) 山东师范大学心理学院, 山东师范大学儿童青少年发展研究院, 济南 250014
收稿日期:2021-05-20出版日期:2021-09-25发布日期:2021-07-22通讯作者:曹衍淼E-mail:cym8023@126.com基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(32071073);国家自然科学基金项目(31900776);国家自然科学基金项目(31671156);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(17JZD058)The relationship between positive parenting and adolescent prosocial behaviour: The mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene
ZHANG Wenxin, LI Xi, CHEN Guanghui, CAO Yanmiao() School of Psychology, Research Institute of Child and Adolescent Development, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
Received:2021-05-20Online:2021-09-25Published:2021-07-22Contact:CAO Yanmiao E-mail:cym8023@126.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 诸多研究显示母亲积极教养能够促进青少年亲社会行为的发展, 但是迄今对其内在作用机制尚不清楚。本研究基于“基因-环境-内表型-行为”模型, 采用问卷法和DNA分型技术, 对1082名青少年(初测年龄为12.32 ± 0.48岁, 50.3%女生)及其母亲进行为期2年的追踪研究, 考察共情在母亲积极教养与青少年亲社会行为间的中介作用, 以及OXTR基因rs53576多态性对该中介机制的调节作用。结果发现：(1)青少年认知共情(观点采择)在母亲积极教养和亲社会行为之间起中介作用, 而情绪共情(移情关心)的中介作用不显著; (2) OXTR基因对积极教养与亲社会行为间直接路径的调节作用不显著; (3) OXTR基因能够调节“母亲积极教养-认知共情-亲社会行为”中介机制的前半路径, 并且显现出一种超显性的基因效应。在携带GG和AA基因型的青少年中, 母亲积极教养显著正向预测认知共情, 进而增加了其亲社会行为, 而在携带AG杂合子基因型的青少年中, 这一中介效应则不显著。研究结果有助于从催产素受体基因多态性、共情能力和家庭教养等方面阐明青少年亲社会行为的发生机制及个体差异。
图/表 7
图1概念模型图
图1概念模型图表1各变量间的相关系数
| 变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 SES | 1 | ||||||
| 2 性别 | 0.04 | 1 | |||||
| 3 积极教养(T1) | 0.17*** | -0.04 | 1 | ||||
| 4 认知共情(T2) | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.11*** | 1 | |||
| 5 情绪共情(T2) | 0.01 | -0.15*** | 0.07* | 0.49*** | 1 | ||
| 6 亲社会行为(T1) | 0.15*** | -0.53*** | 0.14*** | 0.16*** | 0.22*** | 1 | |
| 7 亲社会行为(T2) | 0.04 | -0.49*** | 0.09*** | 0.14*** | 0.18*** | 0.53*** | 1 |
| M (SD) | 0.00 (1.00) | — | 3.21 (0.52) | 2.94 (0.61) | 2.70 (0.64) | 1.76 (0.46) | 1.77 (0.48) |
表1各变量间的相关系数
| 变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 SES | 1 | ||||||
| 2 性别 | 0.04 | 1 | |||||
| 3 积极教养(T1) | 0.17*** | -0.04 | 1 | ||||
| 4 认知共情(T2) | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.11*** | 1 | |||
| 5 情绪共情(T2) | 0.01 | -0.15*** | 0.07* | 0.49*** | 1 | ||
| 6 亲社会行为(T1) | 0.15*** | -0.53*** | 0.14*** | 0.16*** | 0.22*** | 1 | |
| 7 亲社会行为(T2) | 0.04 | -0.49*** | 0.09*** | 0.14*** | 0.18*** | 0.53*** | 1 |
| M (SD) | 0.00 (1.00) | — | 3.21 (0.52) | 2.94 (0.61) | 2.70 (0.64) | 1.76 (0.46) | 1.77 (0.48) |
表2共情在积极教养与亲社会行为间的中介模型拟合指数
| Model | χ2/df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA (90% CI) | Path a | Path b | Path c | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 认知共情 | 6.50 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.072[0.069~0.075] | 0.14*** | 0.14*** | 0.08* | [0.006, 0.028] |
| 认知共情(控制T1亲社会) | 6.41 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.071[0.068~0.074] | 0.14*** | 0.09** | 0.04 | [0.001, 0.020] |
| 情绪共情 | 7.49 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.078[0.075~0.081] | 0.09* | 0.14*** | 0.08*. | [-0.001, 0.022] |
| 情绪共情(控制T1亲社会) | 7.36 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.077[0.074~0.080] | 0.09+ | 0.07+ | 0.04* | [-0.002, 0.013] |
表2共情在积极教养与亲社会行为间的中介模型拟合指数
| Model | χ2/df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA (90% CI) | Path a | Path b | Path c | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 认知共情 | 6.50 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.072[0.069~0.075] | 0.14*** | 0.14*** | 0.08* | [0.006, 0.028] |
| 认知共情(控制T1亲社会) | 6.41 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.071[0.068~0.074] | 0.14*** | 0.09** | 0.04 | [0.001, 0.020] |
| 情绪共情 | 7.49 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.078[0.075~0.081] | 0.09* | 0.14*** | 0.08*. | [-0.001, 0.022] |
| 情绪共情(控制T1亲社会) | 7.36 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.077[0.074~0.080] | 0.09+ | 0.07+ | 0.04* | [-0.002, 0.013] |
表3有调节的中介模型(四种基因编码方式)
| 变量 | 模型1 (因变量：亲社会行为) | 模型2 (因变量：认知共情) | 模型3 (因变量：亲社会行为) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔR2 | b | SE | ΔR2 | b | SE | ΔR2 | b | SE | |
| 第一层：SES | 0.24*** | 0.03* | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.24*** | 0.03* | 0.01 |
| 性别 | -0.47*** | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.04 | -0.47*** | 0.03 | |||
| 第二层：积极教养 | 0.01** | 0.03* | 0.01 | 0.01*** | 0.07*** | 0.02 | 0.01** | 0.03* | 0.01 |
| 第三层：认知共情 | 0.01*** | 0.06*** | 0.01 | — | — | — | 0.01*** | 0.06*** | 0.01 |
| 第四层：OXTR基因 | |||||||||
| 虚拟编码：AG vs. AA | 0.002 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||
| GG vs. AA | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.04 | 0.05 | |||||
| 加性编码：OXTR | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | -0.01 | 0.02 | |||
| 显性编码：OXTR | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.002 | 0.03 | |||
| 隐性编码：OXTR | 0.001 | -0.05 | 0.07 | 0.001 | -0.05 | 0.04 | |||
| 第五层：OXTR×积极教养 | |||||||||
| 虚拟编码：积极教养×AG/AA | 0.01** | -0.11** | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
| 积极教养×GG/AA | 0.03 | 0.07 | -0.02 | 0.05 | |||||
| 加性编码：积极教养×OXTR | 0.001 | -0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.003 | 0.02 | |||
| 显性编码：积极教养×OXTR | 0.004 | -0.08* | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
| 隐性编码：积极教养×OXTR | 0.001 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.00 | -0.03 | 0.05 | |||
表3有调节的中介模型(四种基因编码方式)
| 变量 | 模型1 (因变量：亲社会行为) | 模型2 (因变量：认知共情) | 模型3 (因变量：亲社会行为) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔR2 | b | SE | ΔR2 | b | SE | ΔR2 | b | SE | |
| 第一层：SES | 0.24*** | 0.03* | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.24*** | 0.03* | 0.01 |
| 性别 | -0.47*** | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.04 | -0.47*** | 0.03 | |||
| 第二层：积极教养 | 0.01** | 0.03* | 0.01 | 0.01*** | 0.07*** | 0.02 | 0.01** | 0.03* | 0.01 |
| 第三层：认知共情 | 0.01*** | 0.06*** | 0.01 | — | — | — | 0.01*** | 0.06*** | 0.01 |
| 第四层：OXTR基因 | |||||||||
| 虚拟编码：AG vs. AA | 0.002 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||
| GG vs. AA | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.04 | 0.05 | |||||
| 加性编码：OXTR | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | -0.01 | 0.02 | |||
| 显性编码：OXTR | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.002 | 0.03 | |||
| 隐性编码：OXTR | 0.001 | -0.05 | 0.07 | 0.001 | -0.05 | 0.04 | |||
| 第五层：OXTR×积极教养 | |||||||||
| 虚拟编码：积极教养×AG/AA | 0.01** | -0.11** | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
| 积极教养×GG/AA | 0.03 | 0.07 | -0.02 | 0.05 | |||||
| 加性编码：积极教养×OXTR | 0.001 | -0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.003 | 0.02 | |||
| 显性编码：积极教养×OXTR | 0.004 | -0.08* | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
| 隐性编码：积极教养×OXTR | 0.001 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.00 | -0.03 | 0.05 | |||
图2OXTR各基因型中母亲积极教养与认知共情的相关散点图
图2OXTR各基因型中母亲积极教养与认知共情的相关散点图
图3 OXTR基因rs53576多态性与积极教养对青少年认知共情的影响
图3 OXTR基因rs53576多态性与积极教养对青少年认知共情的影响表4有调节的中介效应的Bootstrap分析
| 效应 | 子样本1 | 子样本2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect | BootSE | 95% CI | Effect | BootSE | 95% CI | |
| 中介效应 | ||||||
| AA | 0.01 | 0.004 | [0.002, 0.02] | 0.01 | 0.01 | [0.004, 0.03] |
| AG | -0.003 | 0.004 | [-0.01, 0.01] | 0.003 | 0.004 | [-0.01, 0.01] |
| GG | 0.02 | 0.01 | [0.002, 0.04] | 0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.002, 0.03] |
| 有调节的中介效应 | ||||||
| AG vs. AA | -0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.02, 0.000] | -0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.03, -0.0001] |
| GG vs. AA | 0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.002, 0.03] | -0.003 | 0.01 | [-0.02, 0.01] |
表4有调节的中介效应的Bootstrap分析
| 效应 | 子样本1 | 子样本2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect | BootSE | 95% CI | Effect | BootSE | 95% CI | |
| 中介效应 | ||||||
| AA | 0.01 | 0.004 | [0.002, 0.02] | 0.01 | 0.01 | [0.004, 0.03] |
| AG | -0.003 | 0.004 | [-0.01, 0.01] | 0.003 | 0.004 | [-0.01, 0.01] |
| GG | 0.02 | 0.01 | [0.002, 0.04] | 0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.002, 0.03] |
| 有调节的中介效应 | ||||||
| AG vs. AA | -0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.02, 0.000] | -0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.03, -0.0001] |
| GG vs. AA | 0.01 | 0.01 | [-0.002, 0.03] | -0.003 | 0.01 | [-0.02, 0.01] |
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