日; 2009-2010年度冬小麦生育期为2009年9月23日至2010年7月1日, 休闲期为2010年7月2日至9月20日。
表1 冬小麦生育期及休闲期降水量 Table 1 Precipitations in winter wheat growing duration and fallow stage (mm)
两年度降水量分布见表1。2008— 2009年度, 冬小麦返青前降水趋于多年均值, 但次年3月至6月降水较常年同期少40.6%, 冬小麦生长后期受旱较重; 2009— 2010年度, 冬小麦播种至返青阶段降水只有50.2 mm, 比上一年度同期降水少53.9%, 造成冬小麦返青前受旱较重。 1.2 试验设计设4个处理, 分别为露地条播(CK)、全膜覆土穴播(T1)、全膜穴播(T2)、垄膜沟播(T3), 每处理5次重复, 随机区组排列, 小区面积24 m2 (3 m× 8 m)。T1处理在秋季播种前全地面平作覆膜, 膜面覆土1 cm, 穴播, 行距20 cm, 穴距15 cm, 每小区种15行, 行播量30 g; T2处理秋播前全地面平作覆膜, 膜上不覆土, 种植行距、穴距、行播量等同T1; T3处理在秋播前起垄, 垄底宽30 cm, 垄高5~10 cm, 两垄底间距30 cm, 垄面覆膜, 每垄沟条播2行, 2行间距24 cm, 各行距离垄底3 cm, 每小区种12行, 行播量37.5 g; 露地CK在播前不覆膜, 平作, 条播, 行距20 cm, 每小区种15行, 行播量30 g。第1生长季在2008年9月18日覆膜, 9月20日播种, 2009年7月1日收获; 第2生长季T1继续保留覆膜, T2和T3处理则在2009年9月21日揭掉上茬残膜, 然后耕作整地、重新覆膜, 于2009年9月23日播种, 2010年7月14日收获。 各小区播种和施肥量相同, 冬小麦供试品种为陇中1号, 播种量均为187.5 kg hm-2。第1个生长季各处理覆膜前将充分腐熟的牛粪4500 kg hm-2、纯氮105 kg hm-2和P2O5 105 kg hm-2在整地时作基肥一次性深翻30 cm施入; 第2个生长季各处理均不再施肥。各处理所施氮肥为尿素, 磷肥为磷酸二铵。2个生长季均在灌浆前期将叶面肥、杀虫剂和杀菌剂等混合喷施用于防止后期病虫害、干热风和冬小麦植株早衰。 1.3 土壤水分相关指标的测定和计算方法在小麦播种前1天、冬前、返青、拔节、孕穗、开花、灌浆和成熟期, 从小麦种植行间取土样, 按0~20、20~40、40~60、60~90、90~120、120~150、150~180和180~200 cm 8个土层, 用烘干法测定土壤含水量。2个生长季以播种前1天测定的土壤含水量值比较夏闲期各处理的土壤水分恢复状况。多土层含水量为各土层含水量的加权平均值。土壤含水量(%) = (土壤鲜质量-土壤干质量) / 土壤干质量 × 100。 W = 10 × h × ρ × ω [13], 式中W为土壤贮水量(mm), h为土层深度(cm), ρ 为土壤容重(g cm-3), ω 为土壤含水量(%); ET = (W1-W2) + P [3], 式中ET为作物生育期耗水量(mm), P为作物生育期≥ 5 mm有效降雨量, W1、W2分别为播前和收获时的土壤贮水量(mm)。 WUE=Y/ET [3], 式中WUE为水分利用效率(kg mm-1 hm-2), Y为小麦籽粒产量(kg hm-2), ET为农田耗水量(mm)。 1.4 小麦产量及其构成因素测定小麦成熟前1周, 从每小区选3点测定单位面积穗数; 成熟后按小区收获, 脱粒后晒干称重, 计算产量, 籽粒含水量约为12.5%。从各小区随机取20株室内考种, 按国标方法测定穗粒数、千粒重。 1.5 统计分析采用Microsoft Excel 2003和SPSS 20.0软件处理和分析数据, 用LSD法进行多重比较。用SigmaPlot 12.3作图。
表2 冬小麦产量及种植效益 Table 2 Yield and planting benefit of winter wheat
处理 Treatment
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
穗数 SN (m-2)
穗粒数 GNS
千粒重 GW (g)
水分利用效率WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
投入 Cost (Yuan hm-2)
收入 Income (Yuan hm-2)
纯收益 Return (Yuan hm-2)
地膜 Plastic
机械 Mechanization
总量 Total
2008-2009
T1
3789.5 b
532.4 a
23.8 c
32.9 a
14.8 b
1470.0
1050.0
4130.0
9094.8
4964.8
T2
4312.5 a
522.5 a
27.5 b
33.0 a
16.6 a
1470.0
1050.0
4730.0
10350.0
5620.0
T3
3655.5 c
428.3 b
27.6 b
34.0 a
14.2 c
630.0
1050.0
3890.0
8773.2
4883.2
CK
2623.5 d
265.5 c
33.1 a
32.8 a
13.6 d
0
675.0
2885.0
6296.4
3411.4
2009-2010
T1
3103.5 b
281.6 a
30.2 b
36.4 ab
11.0 b
0
675.0
1350.0
7448.4
6098.4
T2
3874.5 a
352.2 a
29.8 b
37.9 a
11.9 a
1470.0
1725.0
4470.0
9298.8
4828.8
T3
2964.0 c
328.8 a
27.1 c
35.4 bc
10.0 c
630.0
1725.0
3630.0
7113.6
3483.6
CK
2163.5 d
168.2 b
38.2 a
34.6 c
9.6 d
0
1350.0
2625.0
5192.4
2567.4
Total cost contains expenses on herbicide, fertilizer, and seed etc. in addition to plastic film and mechanization. The herbicide costs were 0 Yuan ha-1 for T1 and 600 Yuan ha-1 for other treatments in both years. The sums for fertilizer, seed and other items were the same in all treatments, which were 1610 Yuan ha-1 in 2008-2009 and 675 Yuan ha-1 in 2009-2010. The prices of diammonium phosphate and urea were 2.5 Yuan kg-1 and 1.6 Yuan kg-1, respectively. The income was from benefit of wheat product at the price of 2.4 Yuan kg-1. In each growing season, different letters after data within a column indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). SN: spike number, GNS: grain numbers per spike, GW: 1000-grain weight. WUE: water use efficiency. 除地膜、机械外, 总投入还包括除草剂、肥料、种子等; 两年度除草剂投入均为T1 0元 hm-2, 其他处理600 元 hm-2; 肥料、种子等其他投入各处理相同, 2008-2009年度为1610 元 hm-2, 2009-2010年度为675 元 hm-2, 其中磷酸二铵2.5 元 kg-1, 尿素1.6元 kg-1。收入为产量收入, 小麦市场价格为2.4 元 kg-1。同一年度中, 同列的数据后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
表2 冬小麦产量及种植效益 Table 2 Yield and planting benefit of winter wheat
表3 不同土层的土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量 Table 3 Consumption of soil water storage (CSWS) in different soil layers and total water consumption (TWC) (mm)
处理 Treatment
土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)
土壤贮水 消耗量 CSWS
总耗水量 TWC
0-20
20-40
40-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
150-180
180-200
2008-2009
T1
19.3 b
21.2 a
12.6 a
11.0 a
7.1 a
7.8 b
21.1 a
12.6 a
112.7 a
256.4 a
T2
19.6 ab
21.9 a
12.6 a
11.0 a
5.3 b
10.1 a
22.2 a
14.1 a
116.8 a
260.4 a
T3
20.3 a
21.4 a
12.4 a
10.2 a
4.5 b
11.9 a
22.2 a
10.4 b
113.3 a
257.0 a
CK
20.7 a
20.0 a
9.5 b
3.0 b
5.3 b
-0.2 c
-3.3 b
-5.3 c
49.7 b
193.3 b
2009-2010
T1
5.6 b
15.5 b
19.5 b
12.5 b
8.1 b
2.8 c
4.8 c
1.7 b
70.4 c
282.3 c
T2
8.0 a
25.7 a
26.4 a
27.2 a
8.7 b
7.8 a
6.1 b
4.5 a
114.5 a
326.4 a
T3
4.8 b
13.3 b
16.4 b
25.7 a
9.4 a
6.0 b
7.4 a
4.0 a
87.0 b
298.9 b
CK
6.0 b
2.8 c
2.5 c
2.6 c
4.5 c
2.0 c
-1.1 d
-5.9 c
13.4 d
225.3 d
In each growing season, different letters after data within a column indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). 同一年度中, 同列的数据后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
表3 不同土层的土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量 Table 3 Consumption of soil water storage (CSWS) in different soil layers and total water consumption (TWC) (mm)
表4 下茬秋播时土壤贮水量 Table 4 Soil water storage (SWS) at the autumn sowing of succession cropping (mm)
处理 Treatment
成熟期土壤贮水量 SWS at harvest
夏闲期结束时土壤贮水量 SWS after summer fallow
夏闲期土壤贮水补充量 SWS increment during summer fallow
2008-2009
T1
226.2 b
354.7 b
128.5 b
T2
222.5 b
374.5 a
152.0 a
T3
225.2 b
361.5 b
136.3 b
CK
289.3 a
333.8 c
44.5 c
2009-2010
T1
284.2 b
292.1 a
7.9 b
T2
260.0 d
288.4 b
28.4 a
T3
275.9 c
283.9 b
8.0 b
CK
320.4 a
265.4 c
-55.0 c
In each growing season, different letters after data within a column indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). 同一年度中, 同列的数据后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
表4 下茬秋播时土壤贮水量 Table 4 Soil water storage (SWS) at the autumn sowing of succession cropping (mm)
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