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施硅量对甬优系列籼粳交超级稻产量及相关形态生理性状的影响

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

韦还和1, 孟天瑶1, 李超1, 张洪程1,*, 史天宇1, 马荣荣2, 王晓燕3, 杨筠文4, 戴其根1,*, 霍中洋1, 许轲1, 魏海燕1, 郭保卫1
1扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

2浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所, 浙江宁波 315101

3浙江省宁波市种子公司, 浙江宁波315101

4浙江省宁波市鄞州区农业技术服务站, 浙江宁波 315100

*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 张洪程, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn; 戴其根, E-mail: qgdai@yzu.edu.cn 第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 920964110@qq.com
收稿日期:2015-06-26 接受日期:2015-09-06网络出版日期:2015-10-08基金:本研究由农业部超级稻专项(02318802013231), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102), 宁波市重大科技项目(2013C11001), 江苏省重点研发项目(BE2015340)和江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目(KYLX15_1371)资助

摘要以籼粳交超级稻甬优12和甬优15为试材, 比较研究了不同硅肥施用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg hm-2)对甬优籼粳交超级稻产量及其形态生理特征的影响。结果表明: (1)甬优12和甬优15产量均随硅肥施用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势, 且均以硅肥用量225 kg hm-2处理的产量最高。产量构成因素穗数随硅肥施用量增加而递增, 结实率和千粒重则随之递减。(2)甬优12和甬优15在拔节、抽穗和成熟期的茎蘖数均随硅肥施用量的增加而增加, 茎蘖成穗率则呈先增加后降低的趋势, 以225 kg hm-2处理最高。(3)与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施硅处理显著增加了拔节、抽穗和成熟期的干物重和叶面积指数, 拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量和光合势也随硅肥施用量增加而递增。(4)随硅肥施用量的增加, 倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶长和叶宽随之递增, 倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶基角和披垂度随之递减。此外, 与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施硅处理显著提高了茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重。文章还讨论了甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术。

关键词:硅; 甬优籼粳交超级稻; 产量; 产量形成特征
Effects of Silicon Fertilizer Rate on Grain Yield and Related morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Super Rice of Yongyou Japonica/ indica Hybrids Series
WEI Huan-He1, MENG Tian-Yao1, LI Chao1, ZHANG Hong-Cheng1,*, SHI Tian-Yu1, MA Rong-Rong2, WANG Xiao-Yan3, YANG Jun-Wen4, DAI Qi-Gen1,*, HUO Zhong-Yang1, XU Ke1, WEI Hai-Yan1, GUO Bao-Wei1
1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

2 Crop Research Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

3Ningbo Seed Company of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

4Agricultural Technology Extension and Service, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315100, China

Fund:This research was supported by the Special Program of Super Rice of the Ministry of Agricultural (02318802013231), China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102), the Great Technology Project of Ningbo City (2013C11001), the Key Projects of Jiangsu Province (BE2015340) and Innovative Training Program for Jiangsu University (KYLX15_1371)
AbstractA field experiment was conducted using Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 with five treatments of 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha-1 silicon application. Results indicated that grain yield of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased firstly and then decreased with increase of the silicon application rate. The highest grain yield of both Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 achieved at the silicon rate of 225 kg ha-1. Analysis on yield components showed that number of panicles of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased with the increase of silicon application rate, while 1000-grain weight and seed-setting rate were both decreased with the increased silicon application rate. With the increase of silicon application rate, number of tillers and stems of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 at jointing, heading, and maturity stages increased synchronously. Panicle rate of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of silicon application rate, and the peak value was at the silicon rate of 225 kg ha-1. With the increase of silicon application rate, dry matter weight and leaf area index at jointing, heading, and maturity stages as well as dry matter accumulation and leaf area duration from jointing to heading and from heading to maturity increased. With the increase of silicon application rate, leaf length and leaf width of the 1st leaf, 2nd leaf, and 3rd leaf of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased synchronously, while leaf basal angle and dropping angle of the 1st leaf, 2nd leaf, and 3rd leaf of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 decreased synchronously. Moreover, compared with check (0 kg ha-1), silicon application significantly increased dry matter per stem, per sheath, and per length of stem. At last, the technology on the effective application of silicon was discussed.

Keyword:Silicon; Super rice of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series; Grain yield; Characteristics of yield formation
Show Figures
Show Figures



硅是水稻生长的有益元素[1]。大量研究表明, 施用硅肥可促进光合作用[2]、提高抗倒伏能力[3]、协同提高产量与米质[4]等。对抗生物胁迫方面, 硅肥可提高水稻对纹枯病[5]、稻瘟病[6]、二化螟[7]等抗性。此外, 硅肥对于非生物胁迫如水分胁迫[8]、UV-B辐射胁迫[9]、铝胁迫[10]、镉胁迫[11]等也具有较好的调控作用。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻已在生产上表现出较高的产量潜力, 近几年在浙江、江苏、江西等地推广种植面积迅速增加[12, 13], 如在浙江省, 仅2012年, 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的种植面积就达15.5万公顷(马荣荣, 个人通讯), 且在浙江省多地创造高产记录, 如籼粳交超级稻甬优12在宁波市连续多年创造13.5 t hm-2以上高产记录[14]。近年来, 已有浙江省宁波市土壤中缺乏硅元素的报道[15]。此外, 该地区在水稻生长中后期易遭受台风引起倒伏, 且该地区高温高湿的气候条件, 也易导致纹枯病、稻瘟病、二化螟等病虫害的发生, 因此增施硅肥在该地区水稻生产上已引起足够重视[15], 但当前就甬优籼粳杂交稻适宜的硅肥用量及其对产量影响的报道较少, 且缺乏系统的比较研究。本文旨在研究该地区甬优籼粳杂交稻适宜的硅肥施用量及其对产量的影响, 以期充分发挥甬优籼粳杂交稻的产量潜力以及为其配套的高产栽培措施提供理论与实践依据。
1 材料与方法1.1 试验材料与栽培管理概况选用甬优系列籼粳交超级稻甬优12、甬优15为试材。2012— 2013年供试品种的主要生育期见表1
表1
Table 1
表1(Table 1)
表1 主要生育期以及生育阶段天数 Table 1 Development stage and period of the tested varieties
年份
Year
品种
Variety
播种期(月/日)
Sowing (month/day)
拔节期(月/日)
Jointing (month/day)
抽穗期(月/日)
Heading (month/day)
成熟期(月/日)
Maturity (month/day)
全生育期
Growth period (d)
2012甬优12 Yongyou 125/197/279/511/18183
甬优15 Yongyou 155/197/239/111/9174
2013甬优12 Yongyou 125/187/259/411/16182
甬优15 Yongyou 155/187/228/3011/7173

表1 主要生育期以及生育阶段天数 Table 1 Development stage and period of the tested varieties

试验于2012— 2013年在浙江省宁波市鄞州区洞桥镇百梁桥村进行。土壤类型为黄化青紫泥田, pH 5.51、含有机质38.37 g kg-1、全氮0.16%、碱解氮82.45 mg kg-1、速效磷20.14 mg kg-1、速效钾78.45 mg kg-1、水溶性盐总量0.13 g kg-1、有效硅88.64 mg kg-1。2年中水稻生长期间的平均温度、日照时数、降雨量见表2
设硅肥0 (对照)、75、150、225、300 kg hm-2共5个处理, 每处理3次重复, 随机区组设计, 小区面积20 m2 (5 m × 4 m)。小区间作埂隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 保证单独排灌。毯苗育秧, 2年中具体播种期见表1, 秧龄20 d, 栽插株行距为30.0 cm × 13.2 cm, 每穴2苗。施纯氮270 kg hm-2, 氮肥按基蘖肥∶ 穗粒肥=6∶ 4施用。各小区磷、钾肥施用量一致, 即过磷酸钙(含12% P2O5) 1125 kg hm-2, 全部基施。钾肥(含60% K2O) 450 kg hm-2, 按基蘖肥∶ 穗粒肥= 4∶ 6施用。硅肥为俄罗斯进口矿物硅(必奥力, SiO2> 70%), 分基施和倒四叶叶龄期2次等量施用。秧苗移栽后采用湿润灌溉为主, 建立浅水层; 群体达到目标穗数的80%时搁田, 控制无效分蘖发生; 抽穗扬花期田间保持3 cm水层, 灌浆结实期间歇灌溉, 干湿交替, 收割前7 d断水搁田。按常规高产栽培要求防治病虫害。
1.2 测定项目与方法1.2.1 茎蘖动态
于每小区定3个观察点, 每点20穴, 拔节期前每隔5 d一次记录茎蘖数, 拔节后每隔7 d依次记录茎蘖数。
表2
Table 2
表2(Table 2)
表2 水稻生长期间的气象资料 Table 2 Climate conditions during rice growing seasons
月份
Month
温度 Temperature (℃)日照时数 Sunshine hours (h)降雨量 Rainfall (mm)
201220132012201320122013
5月May21.422.2145.9192.4225.473.6
6月June24.824.972.1100.6211.5324.2
7月July30.131.5280.0338.3203.169.3
8月August28.830.7198.6263.144.2251.6
9月September23.325.5156.0223.8209.232.9
10月October19.419.9227.9161.324.0424.0
11月November12.213.8142.9178.3123.642.6

表2 水稻生长期间的气象资料 Table 2 Climate conditions during rice growing seasons

1.2.2 叶面积和干物重
于拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均值取10穴测定叶面积和干物重。按长宽系数法测定叶面积。将样株按器官放在105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘干至恒重, 测定干物重。
1.2.3 光合势
光合势(m2 d hm-2) = 1/2× (L1+ L2)× (t2-t1)。式中, L1和L2为前后2次测定的叶面积(m2 hm-2), t1和t2为前后2次测定的时间(d)。
1.2.4 上三叶的长、宽及角度
于乳熟期(抽穗后25 d), 从每小区取生长基本一致的植株10穴, 测量主茎上三叶的长、宽、叶基角(茎秆与叶片基部夹角)、披垂角(茎秆与叶枕至叶尖连线的夹角)。披垂度等于披垂角与叶基角之差。
1.2.5 产量
成熟期调查每小区100穴, 计算有效穗数, 取25穴调查每穗粒数、结实率和测定千粒重及理论产量; 每小区实产收割面积8 m2, 脱粒后晾晒, 并称重。
1.3 数据处理运用Microsoft Excel录入数据、计算, 用DPS软件统计分析。

2 结果与分析2.1 产量及其构成因素由表3可知, 硅肥处理对甬优12的产量增幅为3.1%~9.3% (2年数据), 甬优15的产量增幅为5.1%~9.8% (2年数据)。2年中甬优12和甬优15的产量均以施硅量225 kg hm-2处理最高。穗数随硅肥施用量增加而递增, 结实率和千粒重则随硅肥施用量增加而递减。与不施硅处理相比, 施硅处理显著增加了每穗粒数, 但每穗粒数在各施硅处理间并未表现出明显的规律(表3)。由于2年产量趋势基本一致, 因此若无特殊说明, 下文以2013年数据为主。
表3
Table 3
表3(Table 3)
表3 产量及其构成因素 Table 3 Grain yield and its components of the tested variety
品种
Variety
硅肥处理
Treatment
(kg hm-2)
穗数
No. of panicles
(× 104 hm-2)
每穗粒数
Spikelets per
panicle
颖花量
Total spikelets
(× 104 hm-2)
结实率
Seed-setting
rate (%)
千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)
实际产量
Actual yield
(t hm-2)
增产率
Yield
increased (%)
2012
甬优12
Yongyou 12

0168.6 c351.1 c59195.5 d88.3 a23.3 a11.5 d
75178.7 b362.9 b64832.1 c87.6 a23.1 a12.1 c5.5
150185.3 b368.5 a68264.6 b87.3 a22.9 a12.3 b6.7
225190.1 a372.7 a70831.6 a87.0 b22.8 a12.6 a9.3
300191.0 a364.1 ab69524.9 a86.4 c22.8 b12.6 a9.2
甬优15
Yongyou 15

0157.7 d346.4 d54610.0 d87.5 a25.4 a11.2 d
75173.6 c357.2 b61992.1 c86.8 b25.3 a11.8 c5.8
150179.1 b351.7 c62989.5 b86.3 b25.1 a12.0 b7.2
225184.1 a355.9 b65503.4 ab86.1 b24.9 ab12.3 a9.8
300182.7 a362.2 a66173.9 a85.6 c24.7 b12.1 b8.6
2013
甬优12
Yongyou 12

0178.7 c356.3 c63653.0 d87.7 a23.1 a11.7 c
75191.9 b370.4 a71061.2 c87.1 a22.9 a12.1 b3.1
150194.0 a364.9 b70772.4 b86.7 ab22.8 a12.3 b5.6
225199.1 a369.3 a73509.2 a86.3 ab22.6 a12.7 a8.9
300199.2 a374.3 a74560.6 a85.6 b22.4 b12.6 a8.2
甬优15
Yongyou 15

0168.5 d344.6 b58047.9 d86.4 a25.3 a11.5 d
75179.7 c350.9 a63056.7 c85.8 a25.1 a12.1 c5.1
150182.6 b347.3 a63399.6 b85.4 ab24.9 a12.2 c6.2
225187.4 a352.8 a66097.1 a85.2 ab24.8 b12.6 a9.4
300188.0 a348.4 a65481.8 a84.8 b24.6 b12.4 b8.0
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety under the same year.
标以不同字母的值在同一年份同一品种5%水平差异显著。

表3 产量及其构成因素 Table 3 Grain yield and its components of the tested variety

2.2 茎蘖动态及成穗率甬优12和甬优15在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期各处理的茎蘖数均随硅用量的增加而递增。茎蘖成穗率随硅用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势, 以硅用量225 kg hm-2为拐点(表4)。
表4
Table 4
表4(Table 4)
表4 关键生育时期的茎蘖数和成穗率 Table 4 Number of tillers at the main growth stages and the panicle rate
品种
Variety
硅肥处理
Treatment (kg hm-2)
茎蘖数 Number of tillers and stems (× 104 hm-2)成穗率
Panicle rate (%)
拔节期 Jointing stage抽穗期 Heading stage成熟期 Maturity stage
2012
甬优12
Yongyou 12

0265.1 c172.1 b168.6 c63.6 c
75268.9 c182.4 ab178.7 b66.4 b
150270.7 b188.9 a185.3 b68.4 ab
225275.5 a193.8 a190.1 a69.0 a
300276.3 a194.4 a191.0 a69.1 a
甬优15
Yongyou 15

0249.4 b161.1 d157.7 d63.2 d
75257.4 ab177.0 c173.6 c67.4 c
150258.4 b182.5 b179.1 b69.3 b
225258.8 b187.4 a184.1 a71.1 a
300262.6 a185.9 b182.7 a69.6 b
2013
甬优12
Yongyou 12

0280.7 b182.1 b178.7 c63.7 c
75286.0 ab195.0 ab191.9 b67.1 b
150286.6 ab197.4 a194.0 a67.7 b
225291.4 a202.4 a199.1 a68.3 a
300292.4 a202.5 a199.2 a68.1 a
甬优15
Yongyou 15

0265.5 b171.7 c168.5 d63.5 c
75273.9 ab183.2 b179.7 c65.6 bc
150274.7 a185.7 ab182.6 b66.5 b
225275.1 a190.8 a187.4 a68.1 a
300278.9 a191.3 a188.0 a67.4 b
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety under the same year.
标以不同字母的值在同一年份同一品种5%水平差异显著。

表4 关键生育时期的茎蘖数和成穗率 Table 4 Number of tillers at the main growth stages and the panicle rate

2.3 主要生育时期干物重及阶段积累量由表5可知, 施硅处理显著增加了拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的干物重, 如甬优12施硅处理225 kg hm-2在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的干物重分别较对照(0 kg hm-2)高6.9%、5.7%和7.9%。就阶段干物重积累量而言, 甬优12拔节至抽穗期以硅用量225 kg hm-2处理最高, 甬优15则以硅用量300 kg hm-2处理最高。甬优12和甬优15抽穗至成熟期的干物重积累量均以硅用量225 kg hm-2处理最高(表5)。
表5
Table 5
表5(Table 5)
表5 关键生育时期的干物重及阶段干物重积累量 Table 5 Dry matter weight and dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages
品种
Variety
硅肥处理
Treatment
(kg hm-2)
干物重 Dry matter weight (t hm-2)干物重积累量 Dry matter accumulation (t hm-2)收获指数
Harvest index
拔节期
Jointing stage
抽穗期
Heading stage
成熟期
Maturity stage
拔节至抽穗期
Jointing to heading
抽穗至成熟期
Heading to maturity
甬优12
Yongyou 12


05.36 c11.46 d19.90 c6.11 c8.43 d0.4994 a
755.49 b11.77 c20.74 b6.28 b8.97 c0.4941 a
1505.59 b12.01 b21.19 a6.42 a9.18 c0.4950 a
2255.79 a12.16 a21.64 a6.37 a9.49 a0.4998 a
3005.93 a12.23 a21.62 a6.30 b9.39 b0.4971 a
甬优15
Yongyou 15


04.83 d11.38 d19.78 d6.55 c8.40 c0.4931 a
755.10 c11.60 c20.37 c6.49 c8.78 b0.5039 a
1505.27 b11.95 b20.83 b6.68 b8.88 b0.4976 a
2255.52 a12.21 b21.33 a6.69 b9.12 a0.5010 a
3005.66 a12.53 a21.60 a6.87 a9.07 a0.4983 a
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety.
标以不同字母的值在同一品种5%水平差异显著。

表5 关键生育时期的干物重及阶段干物重积累量 Table 5 Dry matter weight and dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages

2.4 主要生育时期叶面积指数和光合势与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施硅处理显著增加了拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的叶面积指数, 甬优12施硅处理225 kg hm-2在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的叶面积指数分别较对照高15.1%、7.5%和9.5%。与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施硅处理也增加了拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期的光合势, 差异显著(表6)。
表6
Table 6
表6(Table 6)
表6 关键生育时期的叶面积指数和阶段光合势 Table 6 Leaf area index and leaf area duration at the main stages
品种
Variety
硅肥处理
Treatment
(kg hm-2)
叶面积指数 Leaf area index光合势 Leaf area duration (m2 d hm-2)
拔节期
Jointing stage
抽穗期
Heading stage
成熟期
Maturity stage
拔节至抽穗期
Jointing to heading
抽穗至成熟期
Heading to maturity
甬优12
Yongyou 12


04.5 d7.4 c3.8 c241.0 c414.4 c
754.9 c7.7 b4.1 b255.2 b436.6 b
1505.2 b7.8 b4.2 ab263.3 ab444.0 ab
2255.3 b8.0 ab4.2 ab269.3 b451.4 a
3005.5 a8.1 a4.3 a275.4 a458.8 a
甬优15
Yongyou 15


04.3 b7.6 c3.6 b235.0 c386.4 c
754.7 ab7.9 b3.8 a248.9 c403.7 b
1505.0 a8.1 ab3.8 a258.7 b410.6 b
2255.2 a8.4 a3.9 a268.6 b424.4 a
3005.4 a8.5 a3.9 a274.5 a427.8 a
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety.
标以不同字母的值在同一品种5%水平差异显著。

表6 关键生育时期的叶面积指数和阶段光合势 Table 6 Leaf area index and leaf area duration at the main stages

2.5 上三叶的形态特征及茎秆特征与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施硅处理显著增加了倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶长和叶宽, 且随硅肥施用量增加而递增; 与之相反, 施硅处理显著降低了倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶基角和披垂度(表7); 而施硅处理显著提高了茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重(表8)。
表7
Table 7
表7(Table 7)
表7 上三叶的叶片大小及叶姿 Table 7 Size and leaf posture of the top three leaves
性状
Trait
品种
Variety
硅肥处理
Treatment (kg hm-2)
倒一叶
The first leaf to top
倒二叶
The second leaf to top
倒三叶
The third leaf to top
叶长
Leaf length (cm)
甬优12
Yongyou 12
041.85 b49.54 b48.74 c
7542.47 b50.72 b50.26 b
15043.62 ab51.74 a50.92 ab
22544.56 a52.42 a51.55 a
30044.61 a52.50 a51.70 a
甬优15
Yongyou 15
046.52 b53.71 b52.87 c
7547.25 ab55.25 ab54.82 b
15048.87 ab56.17 a55.56 b
22549.81 a56.85 a55.90 ab
30049.90 a56.90 a56.04 a
叶宽
Leaf width (cm)
甬优12
Yongyou 12
02.24 b2.02 b1.83 c
752.28 ab2.04 b1.86 b
1502.30 a2.10 ab1.91 b
2252.34 a2.13 a1.96 ab
3002.36 a2.15 a2.02 a
甬优15
Yongyou 15
02.11 b1.92 b1.71 d
752.14 a1.92 b1.85 c
1502.18 a1.96 ab1.94 b
2252.21 a2.01 a1.98 ab
3002.23 a2.03 a2.02 a
叶基角
Leaf basic angle (° )
甬优12
Yongyou 12
06.26 a9.87 a13.96 a
756.07 a9.68 a13.78 a
1505.99 a9.47 ab13.62 ab
2255.86 a9.26 b13.27 ab
3005.72 a9.17 b13.16 b
甬优15
Yongyou 15
06.77 a10.29 a14.73 a
756.51 a10.05 a14.62 a
1506.25 a9.93 a14.38 ab
2256.08 a9.71 ab14.05 b
3005.99 a9.61 b13.95 b
披垂度
Dropping angle (° )
甬优12
Yongyou 12
01.85 a3.15 a4.62 a
751.76 ab3.04 ab4.53 a
1501.68 b2.98 ab4.42 ab
2251.57 bc2.84 b4.34 ab
3001.51 c2.79 c4.28 b
甬优15
Yongyou 15
02.08 a3.41 a4.95 a
751.85 b3.23 a4.72 ab
1501.67 bc3.06 ab4.52 b
2251.57 c2.92 b4.34 b
3001.49 d2.78 b4.28 b
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety.
标以不同字母的值在同一品种5%水平差异显著。

表7 上三叶的叶片大小及叶姿 Table 7 Size and leaf posture of the top three leaves

表8
Table 8
表8(Table 8)
表8 茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重 Table 8 Dry weight per culm, per sheath, and per unit internode
品种
Variety
硅肥处理
Treatment
(kg hm-2)
茎干重
Dry weight per culm
(g stem-1)
鞘干重
Dry weight per sheath
(g stem-1)
单位节间干重
Dry weight per unit internode
(g cm-1)
甬优12
Yongyou 12
01.49 c1.02 c0.0629 d
751.62 b1.13 b0.0705 c
1501.78 ab1.27 b0.0751 b
2251.97 b1.47 ab0.0805 ab
3002.01 a1.51 a0.0811 a
甬优15
Yongyou 15
01.64 b1.13 c0.0601 c
751.74 b1.25 b0.0674 b
1501.81 ab1.34 ab0.0726 ab
2251.94 a1.51 a0.0765 a
3001.97 a1.53 a0.0797 a
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% probability level in the same variety.
标以不同字母的值在同一品种5%水平差异显著。

表8 茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重 Table 8 Dry weight per culm, per sheath, and per unit internode


3 讨论3.1 施硅量对甬优籼粳交超级稻产量及其构成因素的影响因各地气候条件、土壤类型、种植制度等的差异, 至今我国尚未有统一的土壤有效硅含量的丰缺指标[16]。秦方锦等[15]依据宁波市9个县的747个土样的有效硅含量数据, 将土壤有效硅含量划分为4个等级, 即土壤有效硅含量丰富(130 mg kg-1)、中等(100~130 mg kg-1)、缺乏(50~100 mg kg-1)和极缺(< 50 mg kg-1)。本研究试验田的土壤有效硅含量为88.64 mg kg-1, 属缺硅土壤。
较多的研究已表明, 施用硅肥可增加水稻产量, 但增产幅度因生态条件、供试品种、硅肥类型、土壤质地等的差异而不同[4, 17, 18]。张国良等[17]研究表明, 在大田基施硅肥(有效硅含量≥ 20%) 0~450 kg hm-2范围内, 随硅肥施用量的增加, 武育粳3号的产量呈先增加后降低的趋势, 施硅量225 kg hm-2处理的产量最高。商全玉等[4]提出施硅量(有效硅含量为67%) 180~240 kg hm-2是北方粳稻适宜的硅肥用量。龚金龙等[18]研究表明, 施硅可显著提高江苏里下河地区粳型超级稻武运粳24和淮稻9号的产量, 增幅达4.59%~19.54%, 以硅肥(可溶硅含量> 50%)用量90 kg hm-2且在有效分蘖临界叶龄期追施的处理产量最高。本研究结果表明, 硅肥施用显著提高甬优12和甬优15的产量, 增幅达5%~10%。随硅肥用量的增加, 甬优12和甬优15的产量均呈先增加后下降的趋势, 且均以施硅量225 kg hm-2处理的产量最高。
商全玉等[4]、张国良等[17]研究表明施硅通过提高穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重提高水稻产量。陈健晓等[19]研究表明, 施硅可提高超级早稻的穗数和每穗粒数, 但降低了结实率。陆福勇等[20]研究表明施硅增加有效穗数提高水稻产量, 而对每穗粒数、千粒重和结实率影响不大。本研究表明, 施硅处理显著增加有效穗数和每穗粒数, 而千粒重和结实率则呈下降趋势。本试验中, 硅肥分基施和倒四叶叶龄期施用, 硅肥基施促进了分蘖的发生和生长, 提高了分蘖成穗, 从而增加了有效穗数; 倒四叶叶龄期施用硅肥可促进籼粳交杂种F1代的花粉萌发和颖花分化[21], 增加每穗粒数。此外, 本试验中2012年的穗数总体上低于2013年, 这可能与2012年试验田二化螟发生(7月中旬左右)较为严重有关。我们观察到, 与不施硅处理相比, 各施硅处理下的二化螟发生数量以及受害程度明显减轻, 这也从大田试验角度验证了硅肥可提高水稻对二化螟的抗性[7]
3.2 施硅量对甬优籼粳交超级稻相关形态与生理特征的影响王显等[22]研究表明, 施用硅肥可提高光合作用、改善植株营养状况、提高地上部干物质积累。陈健晓等[19]研究表明, 施硅提高叶面积指数、干物质积累量及物质转运率, 协调了库源关系。张国良等[23]研究表明, 施硅显著提高了成穗率、花后干物质积累能力, 明显改善了作物群体质量。本研究结果表明, 各施硅处理拔节、抽穗和成熟期的茎蘖数显著增加, 成穗率也显著提高, 改善了作物群体质量。此外, 施硅处理提高了拔节、抽穗和成熟期的干物重和叶面积指数, 拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量和光合势也显著提高。
施用硅肥可改善叶片姿态、植株冠层结构、提高茎秆抗倒伏能力[24]。陈健晓等[3]研究表明, 施用硅肥提高了单茎叶面积、减小剑叶夹角、增粗茎秆。邓文等[25]研究表明, 施硅明显提高了超级杂交稻倒四节间抗折断能力。韦还和等[26]研究表明, 茎、鞘中较高的K、Si含量提高了甬优12超高产群体的抗倒伏能力。本研究表明, 随硅肥施用量的增加, 单茎上三叶的叶长和叶宽随之增加, 上三叶的叶基角和披垂度随之降低。施硅提高了上部高效叶叶面积以及叶片直挺度, 有利于提高光能利用率。此外, 与对照(0 kg hm-2)相比, 施硅处理也显著增加了单茎茎重、单茎鞘重和单位节间干重, 提高了茎秆充实度, 有利于增强茎秆的抗折力。
3.3 甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术的探讨尽管硅肥的增产作用低于氮肥, 但水稻对硅的吸收量却很高, 超过氮、磷、钾的吸收总量[27]。近几年, 随着超级稻高产品种的推广种植, 水稻从耕地中吸收的硅素也逐年增加, 传统的栽培技术如稻草还田给土壤提供的有效硅有限, 因此, 要解决水稻缺硅问题, 应重视补施硅肥[15]。就甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术, 我们提出以下两点: (1)硅肥施用量应根据土壤有效硅含量而定, 在宁波当地可参考秦方锦等[15]提出的对土壤有效硅丰缺程度的划分, 即土壤有效硅含量丰富(130 mg kg-1)、中等(100~130 mg kg-1)、缺乏(50~100 mg kg-1)和极缺(< 50 mg kg-1) 4个水平, 土壤中硅素缺乏的要多施硅肥, 中等程度可少施, 丰富程度的当年可不施。本试验条件下, 土壤有效硅含量为88.64 mg kg-1, 属缺硅土壤, 硅肥(SiO2> 70%)最适施用量为225 kg hm-2, 较不施硅处理的增产9.5%左右。这可为该地区不同有效硅含量土壤的硅肥适宜施用量提供参考。(2)以往的文献中硅肥一般都是作基肥一次性施用, 但有报道称基施降低了硅肥利用率[18]。根据甬优12和甬优15在当地的高产栽培经验, 一般在搁田复水后即倒四叶叶龄期左右, 施尿素和氯化钾作壮秆促花肥。此外, 有报道称倒四叶叶龄期施用硅肥可促进籼粳交杂种F1代的花粉萌发和颖花分化, 提高结实率[22]。因此, 我们认为硅肥可分基施和倒四叶叶龄期2次等量施用, 可达到省工、促进颖花分化、充实茎秆, 从而实现硅肥的高效利用。

4 结论施硅处理使甬优12增产3.1%~9.3%, 甬优15增产在5.1%~9.8%, 均以硅肥用量225 kg hm-2处理下的产量最高。施硅处理显著增加了主要生育时期的干物重和叶面积指数, 以及主要生育阶段的干物质积累量和光合势, 且改善了植株受光姿态, 提高了茎秆抗折力。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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