摘要以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材、四叶一心期带蘖小苗移栽, 超稀植(12.45×104穴 hm-2)栽培, 对高产(10.5~12.0 t hm-2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm-2)、超高产(>13.5 t hm-2) 3个产量群体的产量及其结构、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态及干物质的积累与运转等进行了系统比较研究。结果表明, 产量由高产(10.5~12.0 t hm-2)到更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm-2)再到超高产(>13.5 t hm-2), 群体的颖花量不断提高, 结实率和千粒重略微下降。与高产和更高产群体相比, 超高产群体茎蘖数起点较高, 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗, 至拔节期群体茎蘖数稳步增长, 达高峰苗, 此后群体茎蘖数平缓下降, 成穗率近60%; 群体叶面积指数生育前期较小, 最大值出现在孕穗期, 为9.17, 此后平缓下降, 成熟期在4.0以上; 群体干物质积累量在拔节期略低, 此后各生育时期均升高, 抽穗期为14.38 t hm-2, 抽穗至成熟期为9.73 t hm-2, 成熟期为24.11 t hm-2; 群体根系干重、根冠比及单茎伤流强度在后期(抽穗至成熟期)均较高。
关键词:甬优12; 超高产; 群体特征 Population Characteristics for Super-high Yielding Hybrid Rice Yongyou 12 (>13.5 t ha-1) WANG Xiao-Yan1, WEI Huan-He2, ZHANG Hong-Cheng2,*, SUN Jian3, ZHANG Jian-Min3, LI Chao2, LU Hui-Bin4, YANG Jun-Wen3, MA Rong-Rong5, XU Jiu-Fu6, WANG Jue6, XU Yue-Jin6, SUN Yu-Hai2 1Ningbo Seed Company of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China
2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
3Agricultural Technology Extension and Service, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315100, China
4Ningbo City Crop Farming Management Station, Ningbo 315100, China
5 Crop Research Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China
6 Dongqiao Town Hall, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315157, China
AbstractUsingindica-japonica super rice Yongyou 12, by transplanting seedlings with tillers at the age of four leaves with one leaf bud and applying super sparse cultivation technology, we compared and studied grain yield and its components, tiller dynamic, leaf area dynamic and accumulation dynamic of dry matter in three types of populations (high yield: 10.5-12.0 t ha-1; higher yield: 12.0-13.5 t ha-1; super-high yield: >13.5 t ha-1). The results showed that super-high yielding rice had more population spikelets, and slightly lower seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight than high yielding and higher yielding rice. Compared with high yielding and higher yielding rice, super-high yielding rice showed more number of stems and tillers at transplanting stage and achieved the expected number of stems and tillers at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers. During jointing stage the number of stems and tillers increased steadily and up to the maximum with a panicle rate of nearly 60%. The leaf area index of super-high yielding rice was relatively smaller at the early stage and the maximum of 9.17 at booting stage, and then slowly declined to more than 4.0 at maturity; the dry matter weight was relatively smaller at jointing stage and then the highest at each phase of the super-high yielding rice, which was 14.38 t ha-1 at heading stage, 9.73 t ha-1 from heading to maturity stage, and 24.11 t ha-1 at maturity stage. The root dry weight, ratio of root to shoot and root bleeding intensity per stem of the super-high yielding rice population were all the highest from heading to maturity stages.
表4 不同产量群体各生育期的叶面积指数 Table 4 Leaf area index of the different yield populations
类型 Type
叶面积指数 Leaf area index
叶面积衰减率 Leaf area decreasing per day (LAI d-1)
N-n期 Critical leaf-age for productive tillers
拔节期 Jointing
孕穗期 Booting
抽穗期 Heading
乳熟期 Milky
成熟期 Maturity
2012
高产 High yield ( n=4)
—
6.22 Aa
—
7.90 Cc
—
3.08 Cc
0.0633 Aa
更高产Higher yield ( n=4)
—
6.03 Bb
—
8.19 Bb
—
3.78 Bb
0.0613 Bb
超高产Super-high yield ( n=5)
—
5.92 Bb
—
8.63 Aa
—
4.14 Aa
0.0598 Cc
2013
高产 High yield ( n=4)
2.80 Cc
6.17 Aa
8.24 Cc
7.96 Cc
5.93 Cc
3.27 Cc
0.0638 Aa
更高产Higher yield ( n=4)
2.97 Bb
5.98 Aa
8.51 Bb
8.08 Bb
6.73 Bb
3.99 Bb
0.0615 Bb
超高产Super-high yield ( n=5)
3.03 Aa
5.89 Bb
9.17 Aa
8.73 Aa
7.16 Aa
4.16 Aa
0.0605 Cc
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 1% (capital) and 5% (lowercase) probability levels, respectively. 标以不同字母的值分别在1% (大写字母)和5% (小写字母)水平差异显著。
表4 不同产量群体各生育期的叶面积指数 Table 4 Leaf area index of the different yield populations
表5 Table 5 表5(Table 5)
表5 不同产量群体抽穗期叶面积构成和粒叶比 Table 5 Leaf area components and grain-leaf ratio at heading of the different yield populations
类型 Type
有效叶 面积指数 Effective LAI
高效叶 面积指数 High effective LAI
比叶重 SLW (mg cm-2)
粒叶比Grain-leaf ratio
颖花/叶 Spikelets per cm2 leaf area (cm-2)
实粒/叶 Filled grains per cm2 leaf area (cm-2)
粒重/叶 Grain weight per cm2 leaf area (cm-2)
2012
高产High yield ( n=4)
7.24 Cc
5.41 Cc
5.17 Cc
0.752 Cc
0.654 Cc
—
更高产Higher yield ( n=4)
7.62 Bb
5.91 Bb
5.43 Bb
0.840 Bb
0.715 Bb
—
超高产Super-high yield ( n=5)
8.26 Aa
6.40 Aa
5.83 Aa
0.901 Aa
0.763 Aa
—
2013
高产High yield ( n=5)
7.18 Cc
5.45 Cc
5.14 Cc
0.694 Cc
0.597 Cc
13.18 Cc
更高产Higher yield ( n=8)
7.48 Bb
5.79 Bb
5.37 Bb
0.810 Bb
0.688 Bb
15.13 Bb
超高产Super-high yield( n=7)
8.30 Aa
6.44 Aa
5.74 Aa
0.878 Aa
0.741 Aa
15.46 Aa
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 1% (capital) and 5% (small) probability levels, respectively. LAI: leaf area index; SLW: specific leaf weight. 标以不同字母的值分别在1% (大写字母)和5% (小写字母)水平差异显著。
表5 不同产量群体抽穗期叶面积构成和粒叶比 Table 5 Leaf area components and grain-leaf ratio at heading of the different yield populations
2.4 物质生产积累动态由表6可知, 播种至拔节期的干物质积累量(5.31 t hm-2)及占生物学产量的比例(28.0%)均以高产群体最高。拔节至抽穗期的干物重积累量以超高产群体最高, 达9.71 t hm-2, 分别较更高产和高产群体高20.39%和35.24%, 对应的占生物学产量的比例也以超高产群体(40.3%)最高, 且极显著高于更高产(36.9%)和高产(33.1%)群体, 抽穗至成熟期的干物重积累也呈现类似规律。就群体生长率、光合势和净同化率而言, 播种至拔节期以高产群体居高, 拔节至抽穗期及抽穗至成熟期以超高产群体最高, 且极显著高于更高产和高产群体。 表6 Table 6 表6(Table 6)
表6 不同产量群体各生育阶段光合物质生产特征 Table 6 Characteristics of photosynthate accumulation in different yield populations
生育阶段 Development phase
光合物质生产指标 Index of production of dry matter
类型Type
高产( n=5) High yield
更高产( n=8) Higher yield
超高产( n=7) Super-high yield
播种-拔节期 Sowing to jointing stage
累积量Biomass (t hm-2)
5.31 Aa
5.05 Bb
4.67 Bb
占生物学产量的比例RBSM (%)
28.02 Aa
23.98 Bb
19.38 Bb
群体生长率CGR (g m-2 d-1)
8.31 Aa
7.90 Bb
7.31 Cc
光合势LAD (m2d m-2)
197.44 Aa
191.36 Bb
188.48 Bb
净同化率NAR (g m-2 d-1)
1.065 Aa
1.026 Bb
0.956 Bb
拔节-抽穗期 Jointing to heading stage
累积量Biomass (t hm-2)
6.27 Cc
7.73 Bb
9.71 Aa
占生物学产量的比例RBSM (%)
33.07 Cc
36.68 Bb
40.27 Aa
群体生长率CGR (g m-2 d-1)
11.62 Cc
14.33 Bb
18.00 Aa
光合势LAD (m2d m-2)
351. 57 Cc
354.25 Bb
365.55 Aa
净同化率NAR (g m-2 d-1)
0.718 Cc
0.891 Bb
1.082 Aa
抽穗-成熟期 Heading to maturity stage
累积量Biomass (t hm-2)
7.38 Cc
8.29 Bb
9.73 Aa
占生物学产量的比例RBSM (%)
38.91 Cc
39.34 Bb
40.35 Aa
群体生长率CGR (g m-2 d-1)
9.85 Cc
11.06 Bb
12.98 Aa
光合势LAD (m2d m-2)
376.20 Cc
404.58 Bb
431.87 Aa
净同化率NAR (g m-2 d-1)
0.811 Cc
0.828 Bb
0.915 Aa
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 1% (capital) and 5% (lowercase) probability levels, respectively. RBSM: ratio to biomass of maturity; CGR: crop growth rate; LAD: leaf area duration; NAR: net assimilation rate. 标以不同字母的值分别在1% (大写字母)和5% (小写字母)水平差异显著。
表6 不同产量群体各生育阶段光合物质生产特征 Table 6 Characteristics of photosynthate accumulation in different yield populations
表7 生育后期茎鞘物质输出与转运特点 Table 7 Output and translocation of dry matter per stem and sheath in later stage
类型 Type
单茎茎鞘重 Weight per stem and sheath (g)
单茎茎鞘物质输出量 Output per stem and sheath (g)
物质输出率 Output rate (%)
抽穗期 Heading stage
乳熟期 Milky stage
成熟期 Maturity stage
抽穗-乳熟期 Heading to milky stage
抽穗-成熟期 Heading to maturity stage
乳熟-成熟期 Milky to maturity stage
最大输出率 Maximum output rate (%)
表观输出率 Apparent output rate (%)
高产( n=5) High yield
4.53 Cc
3.29 Cc
3.75 Cc
1.24 Cc
0.78 Aa
-0.46 Aa
27.37 Cc
17.22 Aa
更高产( n=8) Higher yield
4.65 Bb
3.32 Bb
3.95 Bb
1.33 Bb
0.70 Bb
-0.63 Bb
28.60 Bb
15.05 Bb
超高产( n=7) Super-high yield
4.90 Aa
3.41 Aa
4.23 Aa
1.49 Aa
0.67 Cc
-0.82 Cc
30.41 Aa
13.67 Cc
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 1% (capital) and 5% (lowercase) probability levels, respectively. 标以不同字母的值分别在1% (大写字母)和5% (小写字母)水平差异显著。
表7 生育后期茎鞘物质输出与转运特点 Table 7 Output and translocation of dry matter per stem and sheath in later stage
表8 不同产量群体根系伤流强度和根干重 Table 8 Root bleeding intensity and dry weight in different yield populations
根系性状 Root characteristics
生育期 Growth stage
类型Type
高产( n=5) High yield
更高产( n=8) Higher yield
超高产( n=7) Super-high yield
单茎伤流强度 Root bleeding intensity per stem (g h-1)
抽穗期 Heading stage
0.1311 Cc
0.1395 Bb
0.1422 Aa
乳熟期 Milky stage
0.1052 Cc
0.1121 Bb
0.1143 Aa
成熟期 Maturity stage
0.0339 Cc
0.0367 Bb
0.0377 Aa
单茎根干重 Root dry weight per stem (g)
抽穗期 Heading stage
0.5333 Cc
0.6038 Bb
0.7024 Aa
乳熟期 Milky stage
0.4918 Cc
0.5563 Bb
0.6501 Aa
成熟期 Maturity stage
0.3775 Cc
0.4256 Bb
0.5064 Aa
群体根干重 Root dry weight of population (t hm-2)
抽穗期 Heading stage
1.1967 Cc
1.4596 Bb
1.9609 Aa
乳熟期 Milky stage
1.1231 Cc
1.3575 Bb
1.7739 Aa
成熟期 Maturity stage
0.9207 Cc
1.0766 Bb
1.2596 Aa
根冠比 Ratio of root to shoot
抽穗期 Heading stage
0.1032 Cc
0.1141 Bb
0.1262 Aa
乳熟期 Milky stage
0.0886 Cc
0.0973 Bb
0.1065 Aa
成熟期 Maturity stage
0.0485 Cc
0.0511 Bb
0.0522 Aa
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 1% (capital) and 5% (lowercase) probability levels, respectively. 标以不同字母的值分别在1% (大写字母)和5% (小写字母)水平差异显著。
表8 不同产量群体根系伤流强度和根干重 Table 8 Root bleeding intensity and dry weight in different yield populations
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