关键词:夏玉米; 小麦玉米周年耕作; 茎秆形态与结构; 倒伏; 产量 Yield and Lodging Resistance of Summer Maize under Different Winter Wheat- Summer Maize Tillage Systems LI Xia, ZHANG Ji-Wang*, REN Bai-Zhao, FAN Xia, DONG Shu-Ting, LIU Peng, ZHAO Bin State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China Fund: AbstractThe objective of the study was to explore the effects of different tillage systems in winter wheat-summer maize cropping on yield and lodging resistance of summer maize. Maize hybrid Zhengdan 958 was used as experimental material. Three tillage treatments were designed, including rotary tillage before winter wheat seeding and no-tillage before maize seeding (RN), moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding and no-tillage before maize seeding (MN), and moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding and rotary tillage before maize seeding (MR). The results showed that plant height and ear height were higher in MR than in RN, the third internode diameter of MN and MR was greater than that of RN, and the ratio of length to diameter in MN was the lowest and the stem diameter coefficients of MN was the highest. Rind penetrometer resistance of summer maize enhanced at the tasselling stage (VT) and reduced at the milk stage (R3) in the treatment of moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding, density of the vascular and area of the vascular bundle were increased, and bleeding sap in stalk increased under MR and MN. Bleeding sap of stalks under MR and MN was 60.62% and 46.70% greater than under RN respectively. Root and shoot dry matter, the ratio of root and shoot dry matter, and brace root numbers of summer maize in MN and MR were higher than these in RN. Grain yield of MR and MN was 26.33% and 39.21% greater than that of RN, respectively. In conclusion, moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding has good effects on yield and lodging-resistant capability in summer maize.
Keyword:Summer maize; Tillage systems; Stalk quality; Lodging; Grain yield Show Figures Show Figures
表1 不同耕作方式对夏玉米茎秆性状的影响 Table 1 Effects of different tillage treatments on plant agronomic traits of summer maize
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
株高 Plant height (cm)
穗位 Ear height (cm)
茎粗 Stem diameter of the third (cm)
穗位系数 Ear position coefficients
茎粗系数 Stem diameter coefficients
地上第3茎节长 Internode length of the third (cm)
长粗比 Length to diameter ratio
2012
RN
251.33 b
110.97 b
2.50 b
44.13 ab
1.00 b
9.83 a
3.98 a
MN
250.33 b
107.30 b
2.68 a
42.87 b
1.07 a
9.43 a
3.55 b
MR
257.67 a
115.93 a
2.70 a
44.99 a
1.05 ab
10.07 a
3.76 ab
2013
RN
255.00 a
110.40 b
2.34 b
43.30 b
0.92 c
7.96 a
3.39 a
MN
250.67 a
110.33 b
2.60 a
43.97 b
1.04 a
6.93 a
2.67 b
MR
252.53 a
114.60 a
2.51 a
45.44 a
1.00 b
8.08 a
3.21 ab
同一列标以不同小写字母的数值在5%水平差异显著。RN: 小麦播前旋耕玉米播前免耕; MN: 小麦播前翻耕玉米播前免耕; MR: 小麦播前翻耕玉米播前旋耕。 Values within a column followed by a different small letter are significantly different at 5% probability level. RN means rotary tillage before winter wheat seeding and no-tillage before maize seeding; MN: moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding and no-tillage before maize seeding; MR: moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding and rotary tillage before maize seeding.
表1 不同耕作方式对夏玉米茎秆性状的影响 Table 1 Effects of different tillage treatments on plant agronomic traits of summer maize
表2 不同耕作方式对夏玉米茎秆解剖结构的影响 Table 2 Effects of different tillage treatments on stalk microstructure of summer maize
生育时期 Growing stage
处理 Treatment
皮层厚度 Cortex thickness (μm)
维管束密度 Vascular bundle density (mm-2)
维管束鞘的面积 Vascular bundle sheath area (μm2)
地上第3节间 横截面积 Area of the third internode (mm2)
外部 Outer
内部 Inner
外部 Outer
内部 Inner
2012
抽雄期 Tasseling stage
RN
18.89 c
0.95 b
1.08 a
8290.49 b
5878.88 b
304.31 b
MN
25.18 a
1.08 ab
1.17 a
13162.84 a
7646.85 ab
372.99 a
MR
22.95 b
1.15 a
1.12 a
14966.54 a
8398.62 a
366.49 a
乳熟期 Milking stage
RN
14.14 b
1.66 a
0.50 b
7216.07 b
4217.03 c
267.86 b
MN
22.39 a
1.73 a
0.57 ab
9307.84 a
5835.27 b
308.03 a
MR
21.90 a
1.80 a
0.70 a
11740.78 a
7630.73 a
299.96 a
2013
抽雄期 Tasseling stage
RN
15.24 b
0.77 a
1.52 b
7334.13 b
5257.91 b
212.61 b
MN
21.26 a
0.77 a
1.64 a
10715.48 a
7293.38 a
259.31 a
MR
23.52 a
0.77 a
1.65 a
9543.96 a
7453.55 a
254.29 a
乳熟期 Milking stage
RN
17.38 b
0.86 b
1.88 b
7997.35 b
5416.13 b
226.48 b
MN
24.94 a
1.03 a
1.92 a
9983.83 a
7801.02 a
284.01 a
MR
21.24 a
1.06 a
1.91 a
9896.15 a
7757.48 a
269.77 a
同一列标以不同小写字母的数值表示在5%水平差异显著。缩写同表1。 Values within a column followed by a different small letter are significantly different at 5% probability level. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.
表2 不同耕作方式对夏玉米茎秆解剖结构的影响 Table 2 Effects of different tillage treatments on stalk microstructure of summer maize
表3 不同耕作方式对夏玉米茎秆穿刺强度的影响 Table 3 Effects of different tillage treatments on stalk rind penetrometer resistance of summer maize (N mm2)
生育时期 Growing stage
处理 Treatment
基部节间 Bottom internodes
2
3
4
5
6
7
2012
抽雄期 Tasseling stage
RN
44.20 c
46.90 b
43.10 b
40.90 b
41.90 a
38.10 a
MN
57.00 a
55.30 a
48.60 a
44.70 a
43.10 a
36.90 a
MR
49.20 b
50.10 b
46.70 a
42.70 ab
40.10 a
37.10 a
乳熟期 Milking stage
RN
64.50 a
63.50 a
49.70 a
45.10 a
42.00 a
40.10 a
MN
51.80 b
49.90 b
49.60 a
44.20 a
42.50 a
40.90 a
MR
47.50 b
47.80 b
42.30 b
39.40 b
36.90 b
36.80 b
2013
抽雄期 Tasseling stage
RN
44.20 c
48.20 b
44.80 a
39.50 b
41.90 a
35.10 a
MN
57.07 a
55.30 a
48.60 a
44.70 a
43.10 a
36.55 a
MR
49.20 b
49.30 b
45.20 a
42.00 ab
43.70 a
36.97 a
乳熟期 Milking stage
RN
54.90 a
53.10 a
50.20 a
46.30 a
42.20 a
40.24 a
MN
52.30 ab
50.00 ab
50.10 a
44.30 a
42.70 a
40.95 a
MR
49.60 b
48.80 b
47.50 b
42.80 b
39.50 b
37.10 b
同一列标以不同小写字母的数值表示在5%水平差异显著。缩写同表1。 Values within a column followed by a different small letter are significantly different at 5% probability level. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.
表3 不同耕作方式对夏玉米茎秆穿刺强度的影响 Table 3 Effects of different tillage treatments on stalk rind penetrometer resistance of summer maize (N mm2)
图1 不同耕作方式对夏玉米茎秆伤流速率的影响时期VT和R3分别代表抽雄期和乳熟期。其他缩写同表1。Fig. 1 Effects of different tillage treatments on quantity of bleeding sap in stalk of summer maizeVT: tasselling stage; R3: milking stage. Other abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.
表4 不同耕作方式对夏玉米根系干重及根冠比的影响 Table 4 Effects of tillage treatments on root and shoot dry matter and their ratio
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
抽雄期Tasseling stage
乳熟期Milking stage
地上部重 Shoot dry matter (g plant-1)
根重 Root dry matter (g plant-1)
根冠比 Root/shoot ratio
地上部重 Shoot dry matter (g plant-1)
根重 Root dry matter (g plant-1)
根冠比 Root/shoot ratio
2012
RN
109.32 c
10.79 b
0.10 b
184.27 c
11.56 c
0.06 c
MN
116.10 b
16.80 a
0.14 a
206.53 b
19.62 a
0.10 a
MR
124.22 a
17.77 a
0.14 a
226.06 a
16.93 b
0.08 b
2013
RN
120.55 c
7.14 b
0.06 b
207.43 b
12.19 b
0.06 b
MN
142.10 a
13.41 a
0.09 a
253.55 a
18.42 a
0.07 a
MR
132.85 b
10.76 a
0.08 a
240.19 a
15.08 b
0.06 b
同一列标以不同小写字母的数值表示在5%水平差异显著。缩写同表1。 Values within a column followed by a different small letter are significantly different at 5% probability level. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.
表4 不同耕作方式对夏玉米根系干重及根冠比的影响 Table 4 Effects of tillage treatments on root and shoot dry matter and their ratio
表5 不同耕作方式对夏玉米地上节根的影响 Table 5 Effects of different tillage treatments on the brace root
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
抽雄期 Tasseling stage
乳熟期 Milking stage
地上节根层数 Layers number of brace root
地上节根条数 number of brace root
地上节根重量 Brace root weight (g plant-1)
地上节根层数 Layers number of brace root
地上节根条数 number of brace root
地上节根重量 Brace root weight (g plant-1)
2012
RN
2.33 a
21.33 b
7.03 b
2.33 a
28.33 b
7.40 c
MN
3.00 a
38.33 a
11.29 a
3.00 a
42.00 a
12.63 a
MR
3.00 a
37.33 a
11.43 a
3.00 a
41.33 a
10.76 b
2013
RN
2.33 a
21.33 b
2.73 b
2.67 a
33.00 b
8.30 c
MN
3.00 a
38.33 a
5.24 a
3.00 a
43.67 a
12.60 a
MR
3.00 a
37.33 a
5.76 a
3.00 a
42.33 a
10.96 b
同一列标以不同小写字母的数值表示在5%水平差异显著。缩写同表1。 Values within a column followed by a different small letter are significantly different at 5% probability level. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.
表5 不同耕作方式对夏玉米地上节根的影响 Table 5 Effects of different tillage treatments on the brace root
表6 不同耕作方式对夏玉米产量的影响 Table 6 Effects of different tillage treatments on yield and yield components of summer maize
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
产量 Grain yield (Mg hm-2)
千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
穗粒数 Kernel number per ear
有效穗数 Actual ears number per hectare
倒伏率 Lodging percentage (%)
2012
RN
7.97 c
276 c
510 b
56505 c
5.10 a
MN
10.04 b
292 b
582 a
59145 b
3.69 b
MR
11.04 a
304 a
585 a
62100 a
4.07 b
2013
RN
9.30 b
309 b
519 b
58029 c
28.84 a
MN
11.35 a
324 a
580 a
60289 b
23.64 b
MR
11.40 a
322 a
563 a
62957 a
24.14 b
同一列标以不同小写字母的数值表示在5%水平差异显著。缩写同表1。 Values within a column followed by a different small letter are significantly different at 5% probability level. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.
表6 不同耕作方式对夏玉米产量的影响 Table 6 Effects of different tillage treatments on yield and yield components of summer maize
4 结论冬小麦播前翻耕可降低夏玉米茎粗系数、穗位系数, 增强抽雄与乳熟期的茎秆穿刺强度和茎秆伤流速率, 可使茎秆皮层变厚、横截面外部维管束密度与维管束鞘面积增大; 提高根干重、根冠比及节根条数, 进而增强抗倒伏能力, 显著提高夏玉米产量, MN和MR较RN处理分别增产26.33%和39.21%。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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