摘要为探究甬优籼粳杂交稻的适宜钾肥用量及其对产量的影响, 以籼粳杂交稻甬优12和甬优538为试材, 设不同钾肥用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg hm-2)的大田试验。结果表明: (1)与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 两年中施钾处理使甬优12增产9.2%~14.0%, 甬优538增产9.8%~15.0%, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2处理的产量最高。施钾处理显著增加了群体有效穗数和每穗粒数。(2)随钾肥用量的增加, 拔节、抽穗和成熟期的植株干物重和叶面积指数均增加, 拔节至抽穗期阶段的干物质积累量和光合势、抽穗至成熟期阶段光合势亦递增; 抽穗至成熟期干物重呈先增后降趋势, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2处理最高。(3)与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施钾处理显著增加了花后各时期的剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率以及根系伤流强度。(4)与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施钾处理显著增加了拔节、抽穗和成熟期氮素和钾素吸收量。随钾肥用量增加, 植株抽穗至成熟期的氮素和钾素积累量呈先增后降趋势, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2处理下最高。施钾处理下, 钾素偏生产力、钾素籽粒生产率和钾素农艺效率均随钾素用量的增加而降低。
关键词:钾肥; 甬优籼粳交杂交稻; 产量 Effects of Potassium Fertilizer Rate on Biomass Accumulation and Grain Yield of Yongyou Japonica/indica Hybrids Series WEI Huan-He1, MENG Tian-Yao1, LI Chao1, SHI Tian-Yu1, MA Rong-Rong2, WANG Xiao-Yan3, YANG Jun-Wen4, ZHANG Hong-Cheng1,*, DAI Qi-Gen1,*, HUO Zhong-Yang1, XU Ke1, WEI Hai-Yan1, GUO Bao-Wei1, 张洪程1,* 1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/ Co-innovation Center of Modern Production Technology for Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
2 Crop Research Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China
3Ningbo Seed Company of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China
4Agricultural Technology Extension and Service, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315100, China
Fund:This study was supported by the China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102), Special Program of Super Rice of the Ministry of Agriculture (02318802013231), the Great Technology Project of Ningbo City (2013C11001), the Key Projects of Jiangsu Province (BE2015340), Innovative Training Program of Yangzhou University (KYLX15_1371), Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Yangzhou University (2015CXJ042), and Precise Diagnosis and Management of Control Technology Based On Modeling and GIS of Gaoyou City (SXGC[2013]248) AbstractIn order to investigate proper potassium application rate and its effects on growth and grain yield for Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series, a field experiment was conducted using Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 538 with five treatments of 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha-1 potassium application. Results indicated that compared with check treatment (0 kg ha-1), potassium application increased yield by 9.2-14.0% for Yongyou 12, and 9.8-15.0% for Yongyou 538. In both years, the highest yield of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 538 was both achieved at potassium application rate of 225 kg ha-1. Potassium application significantly increased number of panicles and spikelets per panicle. With the increase of potassium application rate, leaf area index and plant dry matter weight at jointing, heading, and maturity stages, as well as leaf area duration and dry matter accumulation from jointing to heading, and leaf area duration from heading to maturity were increased synchronously. Dry matter accumulation of plant from heading to maturity increased firstly and decreased then with the increase of potassium application rate, and the highest dry matter accumulation was achieved at potassium application rate of 225 kg ha-1. Compared with check treatment (0 kg ha-1), potassium application increased SPAD value, photosynthetic rate, and root blending rate from heading to maturity. Compared with check treatment (0 kg ha-1), potassium application increased significantly nitrogen and potassium absorption at jointing, heading, and maturity stage. Nitrogen and potassium accumulation from heading to maturity was increased firstly and decreased then with the increase of potassium application rate, and the highest nitrogen and potassium accumulation was achieved at potassium application rate of 225 kg ha-1. K partial productivity, internal nutrient efficiency in K, and K agronomy efficiency all decreased with the increase of potassium application rate.
Keyword:Potassium fertilizer; Super rice of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series; Grain yield Show Figures Show Figures
图1 两年中水稻品种生育期间的日最高温度、最低温度和平均温度Fig. 1 Highest temperature, lowest temperature, and mean temperature of the tested variety during rice growing periods in 2013 and 2014
2 结果与分析2.1 产量及其构成与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施钾处理对2个甬优品种均有显著增产作用。甬优12增产9.2%~14.0%, 甬优538增产9.8%~15.0%。增产幅度随施钾肥量的增加而减小, 钾肥用量300 kg hm-2处理下甬优12和甬优538的产量与225 kg hm-2处理下的产量持平或略有降低。产量在品种、钾肥处理间差异极显著。分析产量构成因素, 施钾处理显著增加了群体穗数和每穗粒数, 结实率和千粒重则随钾肥用量的增加而呈下降趋势。产量构成因素在年份、品种、钾肥处理间差异极显著(表2)。 表2 Table 2 表2(Table 2)
表2 各处理产量及其构成因素 Table 2 Grain yield and yield components of each treatment
品种 Variety
钾肥处理 Treatment (kg hm-2)
穗数 No. of panicles (× 104 hm-2)
每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle
颖花量 Total spikelets (× 104 hm-2)
结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
实际产量 Actual yield (t hm-2)
增产率 Rate of yield increase (%)
2013
甬优12 Yongyou 12
0
161.4 b
328.6 b
53036.0 c
87.2 a
23.2 a
10.7 c
—
75
176.8 ab
343.6 ab
60748.5 b
86.1 b
23.0 ab
11.8 b
9.6
150
180.3 a
348.5 ab
62834.6 ab
85.7 bc
22.9 bc
12.1 ab
11.9
225
185.2 a
355.1 ab
65764.5 a
85.4 bc
22.7 cd
12.4 a
13.8
300
184.6 a
357.9 a
66068.3 a
85.0 c
22.6 d
12.4 a
13.7
甬优538 Yongyou 538
0
199.1 b
311.3 b
61979.8 b
84.4 a
21.1 a
10.9 c
—
75
218.3 ab
324.4 ab
70816.5 a
83.5 ab
20.9 ab
12.1 b
9.8
150
224.5 a
330.2 a
74129.9 a
82.9 ab
20.8 ab
12.3 ab
11.6
225
229.4 a
334.6 a
76757.2 a
82.7 bc
20.7 ab
12.6 a
13.2
300
232.1 a
336.2 a
78032.0 a
82.1 c
20.5 b
12.5 a
13.0
2014
甬优12 Yongyou 12
0
204.1 b
251.5 b
51331.2 b
88.1a
23.7 a
10.6 d
—
75
221.8 ab
270.4 ab
59974.7 ab
87.6 ab
23.7 a
11.7 c
9.2
150
227.4 a
275.8 a
62716.9 a
87.0 abc
23.3 b
12.0 bc
11.7
225
232.5 a
279.1 a
64890.8 a
86.6 bc
23.1 bc
12.4 ab
14.5
300
233.1 a
281.3 a
65571.0 a
86.2 c
22.9 c
12.3 a
14.0
甬优538 Yongyou 538
0
226.8 b
243.4 b
55203.1 b
87.7 a
21.9 a
10.6 c
—
75
242.5 ab
258.6 ab
62710.5 a
87.4 a
21.7 ab
11.9 b
11.0
150
248.9 a
264.6 a
65858.9 a
87.1 ab
21.7 ab
12.3 ab
13.6
225
253.1 a
268.6 a
67982.7 a
86.8 ab
21.5 bc
12.5 a
15.0
300
255.3 a
271.3 a
69262.9 a
86.0 b
21.3 c
12.5 a
15.0
变异来源Sources of variance
年份 Year (Y)
146.26* *
572.83* *
16.21* *
227.62* *
146.29* *
2.72 ns
品种 Variety (V)
121.75* *
25.39* *
40.57* *
71.58* *
1289.28* *
8.83* *
钾肥处理 K treatment (K)
12.45* *
11.44* *
22.13* *
16.58* *
18.89* *
115.53* *
年份× 品种 Y× V
13.48* *
2.37 ns
11.53* *
61.92* *
11.57* *
0.11 ns
年份× 钾肥处理 Y× K
0.01 ns
0.04 ns
0.01 ns
0.48 ns
0.39 ns
0.27 ns
品种× 钾肥处理V× K
0.07 ns
0.04 ns
0.06 ns
0.15 ns
0.74 ns
0.25 ns
年份× 品种× 钾肥处理Y× V× K
0.09 ns
0.02 ns
0.08 ns
0.11 ns
0.50 ns
0.25 ns
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety under the same year. 标以不同字母的值在同一年份同一品种5%水平差异显著。
表2 各处理产量及其构成因素 Table 2 Grain yield and yield components of each treatment
2.2 干物重及阶段积累量主要生育期群体干物重和生育阶段干物质积累量在品种、钾肥处理间差异显著或极显著。与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施钾处理显著提高了拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的干物重, 如2013年, 甬优12钾肥用量300 kg hm-2下拔节、抽穗和成熟期干物重分别较对照高出13.7%、12.1%和14.4%。甬优12和甬优538在拔节— 抽穗期、抽穗— 成熟期阶段干物重积累量则随钾肥用量的增加而呈先增加后下降趋势, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2为拐点。从关键生育阶段干物质积累比例来看, 2013年甬优12和甬优538的拔节— 抽穗期干物质积累比例随钾肥用量增加呈下降趋势; 2014年甬优538亦呈类似趋势(表3)。 表3 Table 3 表3(Table 3)
表3 各处理关键生育时期的干物重和关键生育阶段干物重积累量 Table 3 Dry matter weight at main growth stages and biomass accumulation during main growth periods of each treatment
品种 Variety
钾肥处理 Treatment (kg hm-2)
干物重 Dry matter weight (t hm-2)
拔节-抽穗期 Jointing to heading
抽穗-成熟期 Heading to maturity
拔节期 Jointing
抽穗期 Heading
成熟期 Maturity
积累量 Accumulation (t hm-2)
比例 Ratio (%)
积累量 Accumulation (t hm-2)
比例 Ratio (%)
2013
甬优12 Yongyou 12
0
5.34 b
11.42 c
18.64 d
6.08 a
32.6
7.22 d
38.7
75
5.81 ab
12.46 b
20.81 c
6.65 a
32.0
8.35 c
40.1
150
6.00 ab
12.89 a
21.43 b
6.89 a
32.2
8.54 b
39.9
225
6.12 a
13.06 a
21.89 a
6.94 a
31.7
8.83 a
40.3
300
6.19 a
12.98 a
21.78 a
6.79 a
31.2
8.81 a
40.4
甬优538 Yongyou 538
0
4.88 d
11.50 c
19.01 d
6.62 c
34.8
7.51 b
39.5
75
5.56 c
12.63 b
21.25 c
7.07 b
33.3
8.62 a
40.6
150
5.76 b
13.06 a
21.68 b
7.30 a
33.7
8.62 a
39.8
225
5.88 ab
13.23 a
22.07 a
7.35 a
33.3
8.84 a
40.1
300
5.93 a
13.06 a
21.84 ab
7.13 b
32.6
8.78 a
40.2
2014
甬优12 Yongyou 12
0
5.26 e
11.25 c
18.82 d
5.99 b
31.8
7.58 c
40.3
75
5.77 d
12.37 b
20.55 c
6.60 a
32.1
8.18 b
39.8
150
5.92 c
12.72 ab
21.19 b
6.80 a
32.1
8.47 ab
40.0
225
6.04 b
12.89 a
21.78 a
6.85 a
31.5
8.89 a
40.8
300
6.15 a
12.80 ab
21.62 ab
6.65 a
30.8
8.82 a
40.8
甬优538 Yongyou 538
0
4.74 c
11.16 c
18.77 c
6.42 b
34.2
7.61 b
40.5
75
5.56 b
12.63 b
20.99 b
7.07 a
33.7
8.36 a
39.8
150
5.69 ab
12.89 ab
21.68 a
7.20 a
33.2
8.79 a
40.5
225
5.72 ab
12.98 a
21.92 a
7.26 a
33.1
8.95 a
40.8
300
5.90 a
13.06 a
21.96 a
7.16 a
32.6
8.90 a
40.5
变异来源Sources of variance
年份 Year (Y)
1.46 ns
10.35* *
2.65 ns
1.33 ns
0.48 ns
品种 Variety (V)
25.08* *
8.08* *
14.95* *
37.20* *
4.64*
钾肥处理 K treatment (K)
34.52* *
176.41* *
275.71* *
17.21* *
71.18* *
年份× 品种 Y× V
0.02 ns
0.01 ns
0.01 ns
0.02 ns
0.01 ns
年份× 钾肥处理 Y× K
0.11 ns
0.65 ns
0.40 ns
0.08 ns
1.40 ns
品种× 钾肥处理 V× K
0.67 ns
0.62 ns
0.72 ns
0.04 ns
0.48 ns
年份× 品种× 钾肥处理 Y× V× K
0.04 ns
0.41 ns
0.83 ns
0.10 ns
0.48 ns
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety under the same year. 标以不同字母的值在同一年份同一品种5%水平差异显著。
表3 各处理关键生育时期的干物重和关键生育阶段干物重积累量 Table 3 Dry matter weight at main growth stages and biomass accumulation during main growth periods of each treatment
表4 各处理关键生育时期的叶面积指数和阶段光合势 Table 4 Leaf area index and leaf area duration at the main stages of each treatment
品种 Variety
钾肥处理 Treatment (kg hm-2)
叶面积指数 Leaf area index
光合势Leaf area duration (m2 d hm-2)
拔节期 Jointing
抽穗期 Heading
成熟期 Maturity
拔节-抽穗期 Jointing to heading
抽穗-成熟期 Heading to maturity
2013
甬优12 Yongyou 12
0
4.3 c
7.6 c
3.7 c
244.0 c
412.5 c
75
4.5 bc
7.9 bc
3.9 bc
254.2 bc
430.7 bc
150
4.7 ab
8.1 ab
4.2 ab
262.4 ab
449.0 ab
225
4.9 a
8.3 a
4.4 a
270.6 a
463.6 a
300
4.9 a
8.3 a
4.5 a
271.6 a
467.2 a
甬优538 Yongyou 538
0
4.2 c
7.9 c
3.6 d
229.9 d
373.8 d
75
4.6 b
8.1 bc
3.8 cd
241.3 cd
386.8 cd
150
4.9 ab
8.3 abc
3.9 bc
250.8 bc
396.5 bc
225
5.1 a
8.5 ab
4.1 ab
258.4 ab
409.5 ab
300
5.2 a
8.7 a
4.3 a
264.1 a
422.5 a
2014
甬优12 Yongyou 12
0
4.3 d
7.7 c
3.7 d
240.0 d
404.7 c
75
4.6 c
8.0 bc
3.9 cd
252.0 c
422.5 bc
150
4.8 b
8.2 ab
4.1 bc
260.0 bc
436.7 ab
225
5.1 a
8.4 a
4.3 ab
270.0 ab
450.9 a
300
5.2 a
8.4 a
4.4 a
272.0 a
454.4 a
甬优538 Yongyou 538
0
4.5 d
8.2 c
3.4 c
235.0 c
371.2 c
75
4.9 c
8.5 bc
3.6 b
247.9 b
387.2 bc
150
5.1 bc
8.7 ab
3.7 ab
255.3 ab
396.8 ab
225
5.3 ab
8.8 ab
3.8 a
260.9 a
403.2 ab
300
5.4 a
8.9 a
3.8 a
264.6 a
406.4 a
变异来源Sources of variance
年份 Year (Y)
22.56* *
16.33* *
24.08* *
23.41* *
0.27 ns
品种 Variety (V)
22.56* *
50.70* *
80.08* *
45.90* *
0.61 ns
钾肥处理 P treatment (K)
60.16* *
25.65* *
45.92* *
48.11* *
41.69* *
年份× 品种 Y× V
1.56 ns
4.48*
10.08* *
3.74 ns
0.01 ns
年份× 钾肥处理 Y× K
0.22 ns
0.13 ns
1.17 ns
0.04 ns
0.48 ns
品种× 钾肥处理V× K
0.84 ns
0.24 ns
0.75 ns
0.27 ns
0.48 ns
年份× 品种× 钾肥处理Y× V× K
0.78 ns
0.13 ns
0.50 ns
0.34 ns
0.30 ns
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety under the same year. 标以不同字母的值在同一年份同一品种5%水平差异显著。
表4 各处理关键生育时期的叶面积指数和阶段光合势 Table 4 Leaf area index and leaf area duration at the main stages of each treatment
图4 各处理花后每隔10 d根系伤流强度变化Fig. 4 Changes in root bleeding rate every 10 d after heading of each treatment
2.5 关键生育期植株氮素和钾素吸收量、阶段氮素和钾素积累量及利用效率关键生育期植株氮素吸收量在钾肥处理间差异极显著。随钾肥用量的增加, 各主要生育期氮素吸收量随之增加, 2013年甬优12钾肥用量75、150、225、300 kg hm-2下成熟期氮素吸收量分别较对照(0 kg hm-2)高出12.37、18.62、25.86和31.55 kg hm-2。各施钾处理下甬优12成熟期氮素吸收量为188~207kg hm-2, 甬优538为188~207 kg hm-2。随钾肥用量增加, 植株拔节— 抽穗期随之增加; 抽穗— 成熟期氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势, 以施钾处理225 kg hm-2最高。 氮素利用效率方面, 氮肥偏生产力在品种、钾肥处理间差异极显著。氮肥偏生产力则随钾肥用量增加呈先增加后下降趋势, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2下的氮肥偏生产力最高(46 kg kg-1左右)。氮素籽粒生产率随钾肥用量增加呈先增加后下降趋势, 2013年以钾肥用量75 kg hm-2下的氮素籽粒生产率最高; 2014年以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2下的氮素籽粒生产率最高(表5)。 各主要生育期植株钾素吸收量和关键生育阶段植株钾素积累量在钾肥处理间差异极显著。随钾肥用量的增加, 各处理拔节、抽穗和成熟期的钾素吸收量随之增加。各施钾处理下甬优12成熟期钾素吸收量为266~295 kg hm-2, 甬优538为269~298 kg hm-2。随钾肥用量的增加, 各处理拔节— 抽穗期钾素积累量呈先增后降趋势, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2处理下最高; 抽穗— 成熟期钾素积累量亦呈上述趋势。钾素利用效率方面, 施钾处理下, 随钾肥用量的增加, 各处理钾素偏生产力、钾素籽粒生产率和钾素农艺效率随之下降(表6)。 表5 Table 5 表5(Table 5)
表5 钾肥各处理关键生育时期的氮素吸收、阶段氮素积累量及氮素利用效率 Table 5 Nitrogen absorption, nitrogen accumulation at the main stages, and nitrogen use efficiency of each treatment
表5 钾肥各处理关键生育时期的氮素吸收、阶段氮素积累量及氮素利用效率 Table 5 Nitrogen absorption, nitrogen accumulation at the main stages, and nitrogen use efficiency of each treatment
表6 Table 6 表6(Table 6)
表6 钾肥各处理关键生育时期的钾素吸收、阶段钾素积累量及钾素利用效率 Table 6 Potassium absorption, potassium accumulation at the main stages, and potassium use efficiency of each treatment
表6 钾肥各处理关键生育时期的钾素吸收、阶段钾素积累量及钾素利用效率 Table 6 Potassium absorption, potassium accumulation at the main stages, and potassium use efficiency of each treatment
3 讨论3.1 钾肥用量对甬优籼粳杂交稻花后光合物质生产的影响花后光合物质生产是影响群体库容充实的重要因素[17]。此前研究已表明, 甬优籼粳杂交稻每穗粒数多、群体库容大, 因此, 花后较强的物质生产能力是其发挥高产潜力的重要基础[6, 14]。籽粒灌浆所需的营养物质80%以上来自于抽穗后叶片的光合作用, 提高花后叶片光合生产能力以及减缓花后叶片光合功能的早衰可有效提高水稻花后物质生产能力[18]。 罗一鸣等[19]研究表明, 施钾处理下桂香占和农香18叶绿素相对含量、光合势和净光合速率显著高于不施钾处理。张玉屏等[20]研究表明, 与对照相比, 施钾处理显著提高了中浙优1号和甬优9号成熟期上部3张功能叶的叶绿素含量。饶立华等[21]指出, 低钾处理使杂交稻净光合速率和气孔导度明显下降, 施钾处理可增加杂交稻的光合面积、避免早衰。本试验条件下, 与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施钾处理显著提高了抽穗— 成熟期阶段群体干物质积累和光合势、剑叶叶绿素含量和光合速率。此外, 根系伤流强度是表征根系活力的重要指标[22], 本试验条件下, 施钾处理下花后各时期根系伤流强度较对照有明显提高。因此, 施钾处理下甬优籼粳杂交稻花后剑叶和根系衰老缓慢, 提高了群体花后光合物质生产能力。 3.2 钾肥用量对甬优籼粳杂交稻氮钾积累和利用的影响关于钾素对植株氮素吸收利用效率的影响已有相关报道[3, 23, 24]。胡泓等[23]研究表明, 与不施钾处理相比, 施钾处理增加了杂交稻的氮素、磷素和钾素的吸收总量。王强盛等[3]研究表明, 施钾处理提高水稻各生育阶段植株吸氮量, 其中以拔节期至抽穗期氮素积累量最大; 施钾处理增加了水稻抽穗到成熟期的植株吸氮量, 促进花后氮素转运量和转运率。本试验条件下, 随钾肥用量的增加, 各处理拔节、抽穗和成熟期氮素吸收量随之增加; 播种— 拔节、拔节— 抽穗期、抽穗— 成熟期氮素积累量亦随钾肥用量的增加而增加。此外, 本试验还表明钾肥处理的杂交稻不同生育阶段植株含氮率差异很小。本试验条件下, 钾肥各处理间的关键生育期植株含氮率差异很小(数据未列出)。因此, 施钾提高关键生育期植株氮素吸收量, 可能主要是由于施钾提高了关键生育期群体干物重, 而非植株含氮率。 王强盛等[3]研究表明, 施钾处理显著提高了植株氮素利用率和氮素收获指数, 但植株氮生产效率呈下降趋势。胡泓等[24]研究表明, 同不施钾处理相比, 施钾处理并未显著提高植株氮素籽粒生产率。本研究选取氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产率作为衡量植株氮素利用效率的指标, 结果表明, 两年中植株氮肥偏生产力均随钾肥用量增加呈先增加后下降趋势, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2下的氮肥偏生产力最高。同不施钾处理比较, 施钾处理(75、150、225 kg hm-2)显著提高了植株氮素籽粒生产率, 而钾肥用量300 kg hm-2下的氮素籽粒生产效率有所降低。本研究结果表明, 适宜钾肥用量(如本研究中的225 kg hm-2)利于提高植株氮素利用效率, 钾肥用量过高(如本研究中的300 kg hm-2)则不利于植株氮素利用效率的提高。 有关钾肥施用对植株钾素吸收利用效率的影响亦有较多报道[24, 25, 26]。胡泓等[24]研究表明, 同不施钾处理相比, 施钾处理增加了植株钾素吸收量, 但明显降低了钾素利用效率。鲁艳红等[25]结果表明, 施钾提高水稻对钾素的吸收和积累, 尤其是稻草对钾素的吸收和积累; 钾素利用率随施钾量提高而降低。王强盛等[26]结果表明, 施用钾肥能明显提高植株群体吸钾量, 但过量施钾(312 kg hm-2)却降低了群体吸钾量; 植株的钾素生理效率、农艺效率随钾肥用量的增多呈先增后降趋势。本试验条件下, 随钾肥用量的增加, 各处理拔节、抽穗和成熟期的钾素吸收量随之增加。拔节— 抽穗期钾素积累量随钾肥用量的增加呈先增后降趋势, 以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2处理下最高, 抽穗— 成熟期钾素积累量亦呈上述趋势。就钾素利用效率而言, 施钾处理下, 钾素偏生产力、钾素籽粒生产效率和钾素农艺效率随钾素用量的增加而降低, 这与王强盛等[26]提出的钾素农艺效率随钾肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趋势不一致。这可能与试验处理有关, 王强盛等[26]设置了0、72、192、312 kg hm-2钾肥用量处理。与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 本研究在钾肥用量较低水平(75 kg hm-2)下的增产幅度为1100 kg hm-2, 高于王强盛等[26]在钾肥用量较低水平(72 kg hm-2)下的增产幅度(450~600 kg hm-2); 本研究中产量最高处理(225 kg hm-2)的增产幅度与王强盛等[26] (钾肥用量192 kg hm-2)等基本接近(1800 kg hm-2), 但对应的钾肥用量较王强盛等[26]高出33 kg hm-2; 此后再增加钾肥用量, 增产幅度变小。从而使得本研究中钾肥农艺效率随钾肥用量增加而降低, 而王强盛等[26]随钾肥用量增加, 钾肥农艺效率先增后降。 3.3 钾肥用量对甬优籼粳杂交稻产量及其构成因素的影响近些年, 钾肥在水稻生产上的增产效果日益突出, 尤其在我国南方稻区[27, 28]。薛欣欣等[29]设置7个钾肥施用水平(试验地土壤速效钾含量36 mg kg-1), 结果表明, 各施钾处理均具有显著的增产效果, 增产率达15%~24%, 且以施钾180 kg hm-2最好。王强盛等[3]研究表明, 在基础土壤缺钾条件下(速效钾含量78.9 mg kg-1), 施钾对水稻有明显的增产左右, 增产率4.56%~14.77%, 且产量以钾素用量180 kg hm-2下最高。鲁艳红等[25]通过5年定位试验(速效钾含量62.0 mg kg-1)研究钾肥用量对双季稻产量和施钾效应的影响, 结果表明, 不同钾肥用量处理对早稻增产率最高达8.01%、晚稻则为9.07%, 且提出了湖南地区双季稻的适宜钾肥用量, 即早稻施钾量在120~156 kg hm-2、晚稻则在150~195 kg hm-2。按照孙健等[30]提出宁波水稻速效钾临界值80 mg kg-1为依据, 本试验土壤速效钾含量78.45 mg kg-1, 属缺钾土壤, 与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施钾处理使甬优12、甬优538的2年分别增产9.2%~14.0%、9.8%~15.0%, 两年中两品种均以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2下的产量最高, 为该地区不同速效钾含量土壤的钾素适宜用量提供参考。 此外, 本研究中, 与施钾处理225 kg hm-2相比, 施钾处理300 kg hm-2下的群体颖花量较高, 但钾肥用量300 kg hm-2处理下甬优12和甬优538的产量较225 kg hm-2处理下持平或略有降低。这可能是由于施钾处理300 kg hm-2下甬优12和甬优538结实率和千粒重下降幅度较大, 较大的群体颖花量不足以弥补结实率和千粒重的较大降幅对产量增长的负面效应。这也说明施钾处理225 kg hm-2下甬优12和甬优538的产量构成因素最为协调。 目前就施钾对产量构成因素影响的研究结果尚存在较多分歧。王伟妮等[31]研究表明施钾对早、中、晚稻具有显著的增产效果, 且早稻主要是由于单位面积有效穗数的增加; 中稻主要是由于单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数的增加; 晚稻则主要是由于每穗粒数的增加和结实率的提高。胡泓等[23]研究施钾提高杂交稻的有效穗数、穗实粒数和千粒重, 从而提高产量。张国发等[32]以空育31为试材, 研究表明, 施钾处理显著提高群体穗数和穗粒数, 对结实率和千粒重提高幅度不明显。王强盛等[33]研究表明, 与不施钾相比, 施钾同时增加了水稻穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重, 但在高钾处理下有所降低。本试验条件下, 随钾肥用量的增加, 各处理群体有效穗数和每穗粒数呈上升趋势, 结实率和千粒重呈下降趋势; 钾肥对水稻的增产作用主要是由于增加了群体有效穗数和每穗粒数, 而非结实率和千粒重。
4 结论与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施钾处理使甬优12增产9.2%~14.0%, 甬优538增产9.8%~15.0%, 且两年中两品种均以钾肥用量225 kg hm-2处理产量最高; 施钾主要通过增加群体穗数和穗粒数提高产量。施钾处理显著增加了主要生育期的干物重和叶面积指数, 延缓了花后叶片和根系衰老, 且提高了植株主要生育期的氮素和钾素吸收量。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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, 孟天瑶
表1 主要生育期以及生育阶段天数 Table 1 Development stages of the tested varieties
