摘要为探索不同肥力水平对渭北旱塬连作冬小麦田在长周期免耕/深松轮耕措施下土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产效应的影响, 在模拟精度验证基础上, 应用WinEPIC模型长周期定量模拟研究了1980-2009年渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕连作麦田5个不同施肥水平下(T1, N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2, N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3, N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4, N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5, N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2)冬小麦产量和土壤水分效应。在30年模拟期间, 各处理的冬小麦产量、年度耗水量和水分利用效率均呈波动下降趋势, 下降幅度表现为T5>T4>T3>T2>T1。0~5 m土层土壤有效含水量呈季节性波动降低趋势, 且随施肥水平的升高而降低, 5个处理的麦田平均干燥化速率依次为每年13.5、17.1、17.4、20.1和23.9 mm。0~1.5 m土层土壤湿度随季节降水波动; 各处理在不同深度形成稳定的土壤干层, 其中T1在1.5~2.0 m, T2和T3在1.5~3.0 m, T4和T5在1.5~4.0 m。上述结果表明, 随着肥力水平的增加, 旱作冬小麦产量和耗水量也增加, 土壤干层加厚。综合考虑认为, 在渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕长期连作小麦田适宜的施肥量为纯氮150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2。
关键词:渭北旱塬; 冬小麦产量; 施肥水平; 保护性耕作; WinEPIC模型模拟; 土壤水分 Simulating Wheat Yield and Soil Moisture under Alternative No-tillage and Subsoil Tillage in Response to Fertilization Levels in Weibei Highlands ZHANG Yu-Jiao1, LI Jun1,*, GUO Zheng2, YUE Zhi-Fang2 1College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
AbstractThis study aimed at understanding the responses of grain yield and soil moisture to fertilization level in dryland winter wheat under long-term alternative no-tillage and subsoil tillage. The WinEPIC model was employed on the basis of precision verification with five fertilization levels (T1, N 75 kg ha-1+P2O5 60 kg ha-1; T2, N 120 kg ha-1+P2O5 90 kg ha-1; T3, N 150 kg ha-1+P2O5 120 kg ha-1; T4, N 180 kg ha-1+P2O5 150 kg ha-1; and T5, N 255 kg ha-1+P2O5 90 kg ha-1) and the simulation period was from 1980 to 2009. During the 30-year period, water consumption in the growing season and water use efficiency of winter wheat tended to decrease in a fluctuating manner at different fertilization levels with the ranking sequence of T5>T4>T3>T2>T1. In the 0-5 m soil depth, the monthly available soil moisture tended to decrease in a seasonally fluctuating manner and reduced with the increase of fertilization amount. The soil desiccation rates from T1 to T5 were 13.5, 17.1, 17.4, 20.1, and 23.9 mm per year, respectively. During the simulation period, the soil humidity in 0-1.5 m soil layer fluctuated with the seasonal rainfall. A stable dry soil layer was found under all fertilization levels which was 1.5-2.0 m under T1, 1.5-3.0 m under T2 and T3, and 1.5-4.0 m under T4 and T5. These results indicate that grain yield and water consumption of winter wheat may increase with more fertilizer input, however, the dried soil layer is thickened. In a comprehensive consideration, we suggest N 150 kg ha-1+P2O5 120 kg ha-1 to be the optimal fertilization rates in winter wheat under long-term alternative no-tillage and subsoil tillage in Weibei Highlands.
Keyword:Weibei Highlands; Yield of winter wheat; Fertilization; Conservation tillage; WinEPIC simulation; Soil moisture Show Figures Show Figures
表1 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田0~3 m土层有效含水量模拟值与观测值变化 Table 1 Variation of simulated and observed available soil water amounts in 0-3 m soil layer of no-tillage/subsoil tillage system under different fertilization levels (mm)
施肥水平 Fertilization level
最小值 Min.
最大值 Max.
平均值 Mean
标准差 SD
变异系数 CV (%)
T1
模拟值 Simulated
178.9
265.2
208.0
25.8
12.39
实测值 Observed
170.4
246.6
202.8
20.7
10.19
T3
模拟值 Simulated
82.3
167.1
114.7
26.0
22.66
实测值 Observed
84.9
155.3
111.7
23.0
20.58
T5
模拟值 Simulated
81.5
156.8
109.4
22.3
20.38
实测值 Observed
88.3
148.2
108.8
20.3
18.66
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2.
表1 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田0~3 m土层有效含水量模拟值与观测值变化 Table 1 Variation of simulated and observed available soil water amounts in 0-3 m soil layer of no-tillage/subsoil tillage system under different fertilization levels (mm)
图1 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田产量和0~3 m土壤有效含水量模拟值与观测值比较Fig. 1 Comparison of simulated and observed wheat yields and available soil water amounts in 0-3 m soil layer under different fertilization levels in no-tillage/subsoil tillage system
表2 Table 2 表2(Table 2)
表2 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田冬小麦产量与0~3 m土层有效含水量模拟值与观测值 Table 2 Simulated and observed wheat yields and available soil water amount in 0-3 m soil layer under different fertilization levels in no-tillage/subsoil tillage system
指标 Indicator
施肥水平 Fertilization level
模拟值 Simulated
观测值 Observed
相对误差 Relative error (%)
RMSE
回归方程 Regress equation
相关系数 r
小麦产量 Wheat yield (t hm-2)
T1
2.40
2.73
-12.03
0.507
y=0.9273x+0.5028
0.87* *
T3
3.57
3.69
-3.12
1.412
y=1.2434x-0.6985
0.86* *
T5
4.01
4.21
-4.91
0.818
y=0.9745x+0.3089
0.83* *
土壤有效含水量 Available soil water amount (mm)
T1
208.0
202.8
2.59
21.551
y=0.7540x+45.9170
0.89* *
T3
114.7
111.7
2.64
9.964
y=0.8412x+15.269
0.90* *
T5
109.4
108.8
0.50
8.575
y=0.8737x+13.267
0.92* *
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2. Relative error = (simulated - observed)/observed; RMSE: root mean square error. * * indicates a significant correlation at P< 0.01. 相对误差=(模拟值-观测值)/观测值; RMSE: 均方根误差; * * 表示相关性在P< 0.01水平显著。
表2 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田冬小麦产量与0~3 m土层有效含水量模拟值与观测值 Table 2 Simulated and observed wheat yields and available soil water amount in 0-3 m soil layer under different fertilization levels in no-tillage/subsoil tillage system
2 结果与分析2.1 不同施肥处理下免耕/深松轮耕麦田耗水量30年模拟期内年度降水量平均值为569.8 mm, 变化范围为369.7~836.3 mm, 变异系数为21.9%, 且呈波动性下降趋势(图2-A)。前10年(1980— 1989)平均降水量为628.0 mm, 后10年(2000— 2009)平均降水量为573.3 mm, 后期较前期减少54.7 mm。 图2 Fig. 2
图2 模拟期间年度降水量(A)及各处理0~5 m土层耗水量模拟值(B)年度指小麦生长季, 如1981表示1980年7月至1981年6月期间。土壤耗水量数据来自合阳试验点; 降水量为邻近的白水县数据, 由白水气象站提供。Fig. 2 Annual precipitation during the simulation period (A) and simulated water consumption in 0-5 m soil layer (B)Annual refers to wheat growing season, for example, the period from July 1980 to June 1981 is abbreviated with 1981. The water consumption data were from Heyang site and the precipitations were from neighboring Baishui, provided by Baishui weather station. T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2.
表3 不同降水年型免耕/深松麦田平均耗水量模拟值比较 Table 3 Comparison of average simulated water consumptions in different rainfall years under no-tillage/subsoil tillage (mm)
施肥水平 Fertilization level
干旱年 Dry year
平水年 Normal year
丰水年 Rainy year
T1
518.1 b
633.7 a
652.7 b
T2
520.5 b
636.5 a
664.6 ab
T3
521.3 b
638.7 a
658.0 b
T4
526.1 b
631.6 a
687.4 a
T5
537.0 a
633.6 a
664.8 ab
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2. Values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different at P< 0.05. 同一列中数据后不同字母表示施肥水平间有显著差异(P< 0.05)。
表3 不同降水年型免耕/深松麦田平均耗水量模拟值比较 Table 3 Comparison of average simulated water consumptions in different rainfall years under no-tillage/subsoil tillage (mm)
表4 不同施肥水平0~5 m土层年度耗水量模拟值的变化 Table 4 Variation of simulated water consumption in 0-5 m soil layer during winter wheat growing season under different fertilization levels (mm)
施肥水平 Fertilization level
最小值 Min.
最大值 Max.
平均值 Mean
标准差 SD
变异系数 CV(%)
T1
320.2
853.6
577.0 b
151.6
26.3
T2
321.3
873.1
582.7 ab
155.3
26.6
T3
317.8
873.1
583.0 ab
156.1
26.8
T4
319.2
913.5
599.2 a
157.5
26.3
T5
313.5
933.4
608.8 a
162.5
26.7
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2. Means followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05. 平均值后不同字母表示施肥水平间有显著差异(P< 0.05)。
表4 不同施肥水平0~5 m土层年度耗水量模拟值的变化 Table 4 Variation of simulated water consumption in 0-5 m soil layer during winter wheat growing season under different fertilization levels (mm)
2.2 不同施肥水平下冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟期内5个施肥水平的旱作麦田冬小麦产量均随降水量年际变化呈现剧烈同步波动性变化趋势, 且施肥量越高, 冬小麦产量相应也越高(图3和表5)。T2、T3、T4和T5较T1分别增产39.9%、77.7%、88.7%和102.4%, 各施肥水平间产量有显著差异。但是各施肥水平的小麦产量随时间均呈现明显的减产趋势, T1~T5前10年的平均产量分别为2.62、3.55、4.45、4.69和5.01 t hm-2, 而后10年的平均产量分别为1.81、2.56、3.16、3.37和3.60 t hm-2, 减产率依次为31.1%、27.9%、29.1%、28.0%和28.1%。 图3 Fig. 3
图3 不同施肥水平下冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值动态Fig. 3 Dynamics of simulated average yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different fertilization levelsT1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2.
表5 Table 5 表5(Table 5)
表5 不同施肥处理下冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值变化 Table 5 Variation of simulated yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different fertilization levels
指标 Indicator
施肥水平 Fertilization level
最小值 Min.
最大值 Max.
平均值 Mean
标准差 SD
变异系数 CV (%)
产量 Yield (t hm-2)
T1
0.26
5.01
1.99 e
1.17
58.6
T2
0.51
6.12
2.78 d
1.39
50.0
T3
0.78
7.06
3.53 c
1.53
43.3
T4
0.87
7.36
3.75 b
1.58
42.1
T5
1.07
7.70
4.03 a
1.61
40.0
水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg hm-2 mm-1)
T1
3.02
16.60
6.82 e
3.03
44.4
T2
3.16
18.42
7.79 d
3.41
43.8
T3
3.78
19.88
8.68 c
3.71
42.8
T4
4.03
20.93
9.42 b
3.86
41.0
T5
4.13
21.43
10.01 a
4.13
41.3
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2. Means followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05. 平均值后不同字母表示施肥水平间有显著差异(P< 0.05)。
表5 不同施肥处理下冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值变化 Table 5 Variation of simulated yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different fertilization levels
表6 不同降水年型冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值比较 Table 6 Comparison of simulated wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in different precipitation years
施肥水平 Fertilization level
产量Yield (t hm-2)
水分利用效率WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
干旱年 Dry year
平水年 Normal year
丰水年 Rainy year
干旱年 Dry year
平水年 Normal year
丰水年 Rainy year
T1
1.55
2.01
2.50
5.79
6.74
8.05
T2
2.20
2.83
3.45
6.64
7.84
9.12
T3
2.80
3.68
4.30
7.45
8.71
10.11
T4
3.03
3.94
4.54
8.12
9.73
10.87
T5
3.31
4.24
4.81
8.66
10.25
11.53
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2.
表6 不同降水年型冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值比较 Table 6 Comparison of simulated wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in different precipitation years
表7 不同施肥水平下冬小麦水分胁迫日数和氮素胁迫日数模拟值变化 Table 7 Variations in simulated water stress days and nitrogen stress days of winter wheat field under different fertilization levels (d)
指标 Indicator
施肥水平 Fertilization level
最小值 Min.
最大值 Max.
平均值 Mean
标准差 SD
水分胁迫日数 Water stress days
T1
0
76
23.4
18.9
T2
0
83
28.3
21.0
T3
0
84
31.1
21.9
T4
0
87
35.1
22.4
T5
0
93
42.2
24.7
氮素胁迫日数 Nitrogen stress days
T1
0
73
35.3
23.1
T2
0
65
30.7
21.5
T3
0
63
27.6
20.2
T4
0
61
25.5
19.6
T5
0
58
21.1
18.0
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2.
表7 不同施肥水平下冬小麦水分胁迫日数和氮素胁迫日数模拟值变化 Table 7 Variations in simulated water stress days and nitrogen stress days of winter wheat field under different fertilization levels (d)
图4 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田水分胁迫和氮素胁迫天数模拟值动态Fig. 4 Dynamics of simulated water stress days and nitrogen stress days in different fertilization levels under no-tillage/subsoil tillage systemT1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2.
表8 不同施肥水平下0~5 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值变化 Table 8 Variation of simulated monthly available soil water amount in 0-5 m soil layer under different fertilization levels (mm)
施肥水平 Fertilization level
最小值 Min.
最大值 Max.
平均值 Mean
标准差 SD
变异系数 CV (%)
夏闲期 Summer fallow
T1
513.0
936.4
592.3 a
72.2
12.2
597.9 a
T2
410.0
936.4
505.5 b
86.5
17.1
509.7 b
T3
402.0
936.4
493.5 b
87.8
17.8
498.0 b
T4
322.0
936.4
420.1 c
101.2
24.1
420.0 c
T5
213.0
936.4
315.4 d
121.6
38.6
308.9 d
T1: N 75 kg hm-2+P2O5 60 kg hm-2; T2: N 120 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2; T3: N 150 kg hm-2+P2O5 120 kg hm-2; T4: N 180 kg hm-2+P2O5 150 kg hm-2; T5: N 255 kg hm-2+P2O5 90 kg hm-2. Values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different at P< 0.05. 同一列中数据后不同字母表示施肥水平间有显著差异(P< 0.05)。
表8 不同施肥水平下0~5 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值变化 Table 8 Variation of simulated monthly available soil water amount in 0-5 m soil layer under different fertilization levels (mm)
图5 不同施肥水平的麦田0~5 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值动态Fig. 5 Dynamics of simulated monthly available soil water amount in 0-5 m soil layer under different fertilization levels
图6 模拟初、中、后期不同施肥水平下0~5 m土壤剖面分布特征变化Fig. 6 Dynamics of soil moisture distribution in 0-5 m soil profile under different fertilization levels during initial, metaphase, and telophase simulations
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表1 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田0~3 m土层有效含水量模拟值与观测值变化 Table 1 Variation of simulated and observed available soil water amounts in 0-3 m soil layer of no-tillage/subsoil tillage system under different fertilization levels (mm)
