关键词:淀粉粒; 形态; 粒度分布; 强势粒; 弱势粒; 水稻; 小麦; 玉米 Comparison of Starch Granule Morphology and Size Distribution in Superior and Inferior Grains of Three Cereal Crops XU Yun-Ji, LI Yin-Yin, QIAN Xi-Yang, WANG Zhi-Qin, YANG Jian-Chang* Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China Fund:The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271641, 31471438, 31461143015), China National Public Welfare Industry (Agriculture) Plan (201103003, 201203079), Jiangsu “Three-innovation” Agricultural Project (SXG2014313), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) AbstractUsing two rice cultivars, two wheat cultivars, and two maize cultivars, we extracted starch granules to observe the morphological characteristics and to compare the differences in the starch granule number, volume and surface area distributions among the three crops and between superior and inferior grains of each cultivar. The results showed that significant differences were observed in starch granule morphology and size among the three crops. The diameter of starch granule showed an order of maize > wheat > rice. Starch granules extracted in rice showed an irregular shape, the starch granules in wheat were lenticular-shaped and spherical-shaped. The starch granules in maize grain were mainly polyhedral or irregular and spherical in shape. Distributions of starch granule number, volume and surface area were changed in a typical unimodal-peak curve, a triple-peak curve and a typical bimodal-peak curve, respectively, in grains of rice and maize. Distributions of starch granule number, volume and surface area in wheat grains displayed a typical unimodal-peak curve, a four-peak curve and a triple-peak curve, respectively. According to starch granule diameters, all the starch granules were classified into small, medium, and large granules in this study. The thresholds for separating the starch granules were 1.5 μm and 20.0 μm, 5.0 μm and 50.0 μm, 4.0 μm and 50.0 μm, respectively, in rice, wheat and maize. The total volume of starch granules in grains of the three cereal crops was mainly determined by the volume of medium starch granules. No significant difference was observed in the proportions of small starch granule size and medium starch granule number between superior and inferior grains of the three cereal crops. But the volume and surface area of medium starch granules were larger in superior grains than in inferior ones. The percentage of large starch granules was greater in the inferior than in the superior. Changes in the volume of medium starch granules in both superior and inferior grains were consistent with those in starch accumulation and grain weight. The results suggest that the starch granule volume is an important factor determining grain weight. Increasing the volume of medium starch granules or reducing the volume of large starch granules would increase the weight of inferior grains.
Keyword:Starch granule; Morphology; Size distribution; Superior grains; Inferior grains; Rice; Wheat; Maize Show Figures Show Figures
表1 成熟期3种禾谷类作物强、弱势粒淀粉积累量及其粒重 Table 1 Grain weight and starch accumulation in superior and inferior grains of the three cereal crops at maturity
禾谷类作物 Cereal crop
品种 Cultivar
粒位 Grain position
淀粉积累 Starch accumulation (mg grain-1)
粒重 Grain weight (mg grain-1)
水稻Rice
武运粳24
强势粒S
20.02 a
28.24 a
Wuyunjing 24
弱势粒I
12.45 b
18.04 b
扬两优6号
强势粒S
22.13 a
29.48 a
Yangliangyou 6
弱势粒I
11.89 b
17.60 b
小麦Wheat
扬麦16
强势粒S
30.43 a
47.12 a
Yangmai 16
弱势粒I
28.06 b
42.05 b
宁麦13
强势粒S
27.89 a
42.87 a
Ningmai 13
弱势粒I
20.95 b
34.06 b
玉米Maize
登海11
强势粒S
204.65 a
320.57 a
Denghai 11
弱势粒I
168.74 b
256.68 b
农乐988
强势粒S
188.03 a
299.56 a
Nongle 988
弱势粒I
153.76 b
230.96 b
S: superior grains; I: inferior grains. Values within the same cultivar and the same column followed by different letters are significantly different atP< 0.05. 同一品种、同一列标以不同字母的值在P=0.05水平上差异显著。
表1 成熟期3种禾谷类作物强、弱势粒淀粉积累量及其粒重 Table 1 Grain weight and starch accumulation in superior and inferior grains of the three cereal crops at maturity
图2 两供试水稻品种强、弱势粒中淀粉粒的数量(A, B)、体积(C, D)和表面积(E, F)分布Fig. 2 Number (A, B), volume (C, D), and surface area (E, F) distributions of starch granule in the superior and inferior grains of two rice cultivars
图3 两供试小麦品种强、弱势粒中淀粉粒的数量(A, B)、体积(C, D)和表面积(E, F)分布Fig. 3 Number (A, B), volume (C, D), and surface area (E, F) distributions of starch granule in the superior and inferior grains of two wheat cultivars
图4 两供试玉米品种强、弱势粒中淀粉粒的数量(A, B)、体积(C, D)和表面积(E, F)分布Fig. 4 Number (A, B), volume (C, D), and surface area (E, F) distributions of starch granule in the superior and inferior grains of two maize cultivars
表2 水稻胚乳淀粉粒的数量、体积和表面积分布比例 Table 2 Proportion of starch granule number, volume, and surface area distributions in rice endosperm (%)
淀粉粒度分布 Starch granule distribution
水稻品种 Rice cultivar
粒位 Grain position
小淀粉粒 Small granule (< 1.5 μ m)
中淀粉粒 Medium granule (1.5-20.0 μ m)
大淀粉粒 Large granule (> 20.0 μ m)
数量 Number (%)
武运粳24
强势粒S
92.14 a
7.86 a
0.0004 b
Wuyunjing 24
弱势粒I
92.29 a
7.71 a
0.0012 a
扬两优6号
强势粒S
94.11 a
5.89 a
0.0008 b
Yangliangyou 6
弱势粒I
93.83 a
6.17 a
0.0020 a
体积 Volume (%)
武运粳24
强势粒S
10.80 a
84.08 a
5.12 b
Wuyunjing 24
弱势粒I
10.18 a
74.08 b
15.74 a
扬两优6号
强势粒S
9.01 a
80.28 a
10.71 b
Yangliangyou 6
弱势粒I
9.14 a
73.45 b
17.41 a
表面积 Surface area (%)
武运粳24
强势粒S
39.43 a
60.18 a
0.39 b
Wuyunjing 24
弱势粒I
40.04 a
58.64 b
1.32 a
扬两优6号
强势粒S
40.53 a
59.27 a
0.20 b
Yangliangyou 6
弱势粒I
40.24 a
58.58 b
1.18 a
S: superior grains; I: inferior grains. Values within the same cultivar and the same column followed by different letters are significantly different atP< 0.05. 同一品种、同一列标以不同字母的值在P=0.05水平上差异显著。
表2 水稻胚乳淀粉粒的数量、体积和表面积分布比例 Table 2 Proportion of starch granule number, volume, and surface area distributions in rice endosperm (%)
表3 小麦胚乳淀粉粒的数量、体积和表面积分布比例 Table 3 Proportion of starch granule number, volume, and surface area distributions in wheat endosperm (%)
淀粉粒度分布 Starch granule distribution
小麦品种 Wheat cultivar
粒位 Grain position
小淀粉粒 Small granule (< 5 μ m)
中淀粉粒 Medium granule (5-50 μ m)
大淀粉粒 Large granule (> 50 μ m)
数量 Number (%)
扬麦16
强势粒S
99.72 a
0.28 a
0.00006 b
Yangmai 16
弱势粒I
99.77 a
0.23 a
0.00029 a
宁麦13
强势粒S
99.71 a
0.29 a
0.00007 b
Ningmai 13
弱势粒I
99.70 a
0.30 a
0.00009 a
体积 Volume (%)
扬麦16
强势粒S
9.11 a
87.91 a
2.98 b
Yangmai 16
弱势粒I
9.70 a
78.76 b
11.54 a
宁麦13
强势粒S
9.90 a
88.74 a
1.36 b
Ningmai 13
弱势粒I
10.20 a
84.40 b
5.40 a
表面积 Surface area (%)
扬麦16
强势粒S
55.47 a
43.84 a
0.69 b
Yangmai 16
弱势粒I
56.13 a
42.01 b
1.86 a
宁麦13
强势粒S
57.78 a
42.01 a
0.21 b
Ningmai 13
弱势粒I
58.25 a
40.29 b
1.46 a
S: superior grains; I: inferior grains. Values within the same cultivar and the same column followed by different letters are significantly different atP< 0.05. 同一品种、同一列标以不同字母的值在P=0.05水平上差异显著。
表3 小麦胚乳淀粉粒的数量、体积和表面积分布比例 Table 3 Proportion of starch granule number, volume, and surface area distributions in wheat endosperm (%)
表4 玉米胚乳淀粉粒的数量、体积和表面积分布比例 Table 4 Proportion of starch granule number, volume, and surface area distributions in maize endosperm (%)
淀粉粒度分布 Starch granule distribution
玉米品种 Maize cultivar
粒位 Grain position
小淀粉粒 Small granule (< 4 μ m)
中淀粉粒 Medium granule (4-50 μ m)
大淀粉粒 Large granule (> 50 μ m)
数量 Number (%)
登海11
强势粒S
99.70 a
0.30 a
0.00004 b
Denghai 11
弱势粒I
99.69 a
0.31 a
0.00020 a
农乐988
强势粒S
99.71 a
0.29 a
0.00020 b
Nongle 988
弱势粒I
99.75 a
0.25 a
0.00040 a
体积 Volume (%)
登海11
强势粒S
7.42 a
88.97 a
3.61 b
Denghai 11
弱势粒I
6.98 a
83.79 b
9.23 a
农乐988
强势粒S
6.66 a
82.13 a
11.21 b
Nongle 988
弱势粒I
5.99 a
75.20 b
18.81 a
表面积 Surface area (%)
登海11
强势粒S
54.92 a
44.77 a
0.31 b
Denghai 11
弱势粒I
55.12 a
43.43 b
1.45 a
农乐988
强势粒S
54.91 a
44.73 a
0.36 b
Nongle 988
弱势粒I
55.06 a
43.77 b
1.17 a
S: superior grains; I: inferior grains. Values within the same cultivar and the same column followed by different letters are significantly different atP< 0.05. 同一品种、同一列标以不同字母的值在P=0.05水平上差异显著。
表4 玉米胚乳淀粉粒的数量、体积和表面积分布比例 Table 4 Proportion of starch granule number, volume, and surface area distributions in maize endosperm (%)
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