关键词:水稻; 生产力; 纬向差异; 布局 Latitudinal Difference of Rice Varieties Productivity in the Lower Yangtze and Huai Valleys and Its Rational Utilization XU Ke1, YANG Hai-Sheng1,2, ZHANG Hong-Cheng1,*, GONG Jin-Long1, SHEN Xin-Ping1, TAO Xiao-Jun1, DAI Qi-Gen1, HUO Zhong-Yang1, WEI Hai-Yan1, GAO Hui1 1Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
2Seed Management Bureau of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
Fund: AbstractRice grain yield is affected significantly by the latitudinal environment factors. However, little is known about the latitudinal difference of prolificacy and stability of grain productivity in rice varieties with different growth durations in the downstream of Yangtze River and Huai River Valleys. In this study, under the condition of rice-wheat cropping rotation, a field experiment with five seeding dates using 11 rice varieties with different growth durations in Jiangsu Province was conducted to investigate the latitudinal difference of prolificacy and stability of grain productivity and the rational distribution of the varieties in Peixian (34.7° N), Donghai (34.5° N), Suyu (34.0° N), Jianhu (33.4° N), Yangzhou (32.4° N), and Kunshan (31.3° N) of Jiangsu Province in 1997-2000. Results showed that there was a highly significant difference in grain yield of rice varieties with different growth durations and different seeding dates in different latitudinal sites. The equationY = at2+bt+cwas used to describe the relationship between grain yield and seeding date for all varieties, according to the change of valuesa andb there were three types of parabola which might be transformed between each other due to the change of sites or years. Compared with other rice varieties the prolificacy and stability of grain productivity of late-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties were better, thereby their suitable planting zones were wider. But with the mature date prolonging unceasingly, the prolificacy index (Pi) decreased and the stability index (Si) increased in late-maturityjaponica rice varieties, so the yield prolificacy and stability became poor. The prolificacy of Liangyoupeijiu (hybrid mid-maturityindica rice variety) was only less than that of late-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties but better than that of other rice varieties, while its yield stability was just better than that of early-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties. Compared with the early-maturity rice varieties, the late-maturity rice varieties had significantly better prolificacy and stability than other varieties. Based on the prolificacy and stability of varieties with different growth durations and the conditions of annual temperature and light in Jiangsu, we rationally regionalized planting area into suitable region, sub-suitable region, possible region and unsuitable region to confirm the distribution of rice varieties. Medium-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties, late-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties and early-maturity latejaponica rice varieties were the main varieties suitable to plant in Subei, Suzhong and Sunan regions, also some varieties with closer growth duration could be planted as a supplement. However, hybrid mid-maturityindica rice varieties were only suitable to be planted in western hilly land of Jiangsu Province. In northern Huai River zone appropriately otherwise, earlier sowing was available and in Suzhong and Sunan regions the seeding date had to be suitable, otherwise, earlier or later sowing was not available to increase grain yield. On the premise of safely maturity accomplished, it is beneficial for increasing rice productivity to select partial late maturing varieties and plant morejaponica rice varieties in theindica-japonica region.
Keyword:Rice; Grain productivity; Latitudinal difference; Distribution Show Figures Show Figures
表3 各试验点、年份间不同生育类型水稻产量多重比较分析 Table 3 Multiple comparison analysis of grain yield of varieties with different growth durations in different sites and years (t hm-2)
地点 Site
年份 Year
早熟中粳稻 EMMJ
中熟中粳稻 MMMJ
迟熟中粳稻 LMMJ
早熟晚粳稻 EMLJ
中熟晚粳稻 MMLJ
杂交中籼稻 HMI
沛县 Peixian
1997
8.77 a
8.77 a
8.74 a
—
—
—
1998
8.41 c
9.50 b
10.30 a
—
—
9.44 b
2000
8.31 b
8.48 a
8.47 a
—
—
8.32 b
东海 Donghai
1997
—
8.98 a
8.41 b
7.82 c
6.34 d
—
1998
8.84 c
9.97 a
9.65 b
—
—
9.97 a
1999
8.20 c
8.84 b
9.00 a
8.03 d
—
7.65 e
2000
7.83 c
8.88 a
8.70 ab
8.53 b
—
7.67 c
宿豫 Suyu
1997
—
9.00 a
—
7.99 b
6.26 c
—
1998
8.93 b
9.17 b
9.52 a
8.91 b
—
9.77 a
1999
8.41 c
8.54 b
8.98 a
8.28 d
—
—
建湖 Jianhu
1997
—
8.78 b
8.89 a
8.68 bc
7.82 d
—
1998
8.41 d
9.09 c
10.27 a
9.63 b
—
9.84 b
1999
8.32 c
8.84 b
9.50 a
8.68 b
—
9.40 a
2000
8.99 c
9.05 c
10.15 a
9.25 bc
—
9.48 b
扬州 Yangzhou
1997
7.66 c
8.42 b
9.96 a
9.15 b
8.88 b
—
1998
7.83 d
8.87 c
10.42 a
9.42 b
9.24 b
10.26 a
1999
7.95 e
8.70 d
9.53 a
8.99 b
8.73 d
8.85 c
2000
7.59 d
8.92 c
10.16 a
9.46 b
9.17 bc
9.47 b
昆山 Kunshan
1997
—
8.10 c
8.69 b
9.05 a
9.16 a
—
1998
—
7.92 c
9.75 a
9.83 a
9.28 b
9.81 a
1999
—
8.08 d
9.08 ab
8.71 bc
8.66 c
9.42 a
2000
—
8.29 d
9.93 a
9.49 c
—
9.75 b
同行数据后不同字母者表示在0.05水平上差异显著。 Data followed by different letters within a row are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. EMMJ: early-maturity medium japonica rice; MMMJ: medium-maturity medium japonicarice; LMMJ: late-maturity medium japonica rice; EMLJ: early-maturity late jap o nica rice; MMLJ: medium-maturity late japonica rice; HMI: hybrid medium indicarice.
表3 各试验点、年份间不同生育类型水稻产量多重比较分析 Table 3 Multiple comparison analysis of grain yield of varieties with different growth durations in different sites and years (t hm-2)
续表5-2 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5-2 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations
地点 Site
年份 Year
Y= at2+ bt+ c
Ymean (t hm-2)
topt (d)
Ymax (t hm-2)
Ymean /Ymax (%)
A(×10-4)
b
C(t hm-2)
R2
早熟晚粳稻EMLJ, 武运粳7号 Wuyunjing 7
宿豫SY
1997
9.750
-0.138
9.98
0.9894**
7.82
0
9.98
78.3
1998
-15.375
-0.031
10.45
0.9922**
8.91
0
10.45
85.3
1999
4.245
-0.096
9.95
0.9930**
8.28
0
9.95
83.2
建湖JH
1998
-11.910
-0.035
11.05
0.9930**
9.63
0
11.05
87.2
1999
-0.615
-0.055
9.83
0.9767**
8.68
0
9.83
88.4
2000
-9.885
-0.039
10.62
0.9993**
9.25
0
10.62
87.1
扬州YZ
1997
0.420
-0.051
10.15
0.9929**
9.15
0
10.15
90.2
昆山KS
1997
-12.975
0.022
9.40
0.9778**
9.07
8.7
9.49
95.5
1998
-13.740
0.033
10.00
0.9553**
9.83
11.9
10.20
96.4
1999
-0.300
-0.040
9.53
0.9518**
8.71
0
9.53
91.4
2000
-18.285
0.041
9.77
0.9858**
9.48
11.1
9.99
94.9
中熟晚粳稻MMLJ, 太湖粳2号 Taihujing 2
东海DH
1997
-6.360
-0.091
8.54
0.9537**
6.34
0
8.54
74.2
宿豫SY
1997
-5.985
-0.057
8.57
0.9995**
7.07
0
8.57
82.5
建湖JH
1997
-11.670
-0.038
9.28
0.9846**
7.82
0
9.28
84.3
扬州YZ
1997
-15.930
-0.021
10.22
0.9875**
8.84
0
10.22
86.5
昆山KS
1997
-13.245
-0.014
10.23
0.9876**
9.16
0
10.23
89.6
中熟晚粳稻MMLJ, 苏香粳1号 Suxiangjing 1
扬州YZ
1998
-1.920
-0.020
9.93
0.9916**
9.42
0
9.93
94.9
1999
3.915
-0.068
9.85
0.9966**
8.73
0
9.85
88.6
2000
1.980
-0.055
10.15
0.9932**
9.17
0
10.15
90.4
昆山KS
1998
-0.105
-0.036
10.01
0.9971**
9.28
0
10.01
92.7
中熟晚粳稻MMLJ, 申优1号 Shenyou 1
扬州YZ
1999
-10.185
-0.050
9.98
0.9952**
8.36
0
9.98
83.8
2000
-15.345
-0.025
10.51
0.9910**
9.09
0
10.52
86.4
昆山KS
1999
-2.340
-0.052
10.26
0.9977**
9.09
0
10.26
88.5
杂交中籼稻HMI, 两优培九 Liangyoupeijiu
沛县PX
1998
-17.460
-0.004
10.56
0.9911**
9.44
0
10.56
89.4
2000
-23.730
-0.045
10.64
0.9997**
8.32
0
10.64
78.2
东海DH
1998
-17.220
-0.030
11.61
0.9866**
9.97
0
11.46
87.0
1999
-13.245
-0.102
10.49
0.9917**
7.65
0
10.49
72.9
2000
-27.270
-0.021
9.73
0.9919**
7.67
0
9.73
78.9
宿豫SY
1998
-14.790
-0.028
11.23
0.9906**
9.77
0
11.23
87.0
建湖JH
1998
-33.015
0.069
10.45
0.9964**
9.84
10.5
10.81
91.1
1999
-14.565
0.005
10.18
0.9933**
9.40
1.6
10.19
92.3
2000
-24.885
0.046
10.06
0.9778**
9.48
9.2
10.27
92.3
扬州YZ
1998
-26.715
0.102
9.82
0.9642**
10.26
19.1
10.80
95.0
1999
-10.080
-0.018
9.81
0.9771**
8.85
0
9.81
90.2
2000
-21.525
0.049
9.75
0.9174**
9.44
11.4
10.03
94.1
昆山KS
1998
-38.130
0.117
9.01
0.9590**
9.66
19.3
10.04
96.3
1999
-18.630
0.040
9.73
0.9938**
9.42
10.8
9.95
94.7
2000
-19.335
0.056
9.49
0.9270**
9.45
18.4
10.00
94.6
Ymean: 5个播期水稻产量的平均值; topt: 适宜播种时间, 在试验播期范围内水稻产量趋于最高的播种时间, 以4月30日为0计, 向后推为正, 向前推为负; Ymax为实际最高产量, 在试验播期范围内出现的最高产量。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。KS: 昆山; YZ: 扬州; JH: 建湖; SY: 宿豫; DH: 东海; PX: 沛县。 Ymean: indicates the average value of grain yield of five seeding dates. topt is the appropriate sowing time with grain yield reaching the highest level in the range of experimental seeding dates, positive for backward time and negative for forward time with 30th April for 0. Ymax is the actual highest grain yield appeared during the scope of the experimental seeding dates.* and** indicate significant difference at P= 0.05 and P= 0.01, respectively. KS: Kunshan; YZ: Yangzhou; JH: Jianhu; SY: Suyu; DH: Donghai; PX: Peixian.
续表5-2 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5-2 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations
表6 各试验点、年份不同生育类型水稻品种最高产量( Ymax)与最低产量( Ymin)的比较 Table 6 Comparison of the maximum and minimum yield of varieties with different growth durations in different sites and years (t hm-2)
地点 Site
年份 Year
早熟中粳稻 EMMJ
中熟中粳稻 MMMJ
迟熟中粳稻 LMMJ
早熟晚粳稻 EMLJ
中熟晚粳稻 MMLJ
杂交中籼稻 HMI
Ymax
Ymin
Ymax
Ymin
Ymax
Ymin
Ymax
Ymin
Ymax
Ymin
Ymax
Ymin
沛县 Peixian
1997
9.91
7.01
10.16
7.33
9.81
7.73
—
—
—
—
—
—
1998
9.25
7.59
10.27
8.21
11.02
8.98
—
—
—
—
10.53
7.66
2000
9.53
7.04
9.65
6.66
10.52
6.90
—
—
—
—
10.65
5.07
东海 Donghai
1997
—
—
9.99
7.76
—
—
9.43
4.92
8.40
4.15
—
—
1998
9.33
8.24
10.36
8.49
11.08
7.87
9.68
6.89
—
—
11.43
7.56
1999
9.23
6.65
10.31
6.81
10.95
6.44
9.60
5.79
—
—
10.45
4.21
2000
8.71
6.81
9.69
7.59
10.23
6.79
9.87
6.64
—
—
9.77
4.58
宿豫 Suyu
1997
—
—
9.47
7.51
10.39
7.62
9.88
6.09
8.56
5.34
—
—
1998
9.57
7.94
9.91
7.92
11.18
8.03
10.52
6.67
—
—
11.32
7.65
1999
9.28
7.12
9.66
7.02
10.51
7.02
10.01
6.72
—
—
—
—
建湖 Jianhu
1997
—
—
9.43
7.79
9.90
7.92
9.98
6.97
9.28
5.97
—
—
1998
8.65
8.28
9.64
8.27
10.87
9.65
11.01
7.82
—
—
10.89
7.92
1999
8.68
7.72
9.42
7.98
10.02
8.85
9.89
7.52
—
—
10.20
8.00
2000
9.35
8.72
9.51
8.53
11.00
8.82
10.61
7.51
—
—
10.01
7.89
扬州 Yangzhou
1997
7.96
7.42
8.81
7.95
10.80
8.62
10.19
8.13
10.26
6.86
—
—
1998
8.26
7.41
9.29
8.43
10.75
9.58
10.09
8.83
9.91
8.81
10.93
9.23
1999
8.21
7.71
9.08
8.04
10.41
8.63
9.85
8.13
9.88
8.03
9.81
7.42
2000
8.02
7.35
9.28
8.58
10.86
9.30
10.34
8.61
10.11
8.31
10.35
8.58
昆山 Kunshan
1997
—
—
8.28
7.80
8.96
8.15
9.61
8.20
10.46
7.49
—
—
1998
—
—
8.39
7.49
9.95
9.10
10.34
9.14
10.01
8.55
10.04
8.97
1999
—
—
8.29
7.75
9.86
8.34
9.45
7.91
—
—
9.74
7.91
2000
—
—
8.64
7.99
10.02
9.31
10.04
8.44
—
—
9.56
7.72
平均数 Ymean
8.93
7.53
9.43
7.81
10.48
8.27
10.01
7.41
9.64
7.02
10.45
7.49
变异系数 CV?(%)
6.90
7.73
6.74
6.79
5.35
11.44
4.23
14.86
7.48
22.61
5.96
21.75
中熟晚粳类型品种因试验地区与年份较少, Ymean和 CV可能偏差较大, 故未列入作比较分析。EMMJ: 早熟中粳; MMMJ: 中熟中粳; LMMJ: 迟熟中粳; EMLJ: 早熟晚粳; MMLJ: 中熟晚粳; HMI: 杂交中籼。 Because of medium-maturity medium japonicarice planted in fewer sites and years, Ymean and CVvaried too big to be analysed. EMMJ: early-maturity medium japonica rice; MMMJ: medium-maturity medium japonicarice; LMMJ: late-maturity medium japonica rice; EMLJ: early-maturity late japonica rice; MMLJ: medium-maturity late japonica rice; HMI: hybrid medium indicarice. CV: coefficient of variation.
表6 各试验点、年份不同生育类型水稻品种最高产量( Ymax)与最低产量( Ymin)的比较 Table 6 Comparison of the maximum and minimum yield of varieties with different growth durations in different sites and years (t hm-2)
图1 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下早熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区。Fig. 1 Planting regions of early-maturity medium japonica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region.
2.3.2 中熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布 江苏水稻中熟中粳类型的代表品种主要有镇稻88、早丰9号、泗稻9号、淮稻3号、淮稻6号、连粳1号、连粳2号、镇稻99、盐粳6号、扬粳186等, 其适宜种植区主要分布于连云港、徐州中南部以及淮阴与盐城北部等绝大部分苏北地区, 该区域常年5月至10月期间有效积温2400~2500℃、累计日照时数1300~1440 h, 若5月1日播种, 水稻生育期内有效积温和累计日照时数分别为2250~2350℃和1150~ 1300 h, 产量潜力9.75 t hm-2以上。徐州北部沛县等地是江苏秋季(10月)降温最早地区, 加上受小麦茬限制难以进一步提早播期, 对品种产量及其稳定性带来一定影响, 产量潜力略低于9.75 t hm-2, 故本文将包括该地区的常年10月份平均气温15℃等值线以北地区列为亚适宜种植区。此外, 由适宜种植区南界沿纬向南移约1°至位于扬州、泰州及南通北部2570℃有效积温等值线, 覆盖的大部分苏中地区也为亚适宜种植区, 该区域常年5月至10月期间有效积温2500~2570℃, 累计日照时数1230~1300 h, 5月1日播种时生育期内有效积温和累计日照时数分别为2170~2250℃、1050~1150 h, 产量潜力降至9.75 t hm-2以下; 在2570℃有效积温等值线以南沿江及苏南地区, 稻作生长季有效积温和累计日照时数增加, 但品种生育期内有效积温和累计日照时数呈降低趋势, 产量潜力降至9.00 t hm-2以下, 属可种植区(图2)。 图2 Fig. 2
图2 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下中熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区。Fig. 2 Planting regions of medium-maturity medium japonica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region.
2.3.3 迟熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布 江苏水稻迟熟中粳类型的代表品种主要有武运粳8号、武育粳3号、泗稻10号、盐粳5号、南粳39、南粳40、华粳3号、扬粳9538、镇稻4号等, 是江苏种植面积最大的品种类型。该类型品种4月30日播期时的安全临界纬度为N35°, 其经向中部地区常年5月至10月期间有效积温约为2420℃, 由其有效积温等值线表明该类型品种的不宜种植区主要分布于连云港的赣榆和灌云县北部等少数地区, 即该类型品种在上述地区4月30日早播不能安全生育成熟。按相同方法, 可得到该类型品种5月20日播种时安全生育成熟的临界有效积温等值线(2480℃)。位于上述两条等值线之间主要为徐州和连云港中南部以及宿迁和盐城的北部等地区, 温光条件较好的年份或早播条件下可安全抽穗成熟且产量较高, 但在不同年份与播期间变异较大, 对提早播期要求较严格, 属亚适宜种植区。通过不同纬度产量潜力内插值算法, 分别得到该类型品种温光产量潜力为9.75 t hm-2和9.00 t hm-2的两条有效积温(分别为2600℃和2640℃)等值线, 其中有效积温2600℃和2480℃等值线之间地区主要为沿江以北的苏中地区及苏北的南部地区, 属适宜种植区, 该区域内有20 d以上的安全(成熟)播期范围, 且适当早播产量潜力均在9.75 t hm-2以上, 同时此适宜区分布较广, 约占全省面积的一半, 说明该类型品种对江苏稻作气候的适应性较优。位于2600℃和2640℃有效积温等值线之间的镇江、南京和苏南其他各市中北部等地区, 品种生育期缩短, 生育期内有效积温与累计日照时数减少, 产量潜力9.00~9.75 t hm-2, 属于亚适宜种植区。在2640℃有效积温等值线以南的高淳、溧水、溧阳、宜兴及苏州吴县和吴江等地区产量潜力下降至9.00 t hm-2以下, 属可种植区, 该区域内品种产量因生育期进一步缩短导致生育期有效积温和累计日照时数减少而降低, 同时生育进程与温光季节分布不同步加剧产量下降(图3)。 图3 Fig. 3
图6 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下杂交中籼类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区。Fig. 6 Planting regions of hybrid medium i n dica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region.
4 结论在江苏稻麦两熟制条件下, 不同纬向地域不同生育类型水稻品种生产力及其在播期处理间存在极显著差异, 其中苏北、苏中、苏南地区分别以中熟中粳、迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳类型品种为主体, 兼作部分生育期相近的类型品种, 杂交中籼类型品种仅适宜于江苏西部丘陵稻区。江苏淮北稻区以早播为宜, 在苏中、苏南稻区强调适期播种。在保证安全生育成熟前提下, 适当推迟水稻成熟、延长生育期是提高水稻品种生产力的重要途径之一, 如选用确保安全成熟的偏迟熟高产品种, 是实施“籼改粳”获得显著增产和优质的重要措施。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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