关键词:棉花; 秸秆还田; 养分; 微生物特性; 产量 Effects of Cotton Straw Returning on Soil Available Nutrients and Microbial Characteristics LIU Yan-Hui1, WANG Shuang-Lei1,2, LI Jin-Pu1,3, QIN Du-Lin1, ZHANG Mei-Ling1, NIE Jun-Jun1, MAO Li-Li1, SONG Xian-Liang1,*, SUN Xue-Zhen1,* 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
2Yantai Agricultural Technology Extension Service, Yantai 264000, China
3 Pingdingshan Seed Service Center, Pingdingshan 467000, China
Fund:The study is supported by Key Projects in National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (2013BAD05B06), Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shandong Province (SDAIT-03), Shandong Program for Improved Varieties of Agriculture (2013LZ, 2014LZ), the Natural Science Fundation of Shandong Province (ZR2013CM005), and Saline Alkali land Improvement and Utilization Project of Shandong Agricultural University AbstractThe experiment with two treatments of cotton straw returning and no straw returning was conducted using Denong 09068 at the Experimental Station of Shandong Agricultural University (Dezhou) to investigate the contents of soil available nutrients and microbial characters under cotton straw returning for four consecutive years. The main results indicated that compared with control (no straw returning), cotton straw returning significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium, soil microbial C and active microbial biomass by 8.16%, 13.23%, 12.30%, 13.63%, and 11.57% (0-20 cm soil layer), 6.08%, 27.51%, 11.47%, 14.32%, and 15.03% (20-40 cm soil layer), 6.05%, 12.87%, 8.08%, 10.60%, and 20.30% (40-60 cm soil layer) on average, respectively. Soil basal respiration rate of straw returning treatment was 13.14% and 17.44% in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers respectively higher than that of no straw returning treatment, while no significant increase in 40-60 cm soil layer. Cotton straw returning significantly increased seed cotton yield (16.86%) and lint yield (15.03%), absolutely owning to larger total boll number (5.99%) and boll weight (10.25%), but there was no change in lint percentage, compared with no cotton straw returning treatment. Returning cotton straw can increase soil fertility, while applying appropriate P fertilizer and controlling obstacles in continuous cropping are necessary for long-term straw returning to enhance yield.
Keyword:Cotton; Straw returning soil; Available nutrients contents; Microbial characteristics; Yield Show Figures Show Figures
图1 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层有机质含量的影响 PR: 播前; SE: 苗期; SQ: 蕾期; FL: 花铃期; BO: 吐絮期; SNR: 未还田; SR: 还田。图柱上标以不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著.Fig. 1 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil organic matter content of different soil layers at different growth stages PR: pre-planting; SE: seeding stage; SQ: squaring stage; FL: flowering and boll-forming stage; BO: boll opening stage; SNR: no straw returning; SR: straw returning. Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.
表3 Table 3 表3(Table 3)
表3 各时期土壤土层有机质含量对应的P值 Table 3P-values of organic matter content of different soil layers at different stages
土层 Soil layer (cm)
播前 Pre-planting
苗期 Seedling stage
蕾期 Squaring stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll opening stage
平均值 Mean
0-20
0.011
0.043
0.001
< 0.001
0.017
0.003
20-40
0.002
0.025
0.021
0.005
0.013
0.002
40-60
< 0.001
0.026
< 0.001
0.044
0.001
0.001
表3 各时期土壤土层有机质含量对应的P值 Table 3P-values of organic matter content of different soil layers at different stages
图2 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层碱解氮含量的影响 缩写同图1。图柱上标以不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。Fig. 2 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil alkaline hydrolyzed N content of different soil layers at different growth stages Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.
表4 Table 4 表4(Table 4)
表4 各时期土壤土层碱解氮含量对应的P值 Table 4P-values of alkaline hydrolyzed N content of different soil layers at different stages
土层 Soil layer (cm)
播前 Pre-planting
苗期 Seedling stage
蕾期 Squaring stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll opening stage
平均值 Mean
0-20
0.062
0.003
0.021
0.001
< 0.001
0.003
20-40
0.012
< 0.001
0.016
0.001
0.002
0.001
40-60
< 0.001
0.021
0.014
0.045
0.705
0.001
表4 各时期土壤土层碱解氮含量对应的P值 Table 4P-values of alkaline hydrolyzed N content of different soil layers at different stages
图3 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层速效磷含量的影响缩写同图1。图柱上标以不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。Fig. 3 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil available P content of different soil layers at different growth stagesAbbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.
表5 Table 5 表5(Table 5)
表5 各时期土壤土层速效磷含量对应的P值 Table 5P-values of available P content of different soil layers at different stages
土层 Soil layer (cm)
播前 Pre-planting
苗期 Seedling stage
蕾期 Squaring stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll opening stage
平均值 Mean
0-20
0.155
0.002
0.722
< 0.001
0.007
0.200
20-40
0.779
0.854
0.024
0.071
0.769
0.269
40-60
0.995
0.018
0.886
0.009
0.431
0.424
表5 各时期土壤土层速效磷含量对应的P值 Table 5P-values of available P content of different soil layers at different stages
图4 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层速效钾含量的影响 缩写同图1。图柱上标以不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著.Fig. 4 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil available K content of different soil layers at different growth stages Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.
表6 Table 6 表6(Table 6)
表6 各时期土壤土层速效钾含量对应的P值 Table 6P-values of available K content of different soil layers at different stages
土层 Soil layer (cm)
播前 Pre-planting
苗期 Seedling stage
蕾期 Squaring stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll opening stage
平均值 Mean
0-20
0.012
0.016
0.004
0.004
0.166
0.004
20-40
0.972
0.018
0.010
0.027
0.029
0.021
40-60
0.004
0.087
0.003
< 0.001
0.003
0.005
表6 各时期土壤土层速效钾含量对应的P值 Table 6P-values of available K content of different soil layers at different stages
表7 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层微生物量碳的影响 Table 7 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil microbial C of different soil layers at different growth stages (mg CO2 kg-1 h-1)
土层 Soil layer (cm)
处理 Treatment
播前 Pre- planting
苗期 Seedling stage
蕾期 Squaring stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll opening stage
平均值 Mean
0-20
未还田SNR
88.79± 2.26 b
43.21± 2.13 a
176.87± 3.15 a
79.79± 3.98 b
55.20± 4.37 b
88.77± 2.39 b
还田SR
104.12± 1.90 a
47.68± 3.10 a
188.68± 7.66 a
94.52± 5.23 a
69.37± 3.29 a
100.87± 2.16 a
P值P-value
0.002
0.280
0.204
0.049
0.023
0.009
20-40
未还田SNR
75.84± 1.92 a
36.02± 0.89 a
156.70± 1.44 b
70.10± 3.33 b
47.84± 1.61 b
77.30± 0.55 b
还田SR
84.57± 3.52 a
42.76± 2.94 a
177.58± 8.06 a
83.85± 2.98 a
53.11± 1.37a
88.37± 3.29 a
P值P-value
0.072
0.071
0.044
0.013
0.047
0.016
40-60
未还田SNR
75.61± 2.20 a
38.67± 1.04 a
169.60± 3.45 b
69.97± 3.77 b
43.67± 1.96 a
79.50± 0.75 b
还田SR
76.72± 1.15 a
39.50± 1.77 a
186.50± 8.63 a
85.33± 1.93 a
51.62± 5.29 a
87.93± 2.20 a
P值P-value
0.734
0.733
0.047
0.011
0.209
0.014
Values with in each column followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. 同一列中不同小写字母表示数值在0.05的水平上差异显著。
表7 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层微生物量碳的影响 Table 7 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil microbial C of different soil layers at different growth stages (mg CO2 kg-1 h-1)
表8 Table 8 表8(Table 8)
表8 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层活跃微生物量的影响 Table 8 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil active microbial biomass of different soil layers at different growth stages (mg CO2 kg-1 h-1)
土层 Soil layer (cm)
处理 Treatment
播前 Pre- planting
苗期 Seedling stage
蕾期 Squaring stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll opening stage
平均值 Mean
0-20
未还田SNR
61.77± 2.60 b
69.23± 2.14 b
93.06± 0.20 b
73.67± 0.31 b
46.59± 0.13 a
68.87± 0.82 b
还田SR
78.39± 3.54 a
80.38± 2.72a
99.69± 1.75 a
76.28± 0.64 a
49.44± 1.95 a
76.84± 1.33 a
P值P-value
0.019
0.030
0.020
0.022
0.219
0.001
20-40
未还田SNR
42.84± 1.01 b
43.96± 1.98 b
73.13± 1.15 b
49.59± 2.13 b
26.67± 0.48 b
47.24± 1.15 b
还田SR
47.25± 0.88 a
53.91± 1.26 a
77.16± 0.62 a
63.91± 2.64 a
29.45± 0.51 a
54.34± 1.33 a
P值P-value
0.030
0.013
0.036
0.013
0.016
0.016
40-60
未还田SNR
28.76± 2.60 b
38.45± 1.04 b
56.49± 1.33 b
40.51± 1.76 b
22.74± 1.26 b
37.39± 1.59 b
还田SR
39.45± 2.76 a
42.24± 0.57 a
67.00± 2.54 a
46.96± 1.07 a
29.22± 2.07 a
44.97± 1.79 a
P值P-value
0.048
0.044
0.022
0.035
0.036
0.032
Values with in each column followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. 同一列中不同小写字母表示数值在0.05的水平上差异显著。
表8 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层活跃微生物量的影响 Table 8 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil active microbial biomass of different soil layers at different growth stages (mg CO2 kg-1 h-1)
表9 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层土壤基础呼吸速率的影响 Table 9 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil basal respiration rate of different soil layers at different growth stages (mg CO2 kg-1 h-1)
土层 Soil layer (cm)
处理 Treatment
播前 Pre-planting
苗期 Seedling stage
蕾期 Squaring stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll opening stage
平均值 Mean
0-20
未还田SNR
3.77± 0.10 b
3.05± 0.73 b
3.62± 0.34 a
4.70± 0.42 a
3.51± 0.13 a
3.73± 0.07 b
还田SR
4.42± 0.07 a
3.56± 0.09 a
3.91± 0.09 a
5.31± 0.27 a
3.89± 0.32 a
4.22± 0.04 a
P值P-value
0.002
0.004
0.443
0.269
0.310
0.030
20-40
未还田SNR
3.45± 0.22 b
3.06± 0.04 b
3.45± 0.21 b
4.29± 0.18 b
2.95± 0.06 b
3.44± 0.13 b
还田SR
4.30± 0.10 a
3.70± 0.19 a
4.13± 0.17 a
4.84± 0.22 a
3.21± 0.07 a
4.04± 0.14 a
P值P-value
0.011
0.018
0.039
0.024
0.033
0.014
40-60
未还田SNR
3.56± 0.15 a
3.45± 0.11 a
4.15± 0.26 a
4.32± 0.25 b
3.31± 0.20 a
3.76± 0.06 a
还田SR
3.81± 0.15 a
3.36± 0.15 a
4.07± 0.14 a
5.14± 0.14 a
3.38± 0.08 a
3.95± 0.06 a
P值P-value
0.280
0.622
0.796
0.029
0.732
0.174
Values with in each column followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. 同一列中不同小写字母表示数值在0.05的水平上差异显著。
表9 棉花秸秆还田对各时期土壤土层土壤基础呼吸速率的影响 Table 9 Effect of cotton straw returning on soil basal respiration rate of different soil layers at different growth stages (mg CO2 kg-1 h-1)
2.3 棉花秸秆还田对棉花产量构成因素的影响由表10可看出, 棉花秸秆还田处理籽棉和皮棉产量达3997.5 kg hm-2和1658.2 kg hm-2, 显著高于未还田处理的3420.9 kg hm-2和1441.6 kg hm-2, 分别提高16.86%和15.03%。产量提高的原因主要是秸秆还田显著提高了棉花总铃数和单铃重, 分别比未还田处理提高5.99%和10.25%; 棉花秸秆还田对衣分无显著影响。 表10 Table 10 表10(Table 10)
表10 棉花秸秆还田对棉花产量构成因素的影响 Table 10 Effect of cotton straw returning on yield components of cotton
处理 Treatment
总铃数 Total boll numbers (× 104 hm-2)
单铃重 Single boll weight (g)
衣分 Lint percentage (%)
籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg hm-2)
皮棉产量 Lint yield (kg hm-2)
未还田SNR
71.56719± 0.87 b
4.78± 0.11 b
42.14± 0.07 a
3420.9± 81.75 b
1441.6± 33.91 b
还田SR
75.85479± 1.20 a
5.27± 0.08 a
41.48± 0.57 a
3997.5± 62.60 a
1658.2± 26.38 a
P值P-value
0.028
0.012
0.313
0.001
0.001
Values with in each column followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. SNR: no straw returning; SR: straw returning. 同一列中不同小写字母表示数值在0.05的水平上差异显著。
表10 棉花秸秆还田对棉花产量构成因素的影响 Table 10 Effect of cotton straw returning on yield components of cotton
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