关键词:冬小麦; 生育期; 灌溉; 产量; DSSAT作物模型; 黄淮海地区 Simulation of Winter Wheat Yield in Response to Irrigation Level at Critical Growing Stages in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain XU Jian-Wen1,2,3, MEI Xu-Rong1,4, JU Hui1,3, LI Ying-Chun1,3, LIU Qin1,4,*, YANG Jian-Ying1,4 1 State Key Engineering Laboratory of Crops Efficient Water Use and Drought Mitigation, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2 Dalian Meteorological Bureau, Dalian 116001, China
3 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
4 Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
Fund: AbstractWater deficiency is recognized as a major problem in winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. This study aimed to assess the impact of drought stress on winter wheat yield and raise irrigation proposals for water-saving production in this area. With reference to the fact of water deficits in major growth stages of wheat and the local irrigation practice, we input different irrigation levels (volumes) required by the DSSAT crop model to simulate yield variations in response to irrigation levels at critical growing stages in four typical sites during the past three decades. The cumulative probability for yield reduction was concluded based on irrigation at jointing-heading and filling stages. The greatest yield reduction was found under jointing-heading drought stress, and the relative change rate in yield was two folds to that under drought stress at filling stage. This relative yield change was primarily attributed to the relative change in grain number per square meter caused by water deficiency during jointing-heading stage. Under high-strength drought stress, medium yield reduction dominantly resulted from water deficiency during jointing-heading, with a two-fold probability to that under drought stress at filling stage (except for Yanzhou site); whereas, slight and severe yield reductions at Shijiazhuang and Tianjin sites resulted from early (jointing-heading) drought stress and those at Yanzhou and Xinxiang sites were attributed to either early (jointing-heading) or late (filling stage) drought stress. At Yanzhou and Xinxiang sites, the probabilities of slight yield reduction were similar under early and later drought stressed; however, water deficiency at filling stage resulted in severe yield reduction. These results indicate that irrigation is important not only from jointing to heading but also at filling stage of winter wheat in the southern area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.
Keyword:Winter wheat; Growth stage; Irrigation; Yield; DSSAT crop model; The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Show Figures Show Figures
表1 4个实验点不同灌溉处理的模拟灌水方案 Table 1 Simulated irrigation schedules of different treatments of four experimental sites
处理 Treatment
冻水 Water before wintering period
拔节水 Water at jointing stage
灌浆水Water at filling stage
日期 Date (month/day)
灌水量 Irrigation (mm)
日期 Date (month/day)
灌水量 Irrigation (mm)
日期 Date (month/day)
灌水量 Irrigation (mm)
CK
11/20-12/05
60-75
3/25-4/20
70-90
5/01-5/20
30-60
TJ1
11/20-12/05
60-75
3/25-4/20
60-80
5/01-5/20
30-60
TJ2
11/20-12/05
60-75
3/25-4/20
50-70
5/01-5/20
30-60
TJ3
11/20-12/05
60-75
3/25-4/20
40-60
5/01-5/20
30-60
TF1
11/20-12/05
60-75
3/25-4/20
70-90
5/01-5/20
20-50
TF2
11/20-12/05
60-75
3/25-4/20
70-90
5/01-5/20
10-40
TF3
11/20-12/05
60-75
3/25-4/20
70-90
5/01-5/20
0-30
不同站点不同年份灌溉日期和灌溉量有差异, 表中设计为灌溉日期和灌溉量的范围。CK为充分灌溉对照; TJ和TF分别表示拔节至抽穗期和灌浆期干旱, 胁迫程度为轻度(1)、中度(2)和重度(3)。 Irrigation dates and amounts were different in four sites and different years; the value in table is the range of the dates and amount of irrigation at four sites. CK is the control of adequate irrigation. TJ and TF indicate drought stress at jointing-heading and grain filling stages, with light (1), moderate (2), and heavy (3) stresses, respectively.
表1 4个实验点不同灌溉处理的模拟灌水方案 Table 1 Simulated irrigation schedules of different treatments of four experimental sites
表2 各站点冬小麦品种参数及开花期、成熟期与产量的模拟值与观测值的统计比较 Table 2 Statistical comparison between observed and simulated values for variety parameters, anthesis stage, maturity stage and yields of winter wheat in selected four sites
站点 Site
品种Cultivar
P1V
P1D
P5
G1
G2
G3
PHINT
开花期 Anthesis
成熟期 Maturity
产量 Yield
NRMSE (%)
D
NRMSE (%)
D
NRMSE (%)
D
天津 Tianjin
京东8 Jingdong 8
22.6
71.3
559.9
24.2
29.6
1.70
95
1.4
0.84
1.7
0.82
7.5
0.87
石家庄 Shijiazhuang
冀麦26 Jimai 26
44
73.8
613.1
24.5
28.1
1.97
95
1.6
0.92
0.3
0.99
5.4
0.67
兖州 Yanzhou
济宁16 Jining 16
20
45.1
430.3
27.1
28.5
1.10
95
2.2
0.71
0.9
0.85
7.9
0.87
新乡 Xinxiang
新麦6 Xinmai 6
58.6
31.0
579.3
17.8
44.7
1.84
95
0.9
0.86
0.9
0.71
8.0
0.73
P1V: 春化作用特征参数; P1D: 光周期特征参数; P5: 灌浆特征参数; G1: 籽粒数特征参数; G2: 潜在灌浆速率参数; G3: 花期潜在单茎穗重参数; PHINT: 出叶间隔特性参数; NRMSE: 归一化均方根误差; D: 模拟值与实测值分布的符合程度。 PlV: vernalization parameter; PlD: photoperiod parameter; P5: grain filling duration parameter: Gl: grain parameter at anthesis; G2: grain filling rate parameter; G3: dry weight of a single stem and spike; PHINT: interval between successive leaf tip appearances; RMSE%: normalized root mean squared error; D: coincidence degree of distribution between simulated and measured value.
表2 各站点冬小麦品种参数及开花期、成熟期与产量的模拟值与观测值的统计比较 Table 2 Statistical comparison between observed and simulated values for variety parameters, anthesis stage, maturity stage and yields of winter wheat in selected four sites
图2 天津(A)、石家庄(B)、兖州(C)和新乡(D)站点冬小麦拔节期至抽穗期与开花至乳熟期水分亏缺量的变化Fig. 2 Variations of water deficit during jointing to heading stage and anthesis to milk stage for winter wheat in Tianjin (A), Shijiazhuang (B), Yanzhou (C), and Xinxiang (D)
图3 4个站点不同灌溉水平下产量的相对变化率TJ和TF分别表示拔节期至抽穗期(A)和灌浆期(B)干旱, 1~3分别表示轻度、中度和重度胁迫。Fig. 3 Relative change rates in yield under different irrigation levels in four sitesTJ and TF indicate drought stress at jointing-heading (A) and grain filling stages (B) with light (1), moderate (2), and heavy (3) stress, respectively.
图4 4个站点不同灌溉水平下冬小麦粒数(A, B)与粒重(C, D)的相对变化率TJ和TF分别表示拔节期至抽穗期和灌浆期干旱, 1~3分别表示轻度、中度和重度胁迫。Fig. 4 Relative change rates of grain number (A, B) and grain weight (C, D) under different irrigation levels in four sitesTJ and TF indicate drought stress at jointing-heading and grain filling stages with light (1), moderate (2), and heavy (3) stresses, respectively.
图5 天津(A)、石家庄(B)、兖州(C)、新乡(D)站点拔节至抽穗期和灌浆期重度干旱处理下产量相对变化率的累积概率Fig. 5 Cumulative probability of relative change rate of yield under heavy drought stress at jointing-heading and grain filling stages in Tianjing (A), Shijiazhuang (B), Yanzhou (C), and Xinxiang (D)
中国农业年鉴编辑委员会. 中国农业年鉴. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2011. pp121-125Editorial Board of China Agricultural Yearbook. China Agricultural Yearbook. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2011. pp121-125(in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[2]
熊文愈, 姜志林. 中国农林复合经营研究与实践. 南京: 江苏科技出版社, 1994XiongW Y, JiangZ L. Research and Practice of Agriculture management in China. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, 1994 (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[3]
祁泉淞. 我国水资源现状及其水资源管理中的问题和对策. , 2008, 8(2): 180-181QiQ S. The problems and countermeasures in status of water resources and water management in China. , 2008, 8(2): 180-181 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 0.5724]
[4]
王素艳, 霍治国, 李世奎, 卢志光, 庄立伟, 侯婷婷. 干旱对北方冬小麦产量影响的风险评估. , 2003, 12(3): 118-125WangS Y, HuoZ G, LiS K, LuZ G, ZhuangL W, HouT T. Risk assessment of drought effect on yield of winter wheat in northern China. , 2003, 12(3): 118-125 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[5]
金善宝. 中国小麦学. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1996JinS B. China Wheat. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1996 (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[6]
吕丽华, 胡玉昆, 李雁鸣, 王璞. 灌水方式对不同小麦品种水分利用效率和产量的影响. , 2007, 27: 88-92LüL H, HuY K, LiY M, WangP. Effect to irrigating treatments on water use efficiency and yield of different wheat cultivars. , 2007, 27 : 88-92 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[7]
房稳静, 张雪芬, 郑有飞. 冬小麦灌浆期干旱对灌浆速率的影响. , 2006, 27: 98-101FangW J, ZhangX F, ZhengY F. Influence of drought on filling velocity of winter wheat during filling period. Chin J Agrome-te, 2006, 27: 98-101 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:3]
[8]
吴少辉, 高海涛, 王书子, 段国辉. 干旱对冬小麦粒重形成的影响及灌浆特性分析. , 2002, 20(2): 50-52WuS H, GaoH T, WangS Z, DuanG H. Analysis on the effect of drought on the grain weight grow and the character of the grain filling of winter wheat. , 2002, 20(2): 50-52 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2]
[9]
谢明, 宋亚申, 姜新河. 淮北地区冬小麦干旱发生的规律、成因和危害机理分析. , 2008, 14(20): 112-114XieM, SongY S, JiangX H. Analysis on the reason and damage mechanism of drought of winter wheat in Huaibei region. , 2008, 14(20): 112-114 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 0.2433]
[10]
张建平, 赵艳霞, 王春乙, 杨晓光, 王靖. 不同发育期干旱对冬小麦灌浆和产量影响的模拟. , 2012, 20: 1158-1165ZhangJ P, ZhaoY X, WangC Y, YangX G, WangJ. Impact simulation of drought disaster at different developmental stages on winter wheat grain-filling and yield. , 2012, 20: 1158-1165 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 0.795]
[11]
王石立, 娄秀荣. 华北地区冬小麦干旱风险评估的初步研究. , 1997, 6(3): 63-68WangS L, LouX R. Preliminary study on the drought risk assessment of winter wheat in north China. , 1997, 6(3): 63-68 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[12]
何希吾. 水资源在提高我国土地生产能力中的地位和作用. , 1991, 6: 137-144HeX W. The status and role of water resource in raising the land productivity of China. , 1991, 6: 137-144 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 2.407]
[13]
李英能. 华北地区节水农业标准初探. , 1993, 12(1): 1-6LiY N. A preliminary inquiry into the stand ards for water economized agriculture in the North China district. Irrig Drain, 1993, 12(1): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[14]
张秋平, 郝晋珉, 白玮. 黄淮海地区粮食生产中的农业水资源经济价值核算. , 2008, 24(2): 1-5ZhangQ P, HaoJ M, BaiW. Estimation of economic value of agricultural water resource in grain production in Huang-Huai-Hai region. , 2008, 24(2): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.299]
[15]
刘明, 武建军, 吕爱锋, 赵林. 黄淮海平原典型区冬小麦水分胁迫规律与灌溉策略. , 2010, 26(5): 40-44LiuM, WuJ J, LüA F, ZhaoM. Water stress of winter wheat and irrigation strategy in typical region of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. , 2010, 26(5): 40-44 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.299]
[16]
LobellD B, Ortiz-MonasterioJ I. Evaluating strategies for improved water use in spring wheat with CERES. , 2006, 84: 249-258[本文引用:1]
[17]
MeraR J, NiyogiD, BuolG S. Potential individual versus simultaneous climate change effects on soybean (C3) and maize (C4) crops: an agrotechnology model based study. Global Plane, 2006, 54: 163-182[本文引用:1]
[18]
居辉, 熊伟, 许吟隆, 林而达. 气候变化对我国小麦产量的影响. , 2005, 31: 1340-1343JuH, XiongW, XuY L, LinE D. Impacts of climate change on wheat yield in China. , 2005, 31: 1340-1343 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.667]
[19]
熊伟, 居辉, 许吟隆, 林而达. 气候变化下我国小麦产量变化区域模拟研究. , 2006, 14(2): 164-167XiongW, JuH, XuY L, LinE D. Regional simulation of wheat yield in China under the climatic change conditions. , 2006, 14(2): 164-167 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 0.795]
[20]
HeJ Q, MichaelD D, GeorgeJ H. Identifying irrigation and nitrogen best management practices for sweet corn production on sand y soils using CERES-Maize model. , 2012, 109: 61-70[本文引用:1]
[21]
HeJ Q, CaiH J, BaiJ P. Irrigation scheduling based on CERES-Wheat model for spring wheat production in the Minqin Oasis in Northwest China. , 2013, 128: 19-31[本文引用:1]
[22]
全国土壤普查办公室. 中国土种志(第4卷). 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1995National Soil Survey Office. Chinese Soil Genus Records (Vol. 4). Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1995 (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[23]
刘海龙, 诸叶平, 李世娟, 杨靖一, 白由路. DSSAT作物系统模型的发展与应用. , 2011, (11): 5-12LiuH L, ZhuY P, LiS J, YangJ Y, BaiY L. Development and application of DSSAT cropping system model. , 2011, (11): 5-12 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 0.34]
[24]
许莹, 马晓群, 吴文玉. 气候变化对安徽省主要农作物水分供需状况的影响. , 2012, 8(3): 198-204XuY, MaX Q, WuW Y. Impact of climate changes on water demand and supply of rice and winter wheat in Anhui Province. , 2012, 8(3): 198-204 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[25]
AllenP G, PereiraL S, RaesD, SmithM. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Rome: FAO. , 1998, 56: 377-384[本文引用:1]
[26]
中国气象科学研究院. 小麦干旱灾害等级(GX/T 81-2007). 北京: 气象出版社, 2007Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. Grading of Drought Disaster in Wheat (GX/T 81-2007). Beijing: Meteorological Press, 2007 (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[27]
文新亚, 陈阜. 基于DSSAT模型模拟气候变化对不同品种冬小麦产量潜力的影响. , 2011, 27(增刊2): 74-79WenX Y, ChenF. Simulation of climatic change impacts on yield potential of typical wheat varieties based on DSSAT model. , 2011, 27(suppl-2): 74-79 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.299]
[28]
黄修桥, 高峰, 王宪杰. 节水灌溉与21世纪水资源的持续利用. , 2001, 20(3): 1-5HuangX Q, GaoF, WangX J. Irrigation and stainable utilization of water resources in the 21st century. Irrig Drainag, 2001, 20(3): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[29]
SantosA M, CabelguenneM, SantosF L, OliveiraM R, SerralheiroR P, BicaM A. EPIC-PHASE: a model to explore irrigation strategies. J, 2000, 75: 409-416[本文引用:1]
[30]
CabelguenneM, DebaekeP, PuechJ, BoscN. Real time irrigation management using the EPIC-PHASE model and weather forecasts. , 1997, 32: 227-238[本文引用:1]
[31]
肖晶晶, 霍治国, 金志凤, 李娜, 王丽, 卢小凤, 张蕾. 冬小麦节水灌溉气象等级指标. , 2012, 31: 2521-2528XiaoJ J, HuoZ G, JinZ F, LiN, WangL, LuX F, ZhangL. Meteorological grading indices of water-saving irrigation for winter wheat. , 2012, 31: 2521-2528 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.729]
[32]
唐玉霞, 孟春香, 贾树龙, 智建飞, 胡春芳. 水分胁迫对冬小麦氮素营养效率的影响. , 2002, 10(4): 21-23TangY X, MengC X, JiaS L, ZhiJ F, HuC F. Effect of water stress on nitrogen nutrition efficiency of winter wheat. , 2002, 10(4): 21-23 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 0.795]
[33]
成林, 刘荣花, 马志红. 缺水和灌水对冬小麦产量影响评估. , 2012, 30(2): 101-106ChengL, LiuR H, MaZ H. Variation and interrelationship of winter wheat canopy temperature, leaf water potential and water use efficiency under different water treatments. , 2012, 30(2): 101-106 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[34]
孙本普, 王勇, 李秀云, 刘锋, 王继诰, 张宝民, 孙在刚, 曲百收, 袁训成, 李萌. 不同年份的气候和栽培条件对冬小麦产量构成因素的影响. , 2004, 24(2): 83-87SunB P, WangY, LiX Y, LiuF, WangJ G, ZhangB M, SunZ G, QuB S, YuanX C, LiM. The influence of climate and cultivation on the yield components of winter wheat in different years. J, 2004, 24(2): 83-87 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.007]
[35]
陈晓远, 罗远培, 石元春. 作物对水分胁迫的反应. , 1998, 6(4): 12-15ChenX Y, LuoY P, ShiY C. The response of crops to water stress. , 1998, 6(4): 12-15 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
[36]
黄玲, 高阳, 邱新强, 李新强, 申孝军, 孙景生, 巩文军, 段爱旺. 灌水量和时期对不同品种冬小麦产量和耗水特性的影响. , 2013, 29(14): 99-108HuangL, GaoY, QiuX Q, LiX Q, ShenX J, SunJ S, GongW J, DuanA W. Effects of irrigation amount and stage on yield and water consumption of different winter wheat cultivars. , 2013, 29(14): 99-108 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.299]
[37]
JohnsonR R, MossD N. Effect of water stress on14CO2 fixation and translocation in wheat during grain filling. , 1976, 16: 697-701[本文引用:1][JCR: 1.513]