关键词:棉花核雄性不育系; 宿根; 修剪方法; 宿根年限; 籽棉产量 Technical System of Hybrid Seed Production with Perennial Plants of Cotton Sterile Lines ZHANG Xiao-Jun, YUE Fu-Liang, ZHANG Xiao-Hong, HOU Rui, ZHANG Xiang-Qiong*, LI Wen-Jun Industrial Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610300, China Fund:This study was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2009AA101104), the Modern Agro-industry Technology System (CARS-18-44), the Major Project of China on New Varieties of GMO Cultivation (2008ZX 08005-001) and Programs for Breeding Development of Sichuan Province (2006-YZGG-14) AbstractIt is hard to separate maintainer line and sterile line in two-line-system hybrid breeding, so half of the fertile plants derived from maternal line should be pulled out at bud stage, which increases the cost of seed production and the risk of hybrid seed purity. In this research, taking advantage of specific weather conditions of warm winter and dry winter-spring season in the mid-subtropical zone, we explored hybrid seed production with overwintered perennial sterile plants after eliminating the 50% fertile plants from the nuclear sterile line in the first year. From 2006 to 2011, we investigated various factors that might influence hybrid seed production with perennial cotton sterile plants, including different ages of perennial root, winter-season intercropping of rapid cycling vegetables, pruning times and pruning methods. The results indicated that the perennial plants had extended growth period , its reproductive growth stunted 10 days earlier than that of seedlings with corresponding sowing time, its boll number per plant was significantly higher, while boll weight was slightly lower. The hyrid seed yield in first- and second-year perennial plants was 10.3% to 5.9% higher than that in one year plants. The yield showed non-significant reduction in the third year of prennial production, but significantly reduced by 9.4% to 14.0% in the fourth to fifth years. With the increase of overwintering years, the old root at the basal portion of the plant showed obvious malformation. Within the first five years, the death rate of perennial plants had no relationship with ages of perennial root and field types, but was related to soil water content and pruning methods. The best way for perennial root onverwintering was: no intercropping between winter cotton lines and othen crops, no pruning, and leaving the cotton plants in the field for natural overwintering. In the next year, the main stem and early regenerated buds should be pruned at 10 cm above the ground before the rainy season or the first irrigation, then one or two regenerated primary buds should be reserved with water and nutrition managements.
Keyword:Genic male-sterile line of cotton; Perennial plant; Pruning method; Ages of perennial root; Seed cotton yield Show Figures Show Figures
表1 不同年份及宿根年限的试验规模 Table 1 Experimental scales for perennial root with various ages in different years
年份 Year
材料 Material
面积 Area (hm2)
年份 Year
材料 Material
面积 Area (hm2)
2006
S0
8.00
2010
S0
4.00
2007
S0
33.33
S1
0.67
S1
3.33
S2
0.53
2008
S0
1.33
S3
0.20
S1
3.33
S4
0.20
S2
0.67
2011
S0
5.33
2009
S0
1.33
S1
2.67
S1
0.67
S2
0.80
S2
0.20
S3
0.40
S3
0.20
S4
0.20
S5
0.20
S0: sterile line newly sown in the year; S1: root reserved for one year; S2: root reserved for two years and so on. S0: 当年新播种的不育系; S1: 宿根1年; S2: 宿根2年, 余此类推。
表1 不同年份及宿根年限的试验规模 Table 1 Experimental scales for perennial root with various ages in different years
表3 宿根不育系及新播亲本的生育进程和主要性状 Table 3 Main traits and development process of perennial sterile line and newly-sown parents
材料 Material
播种或修剪日期 PPD (month/day)
开花期 FS (month/day)
打顶 TPT (month/day)
果枝数 FBN
株高 PH (cm)
授粉时段 PT (month/day)
吐絮期 BO (month/day)
生育期 WS (d)
坡台地 Upland field
S0
6/20
8/20
9/25
15
90
8/20-9/30
10/10
192
Average of S1-S5
6/20
8/10
9/20
15
85
8/10-9/30
9/30
192
Restorer
6/10
8/10
槽地 Flat field
S0
3/30
6/2
7/10
17
130
5/30-9/10
7/20
235
Average of S1-S5
4/5
5/28
7/5
17
125
5/28-9/10
7/20
229
Restorer
3/25
5/30
Upland fields include both terraced field and mountain top field. PPD: planting or pruning date; FS: flowering stage; TPT: tip pruning time; FBN: fruit branch number; PH: plant height; PT: pollination time; BO: boll opening; WS: whole growing stage. 坡台地包括台地和坡顶地。
表3 宿根不育系及新播亲本的生育进程和主要性状 Table 3 Main traits and development process of perennial sterile line and newly-sown parents
2.3 不同宿根年限的制种产量及构成因素变化2006— 2011连续6年试验, 分别统计分析了3种土地类型(槽平地、台地、坡顶地)条件下不同宿根年限的制种实收白花籽棉产量(图2)。母本宿根1~5年的制种产量分别是不宿根的110.3%、105.9%、97.6%、90.6%、84.0% (P< 0.05)。其中, 宿根1~2年的平均产量为3679.7~3533.4 kg hm-2, 不宿根的产量为3337.2 kg hm-2, 增产达显著水平, 宿根3年时产量开始降低, 为3256.0 kg hm-2, 但减产不显著, 宿根4~5年则逐年降低, 平均产量3024.5~2804.6 kg hm-2, 减产达显著水平(表4)(P< 0.05)。从表4还看出, 宿根棉结铃多, 但铃变小, 同一品种、同一农户种植在相同地理位置的土地上, 宿根棉比新播棉单株结铃平均多3~7个, 单铃重却低0.3~0.6 g。 图2 Fig. 2
表5 冬季套种蔬菜的宿根棉产量及经济效益 Table 5 Yield and economic benefit of perennial cotton interplanted with vegetables
套种方法 Interplanting methods
凋亡率 Death rate (%)
籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg hm-2)
籽棉产值 Seed cotton value (Yuan hm-2)
蔬菜产值 Vegetable value (Yuan hm-2)
总成本 Total cost (Yuan hm-2)
效益 Benefit (Yuan hm-2)
方法1 Method 1
22.2 a
3237 b
58266 b
15375
48000
25641 b
方法2 Method 2
21.5 a
3303 b
59454 b
13050
46500
26004 b
方法3 Method 3 (CK)
7.5 b
3895 a
70119 a
0
42000
28119 a
Values within the same column followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05. Method 1: intercropping peas without cotton shoot pruning; Method 2: intercropping pakchoi after cotton shoot pruning; Control: no intercropping after cotton shoot pruning. The seed cotton is calculated as 18 Yuan kg-1, and the labor cost is 50 Yuan d-1. 同一列中小写字母不同表示差异显著(P< 0.05)。方法1: 不修剪棉杆套豌豆; 方法2: 修剪棉杆后撒播小白菜; 对照: 棉杆修剪不套种。籽棉按18元kg-1计, 劳务费按每天50元计。
表5 冬季套种蔬菜的宿根棉产量及经济效益 Table 5 Yield and economic benefit of perennial cotton interplanted with vegetables
表6 不同修剪时间的比较 Table 6 Comparison of different pruning times of the perennial cotton
田地类型 Types of fields
主茎剪除时间 CT (month/day)
再生定苗时间 RST (month/day)
凋亡率 Death rate (%)
籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg hm-2)
槽地 Flat field
1/20
3/30
9.8 a
4367.56 b
坡台地 Upland field
1/20
6/10
11.4 a
3546.94 d
槽地 Flat field
3/20
3/30
2.99 b
4836.89 a
坡台地 Upland field
6/1
6/10
2.97 b
4036.37 c
CT: cutting time of main stem; RST: regeneration singling time. Values within the same column followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05. 同一列中小写字母不同表示差异显著(P< 0.05)。
表6 不同修剪时间的比较 Table 6 Comparison of different pruning times of the perennial cotton
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