关键词:紫甘薯; 氮肥用量; 产量; 氮效率 Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Root Yield and Nitrogen Utilization in Different Purple Sweetpotato Varieties WU Chun-Hong1,2, LIU Qing1, KONG Fan-Mei2, LI Huan1, SHI Yan-Xi1,* 1College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
2College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
Fund:This study was supported by the Special Program of Modern Agro-industry Technology System (CARS-11-B-14) AbstractA two-year field experiment was conducted in the Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Demonstration Garden of Qingdao Agricultural University in 2013 and 2014. Three varieties of purple sweetpotato (Zhezi 1, Ningzi 2, and Zijing 2) were grown with three nitrogen rates (0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1 as N0, N1, N2 treatment, respectively). The storage root yield, dry matter accumulation rate, nitrogen accumulation amount and N use efficiency of the purple sweetpotato were investigated under the three N levels. The results showed that the storage root yields of Zhezi 1 and Zijing 2 in N1 and N2 treatments reduced to a varying degree compared with N0 treatment, with the decrease of 12.64% and 13.32% for Zhezi 1 and 3.94% and 29.06% for Zijing 2, respectively. Meanwhile, the storage root yield of Ningzi 2 in N1 treatment slightly increased by 8.5% and 3.4% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, compared with N0 treatment, but significantly decreased in N2 treatment compared with both N0 and N1 treatments. Compared with N0 treatment, the shoot biomass increased from 2.7% to 20.0% in N1 and from 12.3% to 36.4% in N2, in 2013, as well as from 12.6% to 51.9% in N1 and from 28.7% to 85.5% in N2, in 2014. However, the harvest index, N harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency gradually reduced with the increase N application. The correlation analysis showed that the root yield positively correlated with all the nitrogen efficiency parameters, however the shoot biomass negatively correlated with the harvest index, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen utilization efficiency ( r = 0.615**, 0.704**, 0.663**). The shoot biomass of Zhezi 1 and Zijing 2 increased with the increase of N application, showing the decrease of photosynthate from shoots to roots. The nitrogen demand of Ningzi 2 was higher than other two varieties, and the moderate nitrogen application could increase the root yield in fertile soil. In conclusion, the coordinated growth of shoots and roots is important for improving storage root yield and N use efficiency.
Keyword:Purple sweetpotato; Nitrogen application rate; Root yield; Nitrogen utilization Show Figures Show Figures
表1 氮肥用量对紫甘薯鲜薯产量和茎蔓干物质累积量的影响 Table 1 Effects of nitrogen application rates on storage root yield and shoot dry matter accumulation in purple sweetpotato
品种 Variety
2013
2014
N0
N1
N2
N0
N1
N2
鲜薯产量 Root yield (t hm-2)
浙紫1号Zhezi 1
26.3± 0.7 a
20.1± 1.2 b
23.0± 1.9 ab
18.0± 1.5 ab
18.6± 1.9 a
15.4± 1.1 b
宁紫2号 Ningzi 2
30.5± 0.4 ab
33.1± 2.1 a
28.9± 2.8 b
32.7± 1.2 a
33.1± 1.6 a
29.7± 1.3 b
紫菁2号 Zijing 2
21.4± 1.0 a
17.4± 1.8 b
14.5± 2.2 c
19.2± 1.2 a
21.6± 0.9 a
14.3± 1.9 b
茎蔓干物质量 Shoot dry matter (t hm-2)
浙紫1号Zhezi 1
7.5± 0.7 b
7.7± 0.6 b
9.3± 0.5 a
5.4± 0.8 b
8.2± 0.6 a
8.8± 0.5 a
宁紫2号Ningzi 2
6.5± 0.5 a
6.9± 1.0 a
7.3± 0.5 a
8.7± 1.5 b
9.8± 0.8 ab
11.2± 0.7 a
紫菁2号Zijing 2
5.5± 1.0 b
6.6± 0.6 ab
7.5± 0.7 a
6.2± 1.0 c
8.8± 0.6 b
11.5± 0.5 a
F值 F-value
产量Yield
干物质量Dry matter
产量Yield
干物质量Dry matter
品种 Variety
127.70* *
12.93* *
284.97* *
19.78* *
氮 Nitrogen
11.81* *
10.49* *
25.09* *
44.76* *
品种× 氮Variety× Nitrogen
7.05* *
0.90
1.97
2.81
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05. * and * * : significantly different at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively. N0, N1, and N2 represent 0, 75, and 150 kg hm -2 nitrogen treatment, respectively. 同一品种不同处理数字后的字母不同表示数据在0.05水平上差异显著。* , * * 分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。品种和氮肥互作。N0、N1和N2分别表示0、75和150 kg hm-2纯氮处理。
表1 氮肥用量对紫甘薯鲜薯产量和茎蔓干物质累积量的影响 Table 1 Effects of nitrogen application rates on storage root yield and shoot dry matter accumulation in purple sweetpotato
表4 氮肥用量对紫甘薯氮素效率的影响 Table 4 Effects of N application rates on nitrogen efficiency in purple sweetpotato
品种 Variety
2013
2014
N0
N1
N2
N0
N1
N2
收获指数Harvest index
浙紫1号 Zhezi 1
0.69± 0.05 a
0.44± 0.04 b
0.49± 0.02 b
0.74± 0.05 a
0.41± 0.01 b
0.31± 0.00 c
宁紫2号 Ningzi 2
0.89± 0.05 a
0.88± 0.07 ab
0.74± 0.05 b
0.73± 0.09 a
0.68± 0.02 a
0.46± 0.01 b
紫菁2号 Zijing 2
0.85± 0.19 a
0.57± 0.07 b
0.38± 0.02 c
0.66± 0.12 a
0.41± 0.01 b
0.19± 0.03 c
氮收获指数 N harvest index
浙紫 1号 Zhezi1
0.35± 0.02 a
0.30± 0.02 b
0.32± 0.01 ab
0.38± 0.02 a
0.32± 0.01 b
0.26± 0.00 c
宁紫2号 Ningzi 2
0.29± 0.01 b
0.44± 0.02 a
0.33± 0.02 b
0.30± 0.03 ab
0.33± 0.01 a
0.28± 0.00 b
紫菁2号 Zijing 2
0.43± 0.06 a
0.36± 0.03 b
0.29± 0.01 c
0.46± 0.06 a
0.38± 0.01 b
0.17± 0.03 c
氮素吸收效率N absorption efficiency (kg kg-1)
浙紫 1号 Zhezi 1
2.71± 0.20 a
1.38± 0.09 b
1.20± 0.08 b
1.51± 0.19 a
1.25± 0.11 b
1.10± 0.07 b
宁紫2号 Ningzi 2
2.13± 0.12 a
1.60± 0.16 b
1.02± 0.08 c
1.89± 0.25 a
2.02± 0.14 a
1.21± 0.07 b
紫菁2号 Zijing 2
2.14± 0.20 a
1.25± 0.10 b
0.90± 0.10 c
1.30± 0.07 a
1.17± 0.06 a
1.23± 0.02 a
氮素利用效率 N use efficiency (kg kg-1)
浙紫1号 Zhezi 1
37.7± 1.8 a
28.4± 1.6 b
25.5± 0.8 b
40.3± 1.8 a
30.9± 0.6 b
21.0± 0.2 c
宁紫2号 Ningzi 2
45.0± 1.9 a
37.3± 2.0 b
36.7± 1.8 b
45.9± 4.3 a
28.1± 0.6 b
30.9± 0.5 b
紫菁2号 Zijing 2
40.7± 5.3 a
31.2± 2.4 b
26.4± 1.2 c
43.2± 5.2 a
32.6± 0.5 b
15.3± 2.3 c
F值F-value
HI
NHI
NAE
NUE
HI
NHI
NAE
NUE
品种 Variety
33.11* *
5.83*
14.33* *
34.63* *
43.08* *
3.74*
35.85* *
9.61* *
氮 Nitrogen
25.11* *
11.57* *
222.27* *
55.46* *
86.91* *
90.32* *
22.39* *
158.99* *
Variety× Nitrogen
5.08* *
20.53* *
6.89* *
1.23
5.54* *
27.09* *
10.07* *
13.54* *
In each growing season, values followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05. HI: harvest index; NHI: nitrogen harvest index; NAE: nitrogen absorption efficiency; NUE: nitrogen utilization efficiency. 在同一年度中, 各指标同一品种不同处理数字后字母不同表示在0.05水平差异显著。HI: 收获指数; NHI: 氮素收获指数; NAE: 氮素吸收效率; NUE: 氮素利用效率。
表4 氮肥用量对紫甘薯氮素效率的影响 Table 4 Effects of N application rates on nitrogen efficiency in purple sweetpotato
表5 氮肥用量对紫甘薯氮肥农学效率的影响 Table 5 Effects of N application rates on N agronomic efficiency in purple sweetpotato
品种 Variety
2013
2014
N1
N2
N1
N2
氮素偏生产力 N partial productivity (kg kg-1)
浙紫1号 Zhezi 1
87.4± 5.3 a
49.3± 4.1 b
95.9± 10.0 a
40.1± 2.8 b
宁紫2号Ningzi 2
132.6± 8.5 a
60.6± 5.9 b
140.5± 6.7 a
64.9± 2.8 b
紫菁2号Zijing 2
86.7± 9.2 a
38.6± 5.8 b
90.6± 3.8 a
32.7± 4.4 b
氮素农学利用效率 N agronomic efficiency (kg kg-1)
浙紫1号 Zhezi 1
-37.31± 2.60 b
-13.01± 3.1 b
6.43± 2.5 b
-11.64± 1.6 c
宁紫2号 Ningzi 2
15.53± 7.03 a
2.01± 5.2 b
9.39± 1.0 a
1.91± 0.7 b
紫菁2号 Zijing 2
-18.82± 4.40 b
-14.10± 3.4 a
12.46± 2.2 a
-27.40± 9.1 b
氮素贡献率 N contribution rate (%)
浙紫 Zhezi
-42.92± 5.6 b
-26.84± 8.8 a
5.33± 18.1 a
-11.64± 1.6 a
宁紫2号 Ningzi 2
11.51± 4.7 a
2.76± 8.5 b
9.18± 7.6 a
1.91± 0.7 a
紫菁2号 Zijing 2
-22.22± 7.3 a
-37.88± 13.7 b
12.16± 9.1 a
-28.89± 25.8 b
F值 F-value
NPP
NAE
NCR
NPP
NAE
NCR
品种 Variety
43.99* *
90.68* *
42.88* *
85.04* *
16.19* *
1.57
氮 Nitrogen
277.49* *
5.84*
0.47
577.11* *
131.42* *
11.27* *
Variety× Nitrogen
10.18* *
26.11* *
5.65*
4.79* *
25.12* *
2.40
In each growing season, values followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05. NPP: nitrogen partial productivity; NAE: nitrogen agronomic efficiency; NCR: nitrogen contribution rate. 在同一年度中, 各指标同一品种不同处理数字后字母不同表示在0.05水平差异显著。NPP: 氮素偏生产力; NAE: 氮素农学利用效率; NCR: 氮素贡献率。
表5 氮肥用量对紫甘薯氮肥农学效率的影响 Table 5 Effects of N application rates on N agronomic efficiency in purple sweetpotato
表6 部分指标间的相关性系数 Table 6 Correlation coefficients among some indices
3 讨论3.1 氮肥用量与紫甘薯生物量和产量茎蔓和块根的协调生长是甘薯取得高产的关键[16, 17]。氮肥对茎蔓的生长和薯块的膨大以及两者的协调生长有较大的影响, 在一定的范围内, 甘薯生物量和产量随着氮肥用量的增加而增加, 但当氮肥用量过高时, 光合产物向薯块的转运比例降低, 导致茎蔓旺长, 块根产量降低[18, 19]。本研究表明, 施用氮肥75 kg hm-2和150 kg hm-2时, 紫甘薯茎蔓干物质量分别平均较N0提高20.60%和39.69%, 2014年甘薯生长季节降雨量较2013年多, 茎蔓生物量则明显高于第1年。宁运旺等[15]研究指出, 在施氮量为300 kg hm-2时徐薯22的生物量提高29.2%。高璐阳等[20]盆栽龙薯9号和烟薯25的试验结果表明, 施氮量达到400 mg kg-1时茎蔓生物量是N0处理的2.13倍。方差分析表明(表1), 品种间差异和氮肥对鲜薯产量的影响均达到极显著水平, 且品种间差异明显高于氮肥对产量的影响。房增国等[21]研究氮肥对8个鲜食型甘薯品种产量的影响表明, 各氮素水平下黄皮苏薯8号的产量最高, 而济薯21产量最低。本试验条件下, 浙紫1号和紫菁2号的鲜薯产量均随氮肥用量的增加而显著下降, 即N0处理下产量最高, 施用氮肥导致减产, 这也许与试验田肥力水平较高、甘薯生长季节雨量充沛及品种的耐氮肥性较差等因素有关。孙泽强等[22]研究也表明, 不施氮肥处理下多用型甘薯济薯21的鲜薯产量最高, 施用氮肥后产量显著降低16.92%~20.92%。董晓霞等[23]研究表明在基础养分含量高的褐土上CK处理的济薯22和济薯18的产量最高。宁紫2号较浙紫1号和紫菁2号的耐氮性强, 施用氮肥后茎蔓生物量旺长现象不突出, 适量增施氮肥可提高产量。施用氮肥75 kg hm-2时, 宁紫2号块根产量有增加趋势, 而当氮肥用量增加到150 kg hm-2时则造成严重减产。宁运旺等[15]在滨海滩涂试验结果表明, 氮肥施用量超过60 kg hm-2后甘薯的理论产量显著降低35.7%~55.8%。甘薯是耐贫瘠耐干旱作物, 因此, 在雨水充足、肥力水平较高的地区, 紫甘薯生长发育对外源氮肥的需求量较低。 氮肥对甘薯库源关系的建立、发展和平衡均有显著影响。宁运旺等[24]研究表明, 甘薯生育后期库源平衡对氮肥较为敏感, 不施氮肥或过量施用氮肥会导致茎叶生长不足或过旺从而使库源失衡导致减产。本研究表明, 施用氮肥导致浙紫1号库源发育不平衡, 块根快速增长时期滞后于茎蔓迅速生长时期, 造成大量的光合产物滞留到茎蔓中, 鲜薯产量显著降低。紫菁2号茎蔓快速生长期和块根的快速膨大期均集中在75~100 d间, 但紫菁2号的库源比例不协调, 茎蔓的生长速率明显高于块根膨大速率, N2处理下紫菁2号的茎蔓和块根的干物质累积速率比值为2︰1, 光合产物向块根转运过少, 不利于块根膨大潜力的发挥。适量的增施氮肥有助于宁紫2号的库源的协调, 光合产物向薯块转运的比例增大, 有利于块根产量的提高。 3.2 氮肥用量与氮素效率收获指数、氮素收获指数和氮素吸收利用效率是研究作物品种特性及氮肥调控的常用指标。收获指数反映单位生物量生产经济产量的能力。氮素收获指数和氮素利用效率分别反映已吸收的氮素向收获器官的分配比例和获得最终产量的能力。氮素吸收效率可反映作物对介质中氮素的吸收能力[25, 26]。本试验结果表明, 施氮处理下, 紫甘薯茎蔓生物量显著提高的同时鲜薯产量降低或增加量滞后, 导致紫甘薯的收获指数显著降低, 施氮量达到150 kg hm-2时, 收获指数由N0的0.76下降到0.43。孙泽强等[22]研究指出施氮量为225 kg hm-2时济薯21的收获指数由0.61下降到0.49。表明过量的增施氮肥引起薯蔓旺长, 碳水化合物向下转移受阻, 不利于块根产量的提高, 导致收获指数下降。在一定施氮范围内, 由于生物量和植株含氮量的增加, 作物的氮素累计值随施氮量的增加而增加, 氮素利用效率和氮素收获指数均随着施氮量的增加而下降[27, 28]。本研究结果表明, 施氮处理可显著提高植株的氮素累积量, 但其增加量远远滞后于氮素施入量, 因此氮素吸收效率随施氮量的增加逐渐降低, N2处理较N1处理约降低23.18%。高璐阳等[20]研究表明, 随着施氮量的增加甘薯的氮素吸收效率显著降低, 并且长蔓品种烟薯25的氮素吸收效率较短蔓品种龙薯9号高。 施用氮肥后浙紫1号和紫菁2号植株体内增加的氮素主要分布在非收获部位(茎蔓), 导致氮素收获指数显著降低, 施氮量为150 kg hm-2时氮素收获指数较N0显著降低8.57%~63.04%。适量的增施氮肥(75 kg hm-2)可显著提高宁紫2号的氮素收获指数, 而过量的施用氮肥导致其值显著降低。这与宁运旺等[15]研究结论一致, 施氮60 kg hm-2时对徐薯22的氮素收获指数没有影响, 当超过最佳施氮量时显著降低。紫甘薯的氮素利用效率受品种和氮肥的双重影响, 但氮肥的调控高于品种的影响(表4), 不施用氮肥条件下, 紫甘薯的氮素利用效率集中在37.7~ 45.9 kg kg-1之间, 施用氮肥75 kg hm-2和150 kg hm-2下氮素利用效率分别较N0降低25.42%和38.36%差异, 均达显著水平。房增国等[21]研究表明, 随着施氮量的增加鲜食型甘薯的氮素利用效率显著降低, 并且品种间差异明显, 鲁薯8号、黄皮苏薯8号、泰中6号等品种的氮素利用效率较高。宁运旺等[15]研究也表明, 施氮量达120~300 kg hm-2时, 甘薯的氮素利用效率降低11.6%~69.2%。因此, 大田生产中过度施肥或盲目施肥都会造成氮肥浪费, 增加投入成本, 降低收益。相关性分析表明, 块根产量与氮素效率各指标间均呈显著或极显著正相关, 但其与氮素收获指数的相关性较弱; 而茎蔓生物量与氮效率各指标间均呈不同程度负相关, 且与收获指数、氮素收获指数及氮素利用效率的相关极显著。说明紫甘薯生产中提高氮肥效率的关键是茎蔓和块根的协调生长, 只有抑制茎蔓旺长, 合理地调控地上部生物量, 提高光合产物在块根中的分配比例, 才能达到高产高效的栽培目的。
4 结论施用氮肥导致浙紫1号库源发育不平衡, 鲜薯产量显著降低; 紫菁2号的库源比例不协调, 造成茎蔓旺长块根产量低。宁紫2号的库源关系协调性较好, 与N0处理相比, 施氮量为75 kg hm-2时茎蔓生物量和鲜薯产量均增高, 但当施氮量过高时则导致块根产量显著降低。施用氮肥可显著降低紫甘薯收获指数、氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率。浙紫1号和紫菁2号的氮素收获指数显著降低, 宁紫2号的氮素收获指数先增高后降低。紫甘薯在含氮量较高的肥沃土壤上种植时, 不需要追施氮肥或对氮肥的需求量较低; 基础地力较高的条件下种植紫甘薯要加强品种选择意识。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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