), 林瑶 陕西师范大学心理学院, 西安 710061
收稿日期:2020-10-09出版日期:2021-11-25发布日期:2021-09-23通讯作者:张宝山E-mail:zhangbs@snnu.edu.cn基金资助:国家社会科学基金项目(17BSH153)Effects of family affective involvement on aging self-stereotypes: An analysis based on latent growth model
XU Ran, ZHANG Baoshan(), LIN Yao School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang’an Road, Xi’an 710062, China
Received:2020-10-09Online:2021-11-25Published:2021-09-23Contact:ZHANG Baoshan E-mail:zhangbs@snnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 本研究使用问卷法对257名老年人进行了历时1年的3次追踪测试, 采用潜变量增长模型与交叉滞后回归分析考察了家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的变化趋势, 家人情感卷入发展与老年自我刻板印象发展的关系, 以及家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的时序效应。结果发现：(1)老年人感知到的家人情感卷入在1年内呈线性递减, 而老年自我刻板印象呈线性增长; (2)家人情感卷入的初始水平负向预测老年自我刻板印象的初始水平与增长速率; (3)家人情感卷入的下降速率也显著预测了老年自我刻板印象的增长速率; (4)交叉滞后回归分析进一步支持了老年人家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的总体负向预测作用。本研究为老年刻板印象内化的家庭过程提供了理论支持, 并对减少老年刻板印象内化、改善消极老年自我刻板印象的干预具有一定的实践价值。
图/表 9
表1背景信息
| 背景信息 | 保留样本 (n = 257) | 流失样本 (n = 418) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 性别, n (%) | 男 | 79 (30.7%) | 142 (34.0%) |
| 女 | 178 (69.3%) | 276 (66.0%) | |
| 年龄, M (SD) | 年龄 | 67.27 (7.55) | 67.45 (7.88) |
| 受教育程度, n (%) | 低 | 99 (38.5%) | 171 (40.9%) |
| 中 | 101 (39.3%) | 150 (35.9%) | |
| 高 | 57 (22.2%) | 97 (23.2 %) | |
| 年收入, n (%) | ¥0~11,999 | 44 (17.1%) | 78 (18.7%) |
| ¥12,000~35,999 | 132 (51.3%) | 200 (47.8%) | |
| ¥36,000及以上 | 79 (30.7%) | 140 (33.5%) | |
| 缺失 | 2 (0.8%) | - | |
| 自评健康状况, M (SD) | 自评健康状况 | 3.29 (0.88) | 3.27(0.85) |
表1背景信息
| 背景信息 | 保留样本 (n = 257) | 流失样本 (n = 418) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 性别, n (%) | 男 | 79 (30.7%) | 142 (34.0%) |
| 女 | 178 (69.3%) | 276 (66.0%) | |
| 年龄, M (SD) | 年龄 | 67.27 (7.55) | 67.45 (7.88) |
| 受教育程度, n (%) | 低 | 99 (38.5%) | 171 (40.9%) |
| 中 | 101 (39.3%) | 150 (35.9%) | |
| 高 | 57 (22.2%) | 97 (23.2 %) | |
| 年收入, n (%) | ¥0~11,999 | 44 (17.1%) | 78 (18.7%) |
| ¥12,000~35,999 | 132 (51.3%) | 200 (47.8%) | |
| ¥36,000及以上 | 79 (30.7%) | 140 (33.5%) | |
| 缺失 | 2 (0.8%) | - | |
| 自评健康状况, M (SD) | 自评健康状况 | 3.29 (0.88) | 3.27(0.85) |
表2各变量均值、标准差及相关系数矩阵
| 变量 | M (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.T1家人情感卷入 | 15.30 (2.96) | 1 | ||||
| 2.T2家人情感卷入 | 15.29 (3.18) | 0.51*** | 1 | |||
| 3.T3家人情感卷入 | 14.74 (3.07) | 0.32*** | 0.35*** | 1 | ||
| 4.T1老年自我刻板印象 | 19.85 (3.62) | -0.30*** | -0.21*** | -0.16** | 1 | |
| 5.T2老年自我刻板印象 | 20.96 (4.66) | -0.30*** | -0.31*** | -0.21*** | 0.55*** | 1 |
| 6.T3老年自我刻板印象 | 21.40 (4.30) | -0.20*** | -0.24*** | -0.38*** | 0.29*** | 0.30*** |
表2各变量均值、标准差及相关系数矩阵
| 变量 | M (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.T1家人情感卷入 | 15.30 (2.96) | 1 | ||||
| 2.T2家人情感卷入 | 15.29 (3.18) | 0.51*** | 1 | |||
| 3.T3家人情感卷入 | 14.74 (3.07) | 0.32*** | 0.35*** | 1 | ||
| 4.T1老年自我刻板印象 | 19.85 (3.62) | -0.30*** | -0.21*** | -0.16** | 1 | |
| 5.T2老年自我刻板印象 | 20.96 (4.66) | -0.30*** | -0.31*** | -0.21*** | 0.55*** | 1 |
| 6.T3老年自我刻板印象 | 21.40 (4.30) | -0.20*** | -0.24*** | -0.38*** | 0.29*** | 0.30*** |
图1家人情感卷入或老年自我刻板印象的线性无条件潜变量增长模型
图1家人情感卷入或老年自我刻板印象的线性无条件潜变量增长模型表3家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象线性无条件潜变量增长模型的拟合指标
| 模型 | χ2/df | p | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 家人情感卷入 | 2.31 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| 老年自我刻板 印象 | 1.67 | 0.20 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
表3家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象线性无条件潜变量增长模型的拟合指标
| 模型 | χ2/df | p | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 家人情感卷入 | 2.31 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| 老年自我刻板 印象 | 1.67 | 0.20 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
表4家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的潜变量增长模型的参数估计结果
| 模型 | 系数 | 变异 | 截距斜率 相关系数 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 截距 | 斜率 | 截距 | 斜率 | ||
| 家人情感卷入 | 15.34*** | -0.25* | 6.62*** | 1.15* | -0.67*** |
| 老年自我刻板印象 | 19.84*** | 0.84*** | 13.86*** | 3.03** | -0.72*** |
表4家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的潜变量增长模型的参数估计结果
| 模型 | 系数 | 变异 | 截距斜率 相关系数 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 截距 | 斜率 | 截距 | 斜率 | ||
| 家人情感卷入 | 15.34*** | -0.25* | 6.62*** | 1.15* | -0.67*** |
| 老年自我刻板印象 | 19.84*** | 0.84*** | 13.86*** | 3.03** | -0.72*** |
图2家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的平行增长模型 注: 图中所有参数估计值均为标准化结果
图2家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的平行增长模型 注: 图中所有参数估计值均为标准化结果
图3交叉滞后回归模型图
图3交叉滞后回归模型图表5模型拟合指数
| 模型 | χ2 | df | CFI | GFI | SRMR | RMSEA | 模型比较 | Δχ2 | Δdf | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | 33.79 | 8 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.10 | 0.11 | ||||
| M2 | 17.18 | 6 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.08 | M1 vs. M2 | 16.61 | 2 | 0.000 |
| M3 | 28.11 | 6 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.08 | 0.12 | M1 vs. M3 | 5.68 | 2 | 0.058 |
| M4 | 12.88 | 4 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.09 | M1 vs. M4 | 20.91 | 4 | 0.000 |
表5模型拟合指数
| 模型 | χ2 | df | CFI | GFI | SRMR | RMSEA | 模型比较 | Δχ2 | Δdf | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | 33.79 | 8 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.10 | 0.11 | ||||
| M2 | 17.18 | 6 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.08 | M1 vs. M2 | 16.61 | 2 | 0.000 |
| M3 | 28.11 | 6 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.08 | 0.12 | M1 vs. M3 | 5.68 | 2 | 0.058 |
| M4 | 12.88 | 4 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.09 | M1 vs. M4 | 20.91 | 4 | 0.000 |
图4家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的交叉滞后回归模型 注: 图中所有参数估计值均为标准化结果
图4家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的交叉滞后回归模型 注: 图中所有参数估计值均为标准化结果参考文献 65
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