) 1深圳大学心理学院, 深圳 518060
2华中科技大学协和深圳医院, 深圳 518052
3深圳英智科技有限公司, 深圳 518010
4深港脑科学创新研究院, 深圳 518055
5深圳大学磁共振成像中心, 深圳 518060
收稿日期:2021-05-05出版日期:2021-10-25发布日期:2021-08-23通讯作者:张丹丹E-mail:zhangdd05@gmail.com基金资助:国家自然科学基金面上项目(31970980);国家自然科学基金面上项目(31871115);广东省哲学社会科学规划(GD20CXL08);深港脑科学创新研究院(2021SHIBS0003);广东省科技厅国际科技合作领域项目(2019A050510048)The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on voluntary forgetting of negative social feedback in depressed patients: A TMS study
CHEN Yuming1, LI Sijin1, GUO Tianyou1,2, XIE Hui1, XU Feng3, ZHANG Dandan1,4,5() 1School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
2Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518052, China
3Shenzhen Yingchi Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518010, China
4Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
5Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
Received:2021-05-05Online:2021-10-25Published:2021-08-23Contact:ZHANG Dandan E-mail:zhangdd05@gmail.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 抑郁症患者的负性心境可能源于其抑制功能障碍。患者在主动遗忘负性材料时无法有效调用背外侧前额叶(the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC)等负责抑制控制的额叶脑网络。同时, 患者对社会信息的加工比对非社会信息的加工存在更明显的认知神经障碍, 很难主动遗忘对自己不利的社会反馈信息。为了提高抑郁症患者对负性社会反馈的主动遗忘能力, 本研究采用经颅磁刺激技术(transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS), 考察抑郁症患者在左侧(n = 32)或右侧DLPFC (n = 30)被激活后其记忆控制能力的改变。结果表明, 当患者的DLPFC被TMS激活时, 他们对社会拒绝的回忆正确率与健康对照组(n = 31)无差异, 且TMS激活右侧DLPFC还改善了患者对他人的社会态度。本研究是采用TMS提高抑郁症患者主动遗忘能力的首次尝试, 研究结果不但支持了DLPFC与记忆控制功能的因果关系, 还为临床治疗抑郁症、创伤后应激障碍、药物成瘾等患者的记忆控制缺陷提供了明确的神经靶点。
图/表 4
表1本研究4组被试的人口学特征(M ± SD)
| 变量 | 左DLPFC 患者组 (n = 32) | 右DLPFC 患者组 (n = 30) | TMS控制 患者组 (n = 30) | 健康对照组 (n = 31) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 年龄 | 29.21 ± 2.54 | 29.27 ± 2.92 | 28.88 ± 3.14 | 28.42 ± 2.48 |
| 性别 (女/男) | 18/14 | 17/13 | 17/13 | 17/14 |
| 受教 育年 | 15.50 ± 3.28 | 14.37 ± 2.29 | 14.23 ± 3.04 | 13.83 ± 3.72 |
| 拒绝 敏感性 | 9.07 ± 3.24 | 9.01 ± 3.12 | 8.64 ± 3.72 | 7.33 ± 2.50 |
| 抑郁 症状 | 23.52 ± 6.87 | 22.43 ± 4.72 | 23.04 ± 5.13 | 1.88 ± 1.82 |
表1本研究4组被试的人口学特征(M ± SD)
| 变量 | 左DLPFC 患者组 (n = 32) | 右DLPFC 患者组 (n = 30) | TMS控制 患者组 (n = 30) | 健康对照组 (n = 31) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 年龄 | 29.21 ± 2.54 | 29.27 ± 2.92 | 28.88 ± 3.14 | 28.42 ± 2.48 |
| 性别 (女/男) | 18/14 | 17/13 | 17/13 | 17/14 |
| 受教 育年 | 15.50 ± 3.28 | 14.37 ± 2.29 | 14.23 ± 3.04 | 13.83 ± 3.72 |
| 拒绝 敏感性 | 9.07 ± 3.24 | 9.01 ± 3.12 | 8.64 ± 3.72 | 7.33 ± 2.50 |
| 抑郁 症状 | 23.52 ± 6.87 | 22.43 ± 4.72 | 23.04 ± 5.13 | 1.88 ± 1.82 |
图1实验流程。A, 实验任务流程图。每名被试接受10 min的TMS刺激: 从TMS任务阶段开始前的3 min持续至TMS任务阶段的定向遗忘任务结束。B, 定向遗忘任务的单个试次呈现内容。为避免侵犯肖像权版权, 此处图片中的人物已替换为课题组成员。
图1实验流程。A, 实验任务流程图。每名被试接受10 min的TMS刺激: 从TMS任务阶段开始前的3 min持续至TMS任务阶段的定向遗忘任务结束。B, 定向遗忘任务的单个试次呈现内容。为避免侵犯肖像权版权, 此处图片中的人物已替换为课题组成员。
图2TMS电流分布模拟图。实验被试共四组：两个患者实验组分别激活左侧和右侧DLPFC, 患者TMS控制组激活顶区vertex。健康对照组激活右侧DLPFC。图中的颜色代表归一化的电流场强度, 蓝色表示0, 红色表示个体最大值。本图采用软件SimNIBS生成(www.simnibs.org)。
图2TMS电流分布模拟图。实验被试共四组：两个患者实验组分别激活左侧和右侧DLPFC, 患者TMS控制组激活顶区vertex。健康对照组激活右侧DLPFC。图中的颜色代表归一化的电流场强度, 蓝色表示0, 红色表示个体最大值。本图采用软件SimNIBS生成(www.simnibs.org)。
图3实验结果。AB, 负性社会反馈的回忆正确率。CD, 面孔吸引度评分(1-吸引度最低, 9-吸引度最高)。AC为“基于组间”的比较, BD为“基于组内TMS效应”的比较。图中的误差条表示均值的标准误。*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。本图中, 4组被试的数据用不同颜色显示(参见电子版彩图)：健康对照组为白色和灰色, 左DLPFC患者组为浅蓝色和深蓝色, 右DLPFC患者组为浅绿色和深绿色, 患者TMS控制组为浅红色和深红色。
图3实验结果。AB, 负性社会反馈的回忆正确率。CD, 面孔吸引度评分(1-吸引度最低, 9-吸引度最高)。AC为“基于组间”的比较, BD为“基于组内TMS效应”的比较。图中的误差条表示均值的标准误。*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。本图中, 4组被试的数据用不同颜色显示(参见电子版彩图)：健康对照组为白色和灰色, 左DLPFC患者组为浅蓝色和深蓝色, 右DLPFC患者组为浅绿色和深绿色, 患者TMS控制组为浅红色和深红色。参考文献 55
| [1] | Allen J. J. B., & Reznik S. J.(2015). Frontal EEG asymmetry as a promising marker of depression vulnerability: Summary and methodological considerations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 93-97. pmid: 26462291 |
| [2] | Anderson M. C., & Hanslmayr S.(2014). Neural mechanisms of motivated forgetting. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 279-292. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.03.002pmid: 24747000 |
| [3] | APA. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. |
| [4] | Beck A. T.(2019). A 60-year evolution of cognitive theory and therapy. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(1), 16-20. doi: 10.1177/1745691618804187URL |
| [5] | Beck A. T., Steer R. A., & Brown G. K.(1996). Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition Manual. San Antonio, TX:The Psychological Corporation. |
| [6] | Bjork R. A.(1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 309-330). Erlbaum: New Jersey. |
| [7] | Brewin C. R., Gregory J. D., Lipton M., & Burgess N.(2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117(1), 210-232. doi: 10.1037/a0018113pmid: 20063969 |
| [8] | Caouette J. D., & Guyer A. E.(2016). Cognitive distortions mediate depression and affective response to social acceptance and rejection. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 792-799. doi: S0165-0327(15)30922-8pmid: 26625091 |
| [9] | Costanzi M., Cianfanelli B., Santirocchi A., Lasaponara S., Spataro P., Rossi-Arnaud C., & Cestari V.(2021). Forgetting unwanted memories: Active forgetting and implications for the development of psychological disorders. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(4), 241. doi: 10.3390/jpm11040241URL |
| [10] | Cottencin O., Gruat G., Thomas P., Devos P., Goudemand M., & Consoli S. M.(2008). Directed forgetting in depression. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(5), 895-899. doi: 10.1017/S1355617708081186URL |
| [11] | Delaney P. F., Barden E. P., Smith W. G., & Wisco B. E.(2020). What can directed forgetting tell us about clinical populations? Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 101926. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101926pmid: 33011552 |
| [12] | Disner S. G., Beevers C. G., Haigh E. A. P., & Beck A. T.(2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 467-477. doi: 10.1038/nrn3027pmid: 21731066 |
| [13] | Downey G., & Feldman S. I.(1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343. pmid: 8667172 |
| [14] | Engen H. G., & Anderson M. C.(2018). Memory control: A fundamental mechanism of emotion regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(11), 982-995. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.07.015URL |
| [15] | Engen H. G., Kanske P., & Singer T.(2017). The neural component-process architecture of endogenously generated emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(2), 197-211. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw108URL |
| [16] | FeldmanHall O., Montez D. F., Phelps E. A., Davachi L., & Murty V. P.(2021). Hippocampus guides adaptive learning during dynamic social interactions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 41(6), 1340-1348. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0873-20.2020URL |
| [17] | Gagnepain P., Hulbert J., & Anderson M. C.(2017). Parallel regulation of memory and emotion supports the suppression of intrusive memories. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37(27), 6423-6441. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2732-16.2017URL |
| [18] | Gamboa O. L., Sung Lai Yuen K., von Wegner F., Behrens M., & Steinmetz H.(2018). The challenge of forgetting: Neurobiological mechanisms of auditory directed forgetting. Human Brain Mapping, 39(1), 249-263. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23840pmid: 29080232 |
| [19] | Gotlib I. H., & Joormann J.(2010). Cognition and depression: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 285-312. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305pmid: 20192795 |
| [20] | Hanslmayr S., Volberg G., Wimber M., Oehler N., Staudigl T., Hartmann T.,... Bäuml K. H. T.(2012). Prefrontally driven downregulation of neural synchrony mediates goal-directed forgetting. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(42), 14742-14751. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1777-12.2012pmid: 23077059 |
| [21] | He Z. H., Ao X., Muhlert N., Elliott R., & Zhang D.(2020). Neural substrates of expectancy violation associated with social feedback in individuals with subthreshold depression. Psychological Medicine, 1-9. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720003864 doi: 10.1017/S0033291720003864 |
| [22] | He Z. H., Zhang D. D., Muhlert N., & Elliott R.(2019). Neural substrates for anticipation and consumption of social and monetary incentives in depression. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(8), 815-826. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsz061URL |
| [23] | Henriques J. B., & Davidson R. J.(1991). Left frontal hypoactivation in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 535-545. pmid: 1757667 |
| [24] | Hsu D. T., Sanford B. J., Meyers K. K., Love T. M., Hazlett K. E., Walker S. J., … Zubieta J. K.(2015). It still hurts: Altered endogenous opioid activity in the brain during social rejection and acceptance in major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 20(2), 193-200. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.185pmid: 25600108 |
| [25] | Jankowski K. F., Batres J., Scott H., Smyda G., Pfeifer J. H., & Quevedo K.(2018). Feeling left out: Depressed adolescents may atypically recruit emotional salience and regulation networks during social exclusion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(8), 863-876. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsy055pmid: 30059994 |
| [26] | Kennedy D. P., & Adolphs R.(2012). The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(11), 559-572. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.006pmid: 23047070 |
| [27] | Konishi M., Shishikura K., Nakaaki S., Komatsu S.-I., & Mimura M.(2011). Remembering and forgetting: Directed forgetting effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 365-372. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S21047pmid: 21822387 |
| [28] | Kumar P., Waiter G. D., Dubois M., Milders M., Reid I., & Steele J. D.(2017). Increased neural response to social rejection in major depression. Depression and Anxiety, 34(11), 1049-1056. doi: 10.1002/da.2017.34.issue-11URL |
| [29] | Kupferberg A., Bicks L., & Hasler G.(2016). Social functioning in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 313-332. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002URL |
| [30] | Lau J. Y. F., & Waters A. M.(2017). Annual Research Review: An expanded account of information-processing mechanisms in risk for child and adolescent anxiety and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(4), 387-407. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.2017.58.issue-4URL |
| [31] | Lefaucheur J. P., Aleman A., Baeken C., Benninger D. H., Brunelin J., Di Lazzaro V.,... Ziemann U.(2020). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018). Clinical Neurophysiology, 131(2), 474-528. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002URL |
| [32] | Malhi G. S., & Mann J. J.(2018). Depression. Lancet, 392(10161), 2299-2312. doi: S0140-6736(18)31948-2pmid: 30396512 |
| [33] | Nolan S. A., Flynn C., & Garber J.(2003). Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 745-755. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.745URL |
| [34] | Nowicka A., Marchewka A., Jednoróg K., Tacikowski P., & Brechmann A.(2011). Forgetting of emotional information is hard: An fMRI study of directed forgetting. Cerebral Cortex, 21(3), 539-549. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq117URL |
| [35] | Okruszek Ł., Jarkiewicz M., Szrubarz P., Wichniak A., Michałowski J., Marchewka A., & Łojek E.(2019). Many ways to forget - Neurophysiology of directed forgetting mechanisms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 274, 358-364. doi: S0165-1781(17)30728-Xpmid: 30851599 |
| [36] | Power M. J., Dalgleish T., Claudio V., Tata P., & Kentish J.(2000). The directed forgetting task: Application to emotionally valent material. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1-3), 147-157. pmid: 10708826 |
| [37] | Rappaport B. I., & Barch D. M.(2020). Brain responses to social feedback in internalizing disorders: A comprehensive review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 784-808. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.012pmid: 32956691 |
| [38] | Reinhard M. A., Dewald-Kaufmann J., Wüstenberg T., Musil R., Barton B. B., Jobst A., & Padberg F.(2020). The vicious circle of social exclusion and psychopathology: A systematic review of experimental ostracism research in psychiatric disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270(5), 521-532. doi: 10.1007/s00406-019-01074-1URL |
| [39] | Rizio A. A., & Dennis N. A.(2013). The neural correlates of cognitive control: Successful remembering and intentional forgetting. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(2), 297-312. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00310URL |
| [40] | Saunders J.(2011). Reversed mnemic neglect of self- threatening memories in dysphoria. Cognition & Emotion, 25(5), 854-867. |
| [41] | Schaper M. L., Mieth L., & Bell R.(2019). Adaptive memory: Source memory is positively associated with adaptive social decision making. Cognition, 186, 7-14. doi: S0010-0277(19)30020-4pmid: 30711769 |
| [42] | Sedikides C., Green J. D., Saunders J., Skowronski J. J., & Zengel B.(2016). Mnemic neglect: Selective amnesia of one's faults. European Review of Social Psychology, 27(1), 1-62. doi: 10.1080/10463283.2016.1183913URL |
| [43] | Silas J., & Brandt K. R.(2016). Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) abolishes list-method directed forgetting. Neuroscience Letters, 616, 166-169. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.035URL |
| [44] | Somani A., & Kar S. K.(2019). Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: The evidence thus far. General Psychiatry, 32(4), e100074. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100074URL |
| [45] | Stramaccia D. F., Meyer A.-K., Rischer K. M., Fawcett J. M., & Benoit R. G.(2021). Memory suppression and its deficiency in psychological disorders: A focused meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(5), 828-850. doi: 10.1037/xge0000971URL |
| [46] | Valero-Cabré A., Amengual J. L., Stengel C., Pascual-Leone A., & Coubard O. A.(2017). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in basic and clinical neuroscience: A comprehensive review of fundamental principles and novel insights. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 83, 381-404. doi: S0149-7634(17)30484-0pmid: 29032089 |
| [47] | Vivas A. B., Marful A., Panagiotidou D., & Bajo T.(2016). Instruction to forget lead to emotional devaluation. Cognition, 150, 85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.005pmid: 26872249 |
| [48] | Wylie G. R., Foxe J. J., & Taylor T. L.(2008). Forgetting as an active process: An FMRI investigation of item-method- directed forgetting. Cerebral Cortex, 18(3), 670-682. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm101URL |
| [49] | Xie H., Chen Y., Lin Y. Q., Hu X. Q., & Zhang D. D.(2020). Can't forget: Disruption of the right prefrontal cortex impairs voluntary forgetting in a recognition test. Memory, 28(1), 60-69. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1681456URL |
| [50] | Xie H., Hu X. Q., Mo L. C., & Zhang D. D.(2021). Forgetting positive social feedback is difficult: ERP evidence in a directed forgetting paradigm. Psychophysiology, 58(5), e13790. |
| [51] | Xie H., Jiang D. D., & Zhang D. D.(2018). Individuals with depressive tendencies experience difficulty in forgetting negative material: Two mechanisms revealed by ERP data in the directed forgetting paradigm. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1113. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19570-0URL |
| [52] | Yang W. J., Chen Q. L., Liu P. D., Cheng H. S., Cui Q., Wei D. T., … Qiu J.(2016). Abnormal brain activation during directed forgetting of negative memory in depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 880-888. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.034URL |
| [53] | Yang Y. K., Shields G. S., Guo C., & Liu Y. L.(2018). Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: A meta-analysis and review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 225-244. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.020URL |
| [54] | Zhang D. D., Shen J. S., Bi R., Zhang Y. Y., Zhou F., Feng C. L., & Gu R. L.(2020). Differentiating the abnormalities of social and monetary reward processing associated with depressive symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 1-15. |
| [55] | Zhao J., Mo L. C., Bi R., He Z. H., Chen Y. M., Xu F.,... Zhang D.(2021). The VLPFC versus the DLPFC in downregulating social pain using reappraisal and distraction strategies. The Journal of Neuroscience, 41(6), 1331-1339. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1906-20.2020URL |
相关文章 15
| [1] | 莫李澄, 郭田友, 张岳瑶, 徐锋, 张丹丹. 激活右腹外侧前额叶提高抑郁症患者对社会疼痛的情绪调节能力：一项TMS研究[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(5): 494-504. |
| [2] | 曹娜, 孟海江, 王艳秋, 邱方晖, 谭晓缨, 吴殷, 张剑. 左侧背外侧前额叶在程序性运动学习中的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(5): 597-608. |
| [3] | 张丹丹, 王驹, 赵君, 陈淑美, 黄琰淋, 高秋凤. 抑郁倾向对合作的影响：双人同步近红外脑成像研究[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(5): 609-622. |
| [4] | 殷西乐, 李建标, 陈思宇, 刘晓丽, 郝洁. 第三方惩罚的神经机制：来自经颅直流电刺激的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(5): 571-583. |
| [5] | 任小云, 李玉婷, 毛伟宾, 耿秋晨. 情绪对连续事件定向遗忘的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(3): 269-279. |
| [6] | 王思思, 库逸轩. 右侧背外侧前额叶在视觉工作记忆中的因果性作用[J]. 心理学报, 2018, 50(7): 727-738. |
| [7] | 王慧慧, 罗玉丹, 石冰, 余凤琼, 汪凯. 经颅直流电刺激对健康大学生反应抑制的影响 *[J]. 心理学报, 2018, 50(6): 647-654. |
| [8] | 任志洪; 李献云; 赵陵波; 余香莲; 李政汉; 赖丽足; 阮怡君; 江光荣. 抑郁症网络化自助干预的效果及作用机制 ——以汉化MoodGYM为例[J]. 心理学报, 2016, 48(7): 818-832. |
| [9] | 王瑛瑛;梁九清;郭春彦. 单字法定向遗忘中情绪指示符对记忆编码过程的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2014, 46(6): 740-753. |
| [10] | 窦伟伟;郑希付;杨慧芳;王俊芳;李悦;俄小天;陈倩倩. 认知分心的强度对创伤性信息加工的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2014, 46(5): 656-665. |
| [11] | 杨文静;刘培朵;崔茜;郝鑫;肖宵;张庆林. 自我参照对情绪性记忆定向遗忘的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2014, 46(2): 156-164. |
| [12] | 问黎敏;安书成;刘慧. 应激性抑郁样行为发生中海马5-羟色胺1A受体的作用及其对NMDA受体和AMPA受体的调节[J]. 心理学报, 2012, 44(10): 1318-1328. |
| [13] | 董素平,徐畅,原婷婷,安书成. 海马NMDA受体经SP-NK1受体通路参与慢性应激诱发的抑郁样行为[J]. 心理学报, 2011, 43(09): 1045-1054. |
| [14] | 慕德芳,宋耀武,陈英. 定向遗忘中提取抑制的机制：成功提取引起抑制[J]. 心理学报, 2009, 41(01): 26-34. |
| [15] | 冯正直,张大均,杨国愉. 抑郁症状中学生自我相关生活事件的回忆、再认和启动效应特点[J]. 心理学报, 2008, 40(02): 166-174. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=5071
