摘要以玉米品种“郑单958”为材料, 在大田条件下, 研究了乙烯利(0和180 g hm-2)和氮肥水平(0、75、150和225 kg N hm-2)对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收和利用以及SPAD值的影响。结果表明, 乙烯利处理显著降低了氮吸收量和吸收效率, 但显著提高氮利用效率, 其中乙烯利处理氮农学效率比对照提高了32.7%~34.6%, 而且乙烯利处理对玉米产量及其产量构成因素没有显著影响; 随着施氮量增加, 夏玉米产量、产量构成因素和氮吸收量显著增加, 而氮吸收效率、氮利用效率、氮偏生产力和氮农学效率随之降低, 其中225 kg N hm-2处理氮吸收量比0 kg N hm-2处理提高了68.4%~91.8%, 但225 kg N hm-2和150 kg N hm-2处理之间的氮吸收量差异不显著。乙烯利和氮肥对氮吸收量、氮吸收效率和氮农学效率具有互作效应。喷施乙烯利和增施氮肥均能提高灌浆期穗位叶SPAD值, 但两者之间没有互作效应。通过相关性分析表明, 夏玉米产量与吐丝期氮吸收量、收获期氮吸收量、灌浆期穗位叶SPAD值显著正相关。
关键词:夏玉米; 乙烯利; 氮肥利用; SPAD; 产量 Effect of Ethephon and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Uptake, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of Summer Maize YE De-Lian, WANG Yu-Bin, ZHOU Lin, LI Jian-Min, DUAN Liu-Sheng, ZHANG Ming-Cai*, LI Zhao-Hu Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education / College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
AbstractA field experiment using maize hybrid Zhengdan 958 was conducted to study effect of ethephon (0 and 180 g ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha-1) on summer maize yield and yield components, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use and SPAD value. The results showed that ethephon significantly decreased nitrogen uptake and N uptake efficiency, whereas markedly increased N utilization efficiency. N agronomic efficiency under ethephon treatment was 32.7%-34.6% more than that under control, and ethephon had no negative effect on maize yield and yield components. With increase nitrogen fertilizer of application, maize yield, yield components and nitrogen uptake were increased, but N uptake efficiency, N utilization efficiency, N partial factor productivity and N agronomic efficiency were decreased. Nitrogen uptake under 225 kg N ha-1 treatment was 68.4%-91.8% more than that under 0 kg N ha-1. However there was no difference for nitrogen uptake between 225 kg N ha-1 and 150 kg N ha-1 treatments. Significant effect of ethephon × nitrogen was observed on nitrogen uptake, N uptake efficiency and N agronomic efficiency. Ethephon as well as higher nitrogen rate increased SPAD value of ear leaf during grain filling stage, while there was no significant interaction between ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer on SPAD value. Correlation analysis indicated that summer maize yield was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen uptake at silking stage and harvest stage and with SPAD value of ear leaf.
Keyword:Summer maize; Ethephon; Nitrogen agronomic efficiency; SPAD; Yield Show Figures Show Figures
氮是玉米的必需元素, 氮素缺乏通常会使叶片发黄, 影响叶面积、叶绿素含量和光合作用, 导致减产[1, 2]。增施氮肥有利于玉米产量的增加[3]。为了保证高产, 投入大量的氮肥, 至2008年, 中国投入2300万吨氮肥, 约占世界氮肥消耗量的30%, 从1990年到2008年, 氮肥投入量增加了50%, 而产量才增加了10%[4]。这导致氮肥利用效率降低和环境退化等问题[5], 因此, 优化氮肥运筹实现高产高氮肥利用效率成为研究热点。Ju等[6]通过研究多年多点不同氮肥施用量试验, 发现夏玉米施用158.0 kg hm-2的氮肥就能够获得常规施用263.0 kg hm-2氮肥获得的产量, 不仅可以维持产量还能显著提高氮肥利用效率。Jin等[7]研究证明氮施用量超过184.5 kg hm-2后产量并未随之提高, 氮利用效率却降低。氮肥施用量相同时, 分次追施效果更好[8]。王宜伦等[9]认为氮肥后移可促进玉米后期氮素吸收, 降低茎叶中氮素转运率, 提高氮肥利用率。适当减少基肥量还可以改善群体底层结构, 灌浆期间也能维持较高的叶绿素含量, 而且180.0 kg hm-2和270.0 kg hm-2施氮处理之间产量和SPAD值差异不大[10]。有研究表明[11], 持绿品种能够在灌浆期保持更高的叶绿素含量及有效的光合作用从而积累更多的生物量, 有利于增产。但是持绿品种可能会降低氮素转运能力, 影响氮收获指数[12]。过量施用氮肥不仅对增产无益, 还降低氮素利用效率, 造成氮淋失等环境问题[6, 13]。同时, 氮肥施用不合理会弱化玉米茎秆质量, 提高倒伏风险[14, 15]。乙烯利等调节剂可以降低玉米株高和穗位高, 提高基部节间直径, 是防止倒伏的有效措施[16, 17]。有研究报道, 乙烯利可以控制高氮引起的倒伏, 但是并未提高产量[18]。Ma等[19]发现乙烯利可以增加籽粒氮含量, 影响产量, 但是乙烯利调控氮素吸收和利用的研究鲜见报道。华北平原是夏玉米的主产区, 提高该地区夏玉米产量和氮肥利用效率是保障粮食安全的重要途径。因此, 本研究在华北平原通过研究乙烯利和氮肥对玉米氮素吸收和利用效率、SPAD值、产量和果穗性状的影响, 明确产量和氮素吸收量与SPAD值之间的关系, 初步阐明乙烯利和氮肥调控氮素吸收和利用的效应, 为玉米高产高效节本栽培技术体系提供依据。 1 材料与方法1.1 试验设计试验于2013— 2014年在河北省沧州市吴桥县中国农业大学吴桥实验站开展。实验站(37° 41′ N, 116° 37′ E)全年光照2724.8 h, 年平均气温12.9℃, 无霜期201 d。属于温带季风气候, 常年降雨量562 mm, 主要分布在6月至8月份。试验地0~20 cm土层含有机质13.0 g kg-1、全氮0.71 g kg-1、有效磷12.9 mg kg-1、速效钾127.5 mg kg-1, pH 7.9。 选用夏玉米品种郑单958, 分别于2013年6月25日和2014年6月18日播种, 2013年10月5日和2014年10月9日收获。2013年夏玉米行株距配置为0.60 m × 0.27 m。基于2013年夏玉米无效穗较多的情况, 2014年将密度提高, 行株距配置为0.6 m × 0.22 m。2013和2014年, 设置2个乙烯利施用量水平, 即0和180 g hm-2(分别用CK和E表示), 在夏玉米八展叶期, 用喷雾器叶面均匀喷施180 g hm-2乙烯利(浓度为400 mg L-1, 纯度 > 85%, 购自蓝博斯特生物技术有限公司), 对照喷施清水; 设置4个氮肥施用量水平, 即0、75、150和225 kg N hm-2(分别用N0、N75、N150和N225表示)。据前人[20, 21]研究, 设置基本可以满足玉米养分需求的中氮150 kg N hm-2, 低氮N75和高氮N225分别为中氮N150的1/2和3/2。氮肥施用尿素(含氮46.4%), 各处理氮量的1/3播前基施, 2/3在十一展叶时开沟追施。本试验采用两因素完全随机区组设计, 每个处理4个小区重复, 小区面积36 m2, 2年小区位置保持不变。磷钾肥分别施用90 kg hm-2 P2O5(过磷酸钙)和90 kg hm-2 K2O(硫酸钾), 作为基肥一次施入全部的小区。其他农艺措施参照当地做法。 1.2 取样与测定方法夏玉米吐丝期, 每个小区取3株有代表性的植株, 将地上部烘干粉碎并过筛待测全氮含量。收获期, 将地上部植株分成籽粒和其他两部分, 分别烘干粉碎过筛待测全氮含量, 采用凯氏定氮法[22]测定全氮含量。 采用SPAD-502型叶绿素计测定叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值), 分别于2013年花后0、10、20、40 d和2014年花后0、14、29、44、55 d, 选取每个处理8~10株有代表性的植株测定穗位叶的SPAD值。 从每个小区收获中间2行玉米, 用于测定夏玉米产量、产量因子, 考察穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、行数和行粒数等果穗性状, 以14%含水量折算夏玉米籽粒产量。 1.3 氮利用效率计算氮收获指数(NHI, %) = 籽粒吸氮量/植株吸氮量 氮农学效率(NAE, kg kg-1) = (施氮小区籽粒产量-不施氮小区籽粒产量)/施氮量 氮吸收效率(NUPE, kg kg-1) = 植株吸氮量/施氮量 氮利用效率(NUTE, kg kg-1) = 籽粒产量/植株吸氮量 氮偏生产力(PFPN, kg kg-1) = 籽粒产量/施氮量 1.4 数据分析采用Microsoft Excel 2007和SAS 9.0分析数据, 使用SigmaPlot 9.0绘图。
表1 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米产量及产量因子的影响 Table 1 Yield and yield components in response to ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer
处理 Treatment
2013
2014
产量 Grain yield (kg hm-2)
穗数 Ears (hm-2)
穗粒数 Grain number per ear
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
产量 Grain yield (kg hm-2)
穗数 Ears (hm-2)
穗粒数 Grain number per ear
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
乙烯利Ethephon
CK
7422 a
63892 a
489 a
258 a
11303 a
75394 a
501 a
310 a
E
7316 a
62850 a
493 a
256 a
11354 a
75394 a
505 a
311 a
施氮量Nitrogen rate
N0
6025 b
61809 c
425 c
257 ab
9132 c
75525 a
448 c
294 c
N75
7671 a
62850 bc
495 b
262 a
11866 b
75264 a
511 b
310 b
N150
7861 a
63892 ab
526 a
254 b
12321 a
75264 a
528 a
319 a
N225
7920 a
64934 a
517 ab
253 b
11994 ab
75525 a
526 a
320 a
变异来源Source of variance
E
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
* * *
*
* * *
*
* * *
NS
* * *
* * *
E × N
NS
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
NS
NS
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different atP < 0.05. * and * * * : signifi cantly different at P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively, NS indicates no significant difference. CK: control, without ethephon application; E: ethephon; N: nitrogen rate; N0: nitrogen application at 0 kg hm-2; N75: nitrogen application at 75 kg hm-2; N150: nitrogen application at 150 kg hm-2; N225: nitrogen application at 225 kg hm-2. 同一列中不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。* 和* * * 分别表示在0.05和0.001水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。CK: 对照, 不喷施乙烯利; E: 乙烯利; N: 施氮量; N0: 施氮量为0 kg hm-2; N75: 施氮量为75 kg hm-2; N150: 施氮量为150 kg hm-2; N225: 施氮量为225 kg hm-2。
表1 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米产量及产量因子的影响 Table 1 Yield and yield components in response to ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer
表2 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米果穗性状的影响 Table 2 Ear traits of summer maize in response to ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer
处理 Treatment
2013
2014
穗长 Ear length (cm)
秃尖长 Bare tip length (cm)
穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)
行数 Rows per ear
行粒数 Grains per row
穗长 Ear length (cm)
秃尖长 Bare tip length (cm)
穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)
行数 Rows per ear
行粒数 Grains per row
乙烯利Ethephon
CK
15.6 a
0.81 a
44.8 a
14.6 a
33.6 a
16.4 a
0.98 a
48.5 a
15.0 a
33.5 a
E
15.9 a
0.71 a
44.9 a
14.4 a
34.2 a
16.4 a
0.92 a
48.2 a
14.9 a
33.6 a
施氮量Nitrogen rate
N0
14.9 b
1.35 a
44.3 b
14.2 a
29.8 c
15.4 b
1.36 a
45.7 c
14.5 c
30.5 b
N75
15.7 a
0.69 b
44.9 ab
14.6 a
34.3 b
16.7 a
0.91 b
48.8 b
14.9 b
34.3 a
N150
16.2 a
0.51 b
45.2 a
14.6 a
35.9 a
16.8 a
0.75 c
49.8 a
15.1 ab
35.1 a
N225
16.1 a
0.50 b
45.0 ab
14.6 a
35.7 ab
16.6 a
0.78 c
49.0 ab
15.2 a
34.4 a
变异来源Source of variance
E
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
* * *
* * *
NS
NS
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
E × N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
* *
NS
*
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different atP < 0.05. * , * * , and * * * : signifi cantly different at P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively; NS indicates no significant difference. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1. 同一列中不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。* 、* * 和* * * 分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。缩写同表1。
表2 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米果穗性状的影响 Table 2 Ear traits of summer maize in response to ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer
表3 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米氮吸收量和氮收获指数的影响 Table 3 Effect of ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) in 2013 and 2014
乙烯利 Ethephon (E)
施氮量 Nitrogen (N)
2013
2014
吐丝期氮吸收量 N uptake at silking (kg hm-2)
收获期氮吸收量 N uptake at harvest (kg hm-2)
氮收获指数 NHI (%)
吐丝期氮吸收量 N uptake at silking (kg hm-2)
收获期氮吸收量 N uptake at harvest (kg hm-2)
氮收获指数 NHI (%)
CK
N0
70.0 e
109.0 f
63.3 c
71.8 h
113.7 e
61.7 ed
N75
82.0 d
149.7 e
61.6 d
104.3 e
180.4 c
61.0 e
N150
97.4 a
176.2 b
62.7 cd
120.7 c
209.5 b
65.9 ab
N225
90.7 b
181.1 a
62.1 d
117.3 d
221.1 a
63.2 cd
E
N0
56.4 f
90.5 g
62.4 cd
81.1 g
107.5 e
65.9 a
N75
85.7 c
150.0 e
65.0 b
100.0 f
169.4 d
63.8 bc
N150
90.8 b
163.2 c
67.8 a
131.1 b
207.2 b
66.3 a
N225
87.6 c
155.1 d
61.6 d
135.1 a
203.1 b
66.8 a
变异来源Sources of variation
E
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
N
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
E × N
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
*
NS
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different atP < 0.05. * and * * * : signifi cantly different at P < 0.05 and 0.001, respectively, NS indicates no significant difference. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1. 同一列中不同小写字母表示在5%水平差异显著。* 和* * * 分别表示在0.05和0.001水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。缩写同表1。
表3 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米氮吸收量和氮收获指数的影响 Table 3 Effect of ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) in 2013 and 2014
表4 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米氮肥吸收利用效率的影响 Table 4 Effects of ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer on N agronomic efficiency (NAE), N uptake efficiency (NUPE), N utilization efficiency (NUTE), and N partial factor productivity (PFPN) in 2013 and 2014
乙烯利 Ethephon (E)
施氮量 Nitrogen (N)
2013
2014
氮农学效率 NAE (kg kg-1)
氮吸收效率 NUPE (kg kg-1)
氮利用效率 NUTE (kg kg-1)
氮偏生产力 PFPN (kg kg-1)
氮农学效率 NAE (kg kg-1)
氮吸收效率 NUPE (kg kg-1)
氮利用效率 NUTE (kg kg-1)
氮偏生产力 PFPN (kg kg-1)
CK
N0
-
-
55.7 b
-
-
-
82.0 a
-
N75
14.9 b
2.00 a
50.7 bcd
101.2 a
28.2 a
2.40 a
63.4 c
152.5 b
N150
10.5 bc
1.17 b
45.7 de
53.7 b
19.8 c
1.40 c
58.7 d
82.0 c
N225
6.7 c
0.81 d
44.0 e
35.4 c
12.6 d
0.98 d
55.0 d
54.0 d
E
N0
-
-
66.0 a
-
-
-
83.1 a
-
N75
23.7 a
2.00 a
51.7 bc
103.4 a
44.8 a
2.26 b
72.6 b
163.9 a
N150
11.3 bc
1.09 c
47.0 cde
51.1 b
22.7 c
1.38 c
59.6 cd
82.3 c
N225
8.4 c
0.69 e
50.7 bcd
35.0 c
12.9 d
0.90 e
58.3 d
52.6 d
变异来源Source of variance
E
* *
* * *
* *
NS
* * *
* * *
* *
* *
N
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
E × N
*
* * *
NS
NS
* * *
*
NS
* * *
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different atP < 0.05. * , * * , and * * * : signifi cantly different at P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively. NS indicates no significant difference. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1. 同一列中不同小写字母表示在5%水平差异显著。* 、* * 和* * * 分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。缩写同表1。
表4 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米氮肥吸收利用效率的影响 Table 4 Effects of ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer on N agronomic efficiency (NAE), N uptake efficiency (NUPE), N utilization efficiency (NUTE), and N partial factor productivity (PFPN) in 2013 and 2014
图1 乙烯利和氮肥对灌浆期穗位叶SPAD值的影响N0、N75、N150和N225分别表示0、75、150和225 kg hm-2施氮量处理, N0+E、N75+E、N150+E和N225+E表示分别在0、75、150和225 kg hm-2施氮量下喷施乙烯利处理。数据是平均数± 标准差。Fig. 1 Effects of ethephon (E) and nitrogen fertilizer on SPAD value of maize ear leaf during grain filling stage in 2013 (A) and 2014 (B)N0, N75, N150, and N225 indicate the rates of nitrogen at 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg hm-2, respectively. N0+E indicates 0 kg N hm-2 + ethephon treatment; N75+E indicates 75 kg N hm-2 + ethephon treatment; N150+E indicates 150 kg N hm-2 + ethephon treatment; N225+E indicates 225 kg N hm-2 + ethephon treatment. Data are mean ± SD.
图2 籽粒产量和氮吸收量、氮收获指数和SPAD值的相关性(2013年)* * 和* * * 分别表示在0.01和0.001水平显著。Fig. 2 Relationships of grain yield with nitrogen uptake, nitrogen harvest index, and SPAD value in 2013* * and * * * indicate signifi cant at P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively.
图3 籽粒产量和氮吸收量、氮收获指数和SPAD值的相关性(2014年)* * 和* * * 分别表示在0.01和0.001平显著。Fig. 3 Relationships of grain yield with nitrogen uptake, nitrogen harvest index and SPAD value in 2014* * and * * * indicate signifi cant at P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively.
4 结论乙烯利对夏玉米产量和产量因子没有负面影响, 但是显著降低了氮吸收量和氮吸收效率, 显著提高氮利用效率和氮农学效率; 随着施氮量的增加, 夏玉米产量、产量因子和氮吸收量显著增加, 而氮吸收效率、氮利用效率、氮偏生产力和氮农学效率随之降低。喷施乙烯利和增施氮肥均能提高灌浆期穗位叶SPAD值。乙烯利和氮肥对氮吸收量、氮吸收效率和氮农学效率有互作效应, 对穗位叶SPAD值没有互作效应。夏玉米产量与吐丝期氮吸收量、收获期氮吸收量、灌浆期穗位叶SPAD值显著正相关。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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, 王玉斌, 周琳, 李建民, 段留生, 张明才
表1 乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米产量及产量因子的影响 Table 1 Yield and yield components in response to ethephon and nitrogen fertilizer
