关键词:耕作方式; 秸秆还田; 土壤耗水量; 籽粒产量; 水分利用效率 Effects of Tillage and Straw Returning on Biomass and Water Use Efficiency in a Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System ZHAO Ya-Li, GUO Hai-Bin, XUE Zhi-Wei, MU Xin-Yuan, LI Chao-Hai* College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China Fund: AbstractStraw returning to the field has been carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai River Plain for ten years. In a consecutive two-year field experiment from 2010 to 2012, the effects of conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT) and subsoiling (SS) on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were tested in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system for setting up a tillage practice suitable for straw returning. The results were obtained from the comparison among six treatments, including CT+AS (all straw returning), CT+NS (no straw returning), DT+AS, DT+NS, SS+AS, and SS+NS. Under straw returning condition, either DT or SS practice increased water consumption amount during winter wheat or summer maize growth period but decreased it during fallow period. In addition, relative water content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) of leaf, and bleeding sap in stalk were also increased in both crops, leading to more biomass and higher water use efficiency together with increased grain yields in winter wheat and summer maize seasons. The effects of interactions between soil tillage (DT or SS) and straw returning on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were significant in both crops. Compared with conventional tillage under no straw returning, DT and SS under straw retuning resulted in increased dry matter accumulation (by 19.3% and 22.9%, respectively), annual crop yield (by 18.0% and 19.3%, respectively), and water use efficiency (by 15.9% and 15.1%, respectively). The difference of the effect between DT and SS under straw returning was not significant. Therefore, we recommend DT or SS practice in straw returning field under the environment similar to that of this experiment.
Keyword:Tillage; Straw returning; Soil water consumption; Grain yield; Water use efficiency Show Figures Show Figures
图1 试验期间的月平均气温和月降水量数据来自河南省温县气象局。Fig. 1 Average temperature and precipitation during experimental periodData were provided by the Meteorological Bureau of Wenxian county, Henan province, China
表1 耕作方式、秸秆还田及其交互对农田耗水量、叶片耗水特性、茎秆伤流、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的方差分析 Table 1 MS value and probability of significance of tillage, straw management and their interaction in the global analyses of variance of soil water consumption amount, water consumption characters of leaves, bleeding sap in stalk, grain yield, and water use efficiency
指标 Parameter
作物生长季 Cropping season
耕作方式 Tillage
秸秆还田 Straw returning
耕作方式×秸秆还田 Tillage × straw returning
MS
P
MS
P
MS
P
农田耗水量 SWC
WW
206.2
<0.001
166.5
<0.001
1.4
0.879
SM
1969.4
<0.001
558.7
0.006
359.1
0.008
WW+SM
3463.1
<0.001
108.2
0.315
321.8
0.060
FP
7.8
<0.001
103.6
<0.001
2.3
<0.001
WW+SM+FP
3153.8
<0.001
437.5
0.048
359.2
0.043
叶片水分饱和亏 WSD
WW
45.1
<0.001
37.0
<0.001
6.0
<0.001
SM
92.2
<0.001
113.3
<0.001
7.0
0.005
光合速率 Pn
WW
13.0
<0.001
23.2
<0.001
1.1
0.050
SM
56.3
<0.001
57.6
<0.001
0.7
0.047
蒸腾速率 Tr
WW
0.5
<0.001
0.5
<0.001
0.04
0.013
SM
1.4
<0.001
2.0
<0.001
0.01
0.042
茎秆伤流量 BS
WW
33.6
<0.001
33.0
<0.001
3.4
0.046
SM
25.9
<0.001
29.0
<0.001
0.3
0.038
干物质积累量 DM
WW
12.9
<0.001
5.0
<0.001
0.6
0.023
SM
4.1
<0.001
4.0
<0.001
0.2
<0.001
产量 Yield
WW
2.9
<0.001
7.4
<0.001
0.1
0.143
SM
2.2
<0.001
1.6
<0.001
0.4
<0.001
WW+SM+FP
9.8
0.000
16.2
<0.001
0.8
0.002
水分利用效率 WUE
WW
17.8
<0.001
59.8
<0.001
1.3
0.144
SM
6.5
<0.001
7.7
<0.001
1.2
0.020
WW+SM+FP
16.0
0.000
29.0
<0.001
1.1
0.001
SWC: soil water consumption; WSD: water saturation deficient in leaf; BS: bleeding sap in stalk; DM: dry matter accumulation; WUE: water use efficiency. In the “Season” column, WW, SM, and FP represent the winter wheat and summer maize growing seasons and fallow period, respectively; and WW+SM+FP represents the whole year. “生长季”列中, WW表示冬小麦生长季, SM表示夏玉米生长季, FP表示休闲期, WW+SM+FP为全年。
表1 耕作方式、秸秆还田及其交互对农田耗水量、叶片耗水特性、茎秆伤流、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的方差分析 Table 1 MS value and probability of significance of tillage, straw management and their interaction in the global analyses of variance of soil water consumption amount, water consumption characters of leaves, bleeding sap in stalk, grain yield, and water use efficiency
表2 不同土层深度下耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤容重的影响 Table 2 Effects of tillage and straw returning on soil bulk density in different soil depth (g cm-3)
处理 Treatment
2010-2011
2011-2012
0-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
0-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
CT+NS
1.25 a
1.35 a
1.51 a
1.52 a
1.24 a
1.34 a
1.50 a
1.53 a
DT+NS
1.24 a
1.25 b
1.41 d
1.45 c
1.22 a
1.24 b
1.38 d
1.43 cd
SS+NS
1.24 a
1.25 b
1.44 c
1.45 c
1.23 a
1.23 b
1.40 c
1.44 c
CT+AS
1.24 a
1.33 a
1.47 b
1.49 b
1.20 a
1.34 a
1.47 b
1.51 b
DT+AS
1.22 a
1.23 b
1.37 e
1.40 e
1.19 a
1.21 b
1.36 e
1.39 e
SS+AS
1.23 a
1.24 b
1.41 d
1.43 d
1.21 a
1.22 b
1.38 d
1.42 d
The soil bulk densities at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm were 1.26, 1.36, 1.52, and 1.54 g cm-3, respectively, before the study. CT: conventional tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; AS: all straw returning; NS: no straw returning. Values followed by different letters within the same year are significantly different at P < 0.05. 耕作前, 0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm土层土壤容重分别为 1.26、1.36、1.52和1.54 g cm-3。CT: 常规耕作; DT: 深耕; SS: 深松; AS: 秸秆全还田; NS: 无秸秆还田。数据后不同字母表示每一年度中处理间差异显著( P<0.05)。
表2 不同土层深度下耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤容重的影响 Table 2 Effects of tillage and straw returning on soil bulk density in different soil depth (g cm-3)
表3 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦和夏玉米干物质积累量的影响 Table 3 Effects of tillage and straw returning on dry matter accumulation of winter wheat and summer maize (t hm-2)
处理 Treatment
冬小麦 Winter wheat
夏玉米 Summer maize
拔节期 Jointing
开花期 Anthesis
成熟期 Maturity
拔节期 Jointing
开花期 Tassel
成熟期 Maturity
2010-2011
CT+NS
4.02 d
9.19 c
15.55 c
0.49 d
5.99 d
9.03 b
DT+NS
4.56 ab
12.19 ab
17.87 b
0.55 b
8.09 b
10.29 a
SS+NS
4.46 bc
12.10 ab
17.70 b
0.54 bc
8.04b
10.40 a
CT+AS
4.29 c
11.38 b
15.67 b
0.52 cd
7.64 c
10.34 a
DT+AS
4.70 a
12.99 a
19.19 ab
0.59 a
8.52 a
10.62 a
SS+AS
4.68 a
13.01 a
19.96 a
0.60 a
8.55 a
10.93 a
2011-2012
CT+NS
4.44 c
10.62 b
17.59 c
0.54 c
7.17 d
9.81 c
DT+NS
4.79 b
11.63 b
19.64 b
0.61 b
8.57 bc
10.78 b
SS+NS
4.79 b
11.73 b
19.50 b
0.63 ab
8.72 b
10.69 b
CT+AS
4.29 c
11.13 b
19.43 b
0.53 c
8.32 c
10.53 b
DT+AS
5.16 a
13.37 a
20.75 ab
0.66 a
9.58 a
11.57 a
SS+AS
5.14 a
13.88 a
21.60 a
0.65 a
9.63 a
11.71 a
CT: conventional tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; AS: all straw returning; NS: no straw returning. In each season, values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at the same growth stage ( P<0.05). CT: 常规耕作; DT: 深耕; SS: 深松; AS: 秸秆全还田; NS: 无秸秆还田。每一年度中, 数据后不同字母表示相同生育期处理间差异显著( P<0.05)。
表3 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦和夏玉米干物质积累量的影响 Table 3 Effects of tillage and straw returning on dry matter accumulation of winter wheat and summer maize (t hm-2)
表4 Table 4 表4(Table 4)
表4 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响 Table 4 Effects of tillage and straw returning on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat and summer maize
处理 Treatment
产量Yield (t hm-2)
WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
冬小麦 Winter wheat
夏玉米 Summer maize
周年 Whole year
冬小麦 Winter wheat
夏玉米 Summer maize
周年 Whole year
2010-2011
CT+NS
6.8 c
6.2 c
13.0 d
30.8 c
11.6 b
21.2 d
DT+NS
8.0 b
6.7 b
14.7 b
34.3 b
11.7 b
23.7 b
SS+NS
7.9 b
6.4 bc
14.3 bc
33.7 b
11.1 b
22.4 c
CT+AS
7.8 b
6.2 c
14.0 c
34.4 b
11.7 b
22.7 c
DT+AS
8.3 a
7.2 a
15.6 a
35.0 ab
12.7 a
24.8 a
SS+AS
8.6 a
7.1 a
15.7 a
35.9 a
12.8 a
24.7 a
2011-2012
CT+NS
10.7 e
6.7 d
17.4 d
30.1 d
20.2 d
25.6 d
DT+NS
11.3 cd
7.4 b
18.8 b
32.4 bc
22.2 b
27.3 b
SS+NS
11.1 d
7.0 c
18.1 c
32.0 c
20.8 c
26.4 c
CT+AS
11.5 c
6.8 d
18.3 c
32.8 b
20.6 cd
26.7 c
DT+AS
12.5 b
7.8 a
20.3 a
35.4 a
23.4 a
29.4 a
SS+AS
12.7 a
7.8 a
20.5 a
36.1 a
22.1 b
29.1 a
CT: conventional tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; AS: all straw returning; NS: no straw returning. In each season, values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at the same growth stage ( P<0.05). CT: 常规耕作; DT: 深耕; SS: 深松; AS: 秸秆全还田; NS: 无秸秆还田。每一年度中, 数据后不同字母表示相同生育期处理间差异显著( P<0.05)。
表4 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响 Table 4 Effects of tillage and straw returning on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat and summer maize
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