关键词:水氮管理模式; 水稻; 氮效率; 氮素利用; 产量 Effects of Water-Nitrogen Management Patterns on Nitrogen Utilization Cha-racteristics and Yield in Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen Use Efficiencies SUN Yong-Jian1, SUN Yuan-Yuan2, XU Hui1, LI Yue1, YAN Feng-Jun1, JIANG Ming-Jin1, MA Jun1,* 1 Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang 611130, China
2 Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610072, China
Fund: AbstractThe optimal water-nitrogen (N) managements and the selection of genotypes with high nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) play a vital note in rice production aiming at high yield, high NUE and water-saving irrigation. In order to elucidate effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on N utilization characteristics, grain yield and its physiological basis in rice cultivars with different NUEs. Two different NUE rice cultivars with high-yield and high N-efficiency (Dexiang 4103) as well as medium-yield and low N-efficiency (Yixiang 3724), were used with three water-nitrogen management patterns, including standing irrigation and optimized N application (W1N1), alternate irrigation and optimized N application (W2N1), and dry cultivation and optimized N application (W3N2). The relationship between yield or N utilization characteristics and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, photosynthetic rate (Pn) and root activity was investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars with different NUEs and water- nitrogen management patterns significantly affected N utilization characteristics, irrigation water use efficiency, physiological characteristics and grain yield. The regulation effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on NUE indexes (physiological efficiency, agronomy efficiency, and N recovery efficiency) were lower than those of rice cultivars with different NUEs, while the effects of water-nitrogen management on irrigation water use efficiency, total N accumulation, N dry matter production efficiency, and N production efficiency were significant. Compared with W1N1 and W3N2, W2N1 could promote the N uptake from elongation to maturing stages, enhance activity of GS,Pn, and root activity, and then improve grain yield and NUE of two different NUE rice cultivars, being the best model in this experiment. Moreover, the regulation effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on the cultivar with medium-yield and low N-efficiency were significantly higher than these with high-yield and high N-efficiency rice cultivars. The results also showed that average total spikelet number, N accumulation from elongation to heading stages, GS activity andPn of leaves, and root activity of high N-efficiency rice cultivar were higher than those of low N-efficiency rice cultivar. Especially, during filling stage compared with medium-yielding and low N-efficiency cultivar, the high-yielding and high N-efficiency rice cultivar was more beneficial to higher metabolism and assimilation capacity of leaves and roots, which is the important reason for high-yielding and high N-efficiency rice cultivar further to increase yield and NUE. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significantly positive correlations of GS activity andPn of leaves, and root activity in the two N-efficiency rice cultivars with indices of N uptake and utilization and yield, furthermore, the maximum correlation coefficients of GS activity of leaves and root activity with yield or NUE were observed at heading stage.
Keyword:Water-nitrogen management patterns; Rice; N use efficiency; N utilization; Grain yield Show Figures Show Figures
表1 试验田耕层土壤(0~20 cm)理化性状 Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics of soil (0-20 cm) in the experiments
年份 Year
全氮 Total N (g kg-1)
有机质 Organic matter (g kg-1)
速效养分 Available nutrient (mg kg-1)
pH
容重 Bulk density (g cm-1)
N
P
K
2012
1.89
21.4
99.2
34.8
93.8
6.42
1.23
2013
1.97
22.1
104.4
32.4
101.4
6.47
1.29
表1 试验田耕层土壤(0~20 cm)理化性状 Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics of soil (0-20 cm) in the experiments
表2 Table 2 表2(Table 2)
表2 不同水氮管理模式处理 Table 2 Treatment of different water-nitrogen management patterns
处理 Treatment
水氮管理模式WNMP
各生育时期氮肥运筹量 NARMGS (kg N hm-2)
总施氮量 Total nitrogen (kg N hm-2)
灌溉水量 Irrigation water (m3 hm-2)
灌水方式 Irrigation method
氮肥运筹 Nitrogen application
基肥 Basal fertilizer
分蘖肥 Tilling fertilizer
穗肥追施叶龄余数 PFLARLPN
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
W1N1
W1
N1
54
54
—
36
—
36
180
9790
W2N1
W2
N1
54
54
—
36
—
36
180
5660
W3N2
W3
N2
90
54
18
—
18
—
180
3040
W1: submerged irrigation; W2: controlled alternate irrigation; W3: dry cultivation; N1: the total N fertilizer was 180 kg hm-2, N application ratio was 30% for the basal, 30% for tillering, 40% for panicle (N fertilizer was split into two equal applications at the 4th and 2nd leaves emerged from the top); N2: the total N fertilizer was 180 kg hm-2, N application ratio was 50% for the basal, 30% for tillering, 20% for panicle (N fertilizer was split into two equal applications at the 5th and 3rd leaves emerged from the top). WNMP: water-nitrogen management patterns; NARMGS: nitrogen application rate at main growth stages; PFLARLPN: panicle fertilizer at leaf ages with remaining leaf primordium number. W1: 淹水灌溉; W2: 控制性交替灌溉; W3: 旱种; N1: 施氮量180 kg hm-2下, 氮肥运筹的基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥(倒四、二叶龄期分2次等量施入)比例为3:3:4; N2: 施氮量180 kg hm-2下, 氮肥运筹的基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥(倒五、三叶龄期分2次等量施入)比例为5:3:2。
表2 不同水氮管理模式处理 Table 2 Treatment of different water-nitrogen management patterns
表3 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻产量及构成因素的影响(2013年) Table 3 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on yield and its components in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2013
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
有效穗 Effective panicles (×104 hm-2)
每穗粒数 Spikelets (No. per panicle)
总颖花数 Total spikelets (×106 hm-2)
结实率 Seed setting rate (%)
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
实际产量 Grain yield (kg hm-2)
德香4103 Dexiang 4103
W1N0
191.98 cd
144.99 b
276.90 e
89.15 b
31.91 fg
7783.02 f
W1N1
221.60 a
158.71 a
351.70 b
88.73 b
32.42 ef
10048.07 b
W2N0
192.70 c
145.12 b
279.64 e
90.28 a
32.52 de
7992.41 ef
W2N1
221.40 a
165.80 a
367.08 a
89.42 ab
32.69 de
10521.93 a
W3N0
182.26 de
142.20 b
259.17 f
87.19 c
33.09 d
7310.05 g
W3N2
211.36 b
157.27 a
332.42 c
84.64 e
31.80 g
8884.79 d
平均Average
203.55
152.35
311.15
88.24
32.41
8756.71
宜香3724 Yixiang 3724
W1N0
186.60 cd
139.92 bc
261.09 f
86.08 cd
34.83 c
7765.59 f
W1N1
214.60 ab
141.95 b
304.63 d
84.46 e
36.07 b
9298.89 c
W2N0
182.20 de
141.30 bc
257.44 f
89.83 ab
34.81 c
7831.19 f
W2N1
215.14 ab
146.25 b
314.64 d
86.51 cd
36.60 ab
9692.63 b
W3N0
172.30 e
133.14 c
229.39 g
86.04 d
36.95 a
7277.77 g
W3N2
194.70 c
144.64 b
281.62 e
83.92 e
35.35 c
8247.84 e
平均Average
194.26
141.20
274.80
86.14
35.77
8352.32
F 值 F-value
C
9.38**
42.22**
91.45**
5.77**
87.98**
39.23**
WN
35.98**
10.42**
111.01**
8.18**
5.37**
106.99**
C×WN
1.58
4.79*
5.26*
1.52
1.97
4.82*
Values with a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.* Significant at P<0.05;** Significant at P<0.01. W1N0, W2N0, W3N0: standing irrigation, alternate irrigation, dry cultivation with blank N treatment, respectively; W1N1: standing irrigation and optimized N application; W2N1: alternate irrigation and optimized N application; W3N2: dry cultivation and optimized N application; C: cultivar; WN: water-nitrogen management patterns; C×WN: cultivar and water-nitrogen management patterns interaction. 同栏标以不同字母的数据在0.05水平上差异显著。*,**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。W1N0、W2N0和W3N0分别表示淹水灌溉、控制性交替灌溉和旱种与不施氮肥处理各组合; W1N1: 淹水灌溉+氮肥优化运筹; W2N1: 控制性交替灌溉+氮肥优化运筹; W3N2:旱种+氮肥优化运筹; C: 品种; WN: 水氮管理模式; C×WN: 品种与水氮管理模式互作。
表3 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻产量及构成因素的影响(2013年) Table 3 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on yield and its components in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2013
表4 Table 4 表4(Table 4)
表4 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻产量及构成因素的影响(2012年) Table 4 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on yield and its components in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2012
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
有效穗 Effective panicles (×104 hm-2)
穗粒数 Spikelets (No. per panicle)
总颖花数 Total spikelets (×106 hm-2)
结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)
千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
实际产量 Grain yield (kg hm-2)
德香4103 Dexiang 4103
W1N0
189.00 e
146.50 cd
276.89 d
89.58 a
31.15 de
7634.98 e
W1N1
227.04 ab
157.32 ab
357.18 a
88.51 b
31.76 cd
9811.60 b
W2N1
228.10 a
161.29 a
367.90 a
89.36 ab
32.01 c
10174.09 a
W3N2
215.00 cd
157.56 ab
338.75 b
85.31 d
30.95 e
8927.14 c
平均Average
214.79
155.67
335.18
88.19
31.47
9136.95
宜香3724 Yixiang 3724
W1N0
185.07 e
140.40 d
259.84 e
87.01 c
33.60 b
7496.94 e
W1N1
215.84 cd
142.97 cd
308.59 c
85.86 d
34.23 ab
9047.31 c
W2N1
217.20 bc
149.80 bc
325.37 b
87.10 c
34.94 a
9532.87 b
W3N2
206.97 d
145.98 cd
302.13 c
82.99 e
33.53 b
8369.03 d
平均Average
206.27
144.79
298.98
85.74
34.08
8611.54
F值 F-value
C
7.97**
25.64**
56.27**
3.33*
94.92**
53.47**
WN
29.99**
5.53**
63.06**
5.28*
4.58*
191.23**
C×WN
0.90
3.47*
4.04*
0.50
1.04
3.71*
Values with a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.* Significant at P<0.05;** Significant at P<0.01. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 3. 同栏标以不同字母的数据在0.05水平上差异显著。*,**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。缩写同表3。
表4 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻产量及构成因素的影响(2012年) Table 4 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on yield and its components in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2012
表5 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻水分及氮素利用的影响(2013年) Table 5 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on water and N use efficiencies in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2013
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
灌溉水生产效率 IWUE (kg m-3)
氮素积累总量 TNA (kg hm-2)
氮素干物质生产效率 NMPE (kg kg-1)
氮素稻谷生产效率 NPE (kg kg-1)
氮肥生理利用率 PE (kg kg-1)
氮肥农艺利用率 NAE (kg kg-1)
氮肥回收利用率 NRE (%)
德香4103 Dexiang 4103
W1N0
0.80 h
111.69 ef
123.26 c
69.68 a
—
—
—
W1N1
1.03 g
191.71 ab
93.10 f
52.41 d
28.31 a
12.58 a
44.45 ab
W2N0
1.41 f
113.10 ef
124.79 bc
70.66 a
—
—
—
W2N1
1.86 d
200.21 a
93.29 f
52.55 d
29.04 a
14.05 a
48.39 a
W3N0
2.40 c
106.07 f
129.54 ab
68.92 ab
—
—
—
W3N2
2.92 a
176.02 c
96.48 ef
50.48 e
22.51 bc
8.75 c
38.86 cd
平均Average
1.74
149.80
110.08
60.78
26.62
11.80
43.90
宜香3724 Yixiang 3724
W1N0
0.79 h
115.24 e
126.97 bc
67.39 bc
—
—
—
W1N1
0.95 g
184.72 bc
97.65 ef
50.34 e
22.07 c
8.52 c
38.60 d
W2N0
1.38 f
113.55 ef
127.60 bc
68.97 ab
—
—
—
W2N1
1.71 e
190.15 b
98.85 e
50.97 de
24.30 b
10.34 b
42.56 bc
W3N0
2.39 c
108.64 ef
133.99 a
66.99 c
—
—
—
W3N2
2.75 b
161.75 d
105.95 d
50.99 de
18.27 d
5.39 d
29.50 e
平均Average
1.66
145.67
115.17
59.27
21.55
8.08
36.89
F值 F-value
C
8.52**
5.39*
20.06**
8.90**
150.70**
59.20**
201.66**
WN
216.02**
351.26**
80.21**
94.03**
84.04**
36.03**
179.43**
C×WN
2.95*
2.86*
0.93
0.88
4.14*
6.22*
5.62*
Values with a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.* Significant at P<0.05;** Significant at P<0.01. IWUE: irrigation water use efficiency. TNA: total N accumulation; NMPE: N dry matter production efficiency; NPE: N production efficiency; PE: physiological efficiency. NAE: N agronomy efficiency; NRE: N recovery efficiency. Other abbreviations are the same as given in Table 3. 同栏标以不同字母的数据在0.05水平上差异显著。*,**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。缩写同表3。
表5 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻水分及氮素利用的影响(2013年) Table 5 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on water and N use efficiencies in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2013
图1 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻各生育期功能叶GS活性(A)、光合速率(B)及根系活力(C)的影响(2013年)ES: 拔节期; HS: 抽穗期; MS: 成熟期。Fig. 1 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on glutamine synthetase (GS) activity (A), photosynthetic rate of leaves (B) and root activity (C) in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2013ES: elongation stage; HS: heading stage; MS: maturing stage.
表6 Table 6 表6(Table 6)
表6 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻氮素阶段累积量的影响 Table 6 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on periodical N accumulation in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies (kg hm-2)
品种 Cultivar
处理 Treatment
2013
2012
分蘖盛期-拔节 TS-ES
拔节-抽穗 ES-HS
抽穗-成熟 HS-MS
分蘖盛期-拔节 TS-ES
拔节-抽穗 ES-HS
抽穗-成熟 HS-MS
德香4103 Dexiang 4103
W1N0
24.95 f
45.17 fg
17.75 e
22.60 f
42.12 e
17.86 f
W1N1
41.21 ab
89.12 ab
27.75 b
40.84 b
85.27 b
25.79 c
W2N0
23.62 f
48.28 f
20.28 d
—
—
—
W2N1
39.83 b
93.44 a
33.30 a
44.52 a
90.86 a
31.93 a
W3N0
24.45 f
45.17 fg
16.08 e
—
—
—
W3N2
32.01 d
83.07 cd
24.63 c
31.44 d
78.71 c
20.89 e
平均Average
31.01
67.37
23.30
34.85
74.24
24.12
宜香3724 Yixiang 3724
W1N0
30.28 de
41.39 g
17.22 e
25.51 e
43.00 e
16.59 f
W1N1
43.12 a
79.56 d
23.98 c
45.84 a
80.84 c
23.37 d
W2N0
29.37 e
42.02 g
19.92 d
—
—
—
W2N1
40.65 b
86.00 bc
28.90 b
41.52 b
87.83 b
29.29 b
W3N0
29.31 e
39.43 g
13.00 f
—
—
—
W3N2
34.54 c
73.35 e
21.09 d
33.48 c
72.32 d
20.68 e
平均Average
34.54
60.29
20.69
36.59
71.00
22.48
F值 F-value
C
52.84**
62.60**
74.43**
8.35**
8.89**
13.45**
WN
164.42**
421.28**
258.84**
240.68**
290.58**
220.53**
C×WN
3.05
4.32*
5.46**
2.91
3.58*
3.99*
Values with a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.* Significant at P<0.05;**Significant at P<0.01. TS: tillering stage; ES: elongation stage; HS: heading stage; MS: maturing stage. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 3. 同栏标以不同字母的数据在0.05水平上差异显著。*,** 分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。缩写同表3。
表6 水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻氮素阶段累积量的影响 Table 6 Effects of water-nitrogen management patterns on periodical N accumulation in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies (kg hm-2)
表7 水氮管理模式和不同氮效率水稻品种下产量及氮利用特征与各生育时期功能叶生理特性及根系活力的相关性(2013年) Table 7 Coefficients of correlation of some physiological indexes of function of leaves with root with grain yield and N uptake and utilization at various growth stages under water-nitrogen management patterns in cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2013
生理指标 Physiological index
生育时期 Growth stage
产量 Grain yield
氮素吸收利用 N uptake and utilization
氮素积累总量 TNA
氮肥生理利用率 PE
氮肥回收利用率 NRE
氮肥农艺利用率 NAE
GS活性 Glutamine synthetase activity
拔节期 Elongation
0.910**
0.860**
0.816**
0.805**
0.812**
抽穗期 Heading
0.927**
0.894**
0.926**
0.936**
0.936**
成熟期 Maturity
0.889**
0.759*
0.895**
0.902**
0.889**
光合速率 Photosynthetic rate
拔节期 Elongation
0.850**
0.849**
0.851**
0.891**
0.869**
抽穗期 Heading
0.864**
0.889**
0.751*
0.803**
0.762*
成熟期 Maturity
0.852**
0.805**
0.806**
0.822**
0.841**
根系活力 Root activity
拔节期 Elongation
0.801**
0.741*
0.671*
0.629*
0.763*
抽穗期 Heading
0.836**
0.786**
0.790**
0.836**
0.796**
成熟期 Maturity
0.748*
0.701*
0.709*
0.777*
0.729*
Coefficients of correlation between some physiological indexes and grain yield and N uptake (number of samples is 36), as well as between some physiological indexes (except blank treatment) and N use efficiency (number of samples is 24).* Significant at P<0.05;** Significant at P<0.01. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 5. 生理指标与产量、氮素累积总量相关分析(样本数 n=36); 生理指标(空白除外)与氮肥生理利用率、回收利用率及农艺利用率相关分析(样本数 n=24)。*,**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。缩写同表5。
表7 水氮管理模式和不同氮效率水稻品种下产量及氮利用特征与各生育时期功能叶生理特性及根系活力的相关性(2013年) Table 7 Coefficients of correlation of some physiological indexes of function of leaves with root with grain yield and N uptake and utilization at various growth stages under water-nitrogen management patterns in cultivars with different N use efficiencies in 2013
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