), 高蕾1,3() 1西藏大学高原脑科学研究中心, 拉萨 850000
2天津师范大学心理学部, 天津 300387
3天津大学管理与经济学部, 天津 300072
收稿日期:2020-01-08出版日期:2020-10-25发布日期:2020-08-24通讯作者:白学军,高蕾E-mail:bxuejun@126.com;gaolei1983good@sina.cn基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金(31860280);西藏自治区自然科学基金(XZ2019ZRG-22);西藏大学培育基金(ZDCZJH19-21);西藏大学2020年度中央支持地方高校改革发展资金(00060607)The word frequency effect of fovea and its effect on the preview effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading
GAO Xiaolei1, LI Xiaowei1, SUN Min1, BAI Xuejun2(), GAO Lei1,3() 1Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
2Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
3Department of management and economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Received:2020-01-08Online:2020-10-25Published:2020-08-24Contact:BAI Xuejun,GAO Lei E-mail:bxuejun@126.com;gaolei1983good@sina.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 在不同语言文字系统中, 对于眼动控制的本质及其发生机制, 尤其是阅读过程中注意资源的分配是序列分布还是平行分布的问题, 目前仍然存在着争论和分歧。藏语是拼音文字, 但它同时又具有汉语的特点, 独具语言特色。因此, 通过对藏语阅读过程中中央凹词频对副中央凹预视效应影响这一问题的探讨, 可以在一种已有研究未曾涉及的文字系统中进一步推动上述争议的解决。本研究采用眼动记录法, 设计了两个实验。实验1操纵了中央凹词频(高频、低频), 考察藏语阅读中中央凹词的词频效应及词频延迟效应, 结果发现, 藏语阅读中存在词频效应及词频延迟效应。实验2同时操纵中央凹词频和副中央凹预视词类型, 借助边界范式, 考察藏语阅读中副中央凹预视效应及中央凹词频对副中央凹预视效应的影响, 结果发现, 藏语阅读中存在副中央凹预视效应, 且与低频中央凹词相比, 高频中央凹词对副中央凹预视效应的促进作用更大。两个实验结果表明:(1)藏语阅读中存在显著的词频效应, 且表现在词汇加工的整个过程; (2)藏语阅读中存在显著的词频延迟效应, 并贯穿于词汇加工的整个过程; (3)藏语阅读中存在显著的副中央凹预视效应, 读者能通过副中央凹预视提取到语音和字形信息。藏语阅读中中央凹词频影响副中央凹预视效应的大小, 且词频只在词汇加工的早期对形的预视信息的提取产生影响, 即在形似预视条件下高频词的预视效应更大; (4)本研究发现的词频延迟效应及副中央凹预视效应, 支持了E-Z读者模型中有关副中央凹序列加工的观点。
图/表 9
图1边界范式示意图 注:“ ”表示边界位置,实验过程中被试不可见。“ ”为预视字,“ ”为目标字。上述句子的意思是:一年里有无数个星期五。
图1边界范式示意图 注:“ ”表示边界位置,实验过程中被试不可见。“ ”为预视字,“ ”为目标字。上述句子的意思是:一年里有无数个星期五。 表1藏语与英语、汉语的特点比较
| 语种 | 语言类型 | 结构 | 字/词间标记 | 透明性 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 拼音文字 | 表意文字 | 线性结构 | 立体结构 | 隔字符 | 空格 | 发音透明 | 发音不透明 | |
| 藏语 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 |
| 英语 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 否 |
| 汉语 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
表1藏语与英语、汉语的特点比较
| 语种 | 语言类型 | 结构 | 字/词间标记 | 透明性 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 拼音文字 | 表意文字 | 线性结构 | 立体结构 | 隔字符 | 空格 | 发音透明 | 发音不透明 | |
| 藏语 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 |
| 英语 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 否 |
| 汉语 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
表2名词n的词频和词长的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 组别 | 词频(次/千万) | 词长(字符数) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频组 | 301 ± 625 | 4.05 ± 1.01 |
| 低频组 | 26 ± 153 | 4.50 ± 1.13 |
表2名词n的词频和词长的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 组别 | 词频(次/千万) | 词长(字符数) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频组 | 301 ± 625 | 4.05 ± 1.01 |
| 低频组 | 26 ± 153 | 4.50 ± 1.13 |
表3不同条件下名词n各眼动指标的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 词频 | 首次注视时间(ms) | 凝视时间(ms) | 总注视时间(ms) | 总注视次数(次) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高频 | 256 ± 47 | 430 ± 180 | 749 ± 338 | 2.9 ± 1.1 |
| 低频 | 265 ± 42 | 511 ± 219 | 909 ± 404 | 3.5 ± 1.4 |
表3不同条件下名词n各眼动指标的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 词频 | 首次注视时间(ms) | 凝视时间(ms) | 总注视时间(ms) | 总注视次数(次) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高频 | 256 ± 47 | 430 ± 180 | 749 ± 338 | 2.9 ± 1.1 |
| 低频 | 265 ± 42 | 511 ± 219 | 909 ± 404 | 3.5 ± 1.4 |
表4不同条件下形容词n+1各眼动指标的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 词频 | 首次注视时间(ms) | 凝视时间(ms) | 总注视时间(ms) | 总注视次数(次) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高频 | 257 ± 41 | 415 ± 134 | 677 ± 266 | 2.6 ± 0.9 |
| 低频 | 269 ± 48 | 432 ± 148 | 706 ± 272 | 2.7 ± 1.0 |
表4不同条件下形容词n+1各眼动指标的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 词频 | 首次注视时间(ms) | 凝视时间(ms) | 总注视时间(ms) | 总注视次数(次) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高频 | 257 ± 41 | 415 ± 134 | 677 ± 266 | 2.6 ± 0.9 |
| 低频 | 269 ± 48 | 432 ± 148 | 706 ± 272 | 2.7 ± 1.0 |
图2四种预视条件示意图 注:上述句子的意思是:一年里有无数个星期五。
图2四种预视条件示意图 注:上述句子的意思是:一年里有无数个星期五。表5名词n的词频和词长的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 组别 | 词频(次/千万) | 词长(字符数) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频组 | 244 ± 493 | 3.88 ± 1.15 |
| 低频组 | 16 ± 13 | 4.55 ± 1.08 |
表5名词n的词频和词长的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 组别 | 词频(次/千万) | 词长(字符数) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频组 | 244 ± 493 | 3.88 ± 1.15 |
| 低频组 | 16 ± 13 | 4.55 ± 1.08 |
表6三种预视词的词频和词长的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 预视词 | 词频(次/千万) | 词长(字符数) |
|---|---|---|
| 相同预视 | 375 ± 247 | 2.85 ± 0.09 |
| 音同预视 | 256 ± 297 | 2.55 ± 0.12 |
| 形似预视 | 354 ± 323 | 2.72 ± 0.88 |
表6三种预视词的词频和词长的平均值和标准差(M ± SD)
| 预视词 | 词频(次/千万) | 词长(字符数) |
|---|---|---|
| 相同预视 | 375 ± 247 | 2.85 ± 0.09 |
| 音同预视 | 256 ± 297 | 2.55 ± 0.12 |
| 形似预视 | 354 ± 323 | 2.72 ± 0.88 |
表7被试在目标词上各眼动指标的平均值和标准差 (M ± SD)
| 条件 | 首次注视时间(ms) | 凝视时间(ms) | 总注视时间(ms) | 总注视次数(次) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高频相同 | 276 ± 76 | 376 ± 162 | 642 ± 311 | 2.2 ± 0.8 |
| 高频音同 | 262 ± 66 | 333 ± 94 | 525 ± 205 | 2.0 ± 0.6 |
| 高频形似 | 238 ± 62 | 296 ± 102 | 546 ± 306 | 2.1 ± 0.8 |
| 高频控制 | 299 ± 63 | 387 ± 98 | 675 ± 245 | 2.6 ± 0.8 |
| 低频相同 | 261 ± 75 | 342 ± 133 | 597 ± 285 | 2.1 ± 0.9 |
| 低频音同 | 244 ± 59 | 327 ± 100 | 505 ± 211 | 2.0 ± 0.7 |
| 低频形似 | 266 ± 91 | 325 ± 88 | 517 ± 187 | 2.0 ± 0.7 |
| 低频控制 | 296 ± 74 | 383 ± 113 | 714 ± 282 | 2.0 ± 1.0 |
表7被试在目标词上各眼动指标的平均值和标准差 (M ± SD)
| 条件 | 首次注视时间(ms) | 凝视时间(ms) | 总注视时间(ms) | 总注视次数(次) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高频相同 | 276 ± 76 | 376 ± 162 | 642 ± 311 | 2.2 ± 0.8 |
| 高频音同 | 262 ± 66 | 333 ± 94 | 525 ± 205 | 2.0 ± 0.6 |
| 高频形似 | 238 ± 62 | 296 ± 102 | 546 ± 306 | 2.1 ± 0.8 |
| 高频控制 | 299 ± 63 | 387 ± 98 | 675 ± 245 | 2.6 ± 0.8 |
| 低频相同 | 261 ± 75 | 342 ± 133 | 597 ± 285 | 2.1 ± 0.9 |
| 低频音同 | 244 ± 59 | 327 ± 100 | 505 ± 211 | 2.0 ± 0.7 |
| 低频形似 | 266 ± 91 | 325 ± 88 | 517 ± 187 | 2.0 ± 0.7 |
| 低频控制 | 296 ± 74 | 383 ± 113 | 714 ± 282 | 2.0 ± 1.0 |
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