张慢慢, 臧传丽(), 徐宇峰, 白学军(), 闫国利

教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地天津师范大学心理与行为研究院, 天津师范大学心理学部, “学生心理发展与学习”天津市高校社会科学实验室, 天津 300387

收稿日期:2019-11-21出版日期:2020-08-25发布日期:2020-06-28
通讯作者:臧传丽,白学军E-mail:zangchuanli@163.com;bxuejun@126.com

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金项目(31800920);国家自然科学基金项目(31571122);天津市人才发展特殊支持计划青年拔尖人才项目; 天津师范大学****创新团队项目(52WZ1702);教育部“****”奖励计划****; 教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(18JJD190001)

The influence of foveal processing load on parafoveal preview of fast and slow readers during Chinese reading

ZHANG Manman, ZANG Chuanli(), XU Yufeng, BAI Xuejun(), YAN Guoli

Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin 300387, China

Received:2019-11-21Online:2020-08-25Published:2020-06-28
Contact:ZANG Chuanli,BAI Xuejun E-mail:zangchuanli@163.com;bxuejun@126.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在中文阅读中, 预视量是否存在个体差异及其是否受中央凹加工调节, 尚不清楚。本研究采用眼动技术和边界范式, 通过操纵前目标词的加工负荷(高、低)与目标词的预视(相同、假字)来考察快速与慢速读者的中央凹加工对副中央凹预视的影响。结果显示, 中央凹负荷主效应显著; 快速读者对低负荷词的首次和单次注视短于高负荷词, 而慢速读者对两种负荷词的首次和单次注视无差异, 表明快速读者能更快利用词汇特性加工中央凹词汇。预视主效应显著, 即与假字预视相比, 相同预视使两组读者都对目标词的注视更短、向前眼跳更长、跳读率更高; 而且该效应与中央凹负荷没有交互作用。这表明快速读者与慢速读者提取了等量预视, 且不受其中央凹加工的调节。E-Z读者模型和SWIFT模型不能完全解释当前结果。

图/表 9

表1快速组与慢速组在句子判断任务中的基本信息(括号内为标准差)

组别	判断句子 总数	正确判断 句子数	正确率 (%)	平均反应时 (ms)
快速组	130 (9)	125 (10)	96 (2.6)	1380 (94)
慢速组	73 (6)	70 (6)	96 (2.3)	2500 (244)

表1快速组与慢速组在句子判断任务中的基本信息(括号内为标准差)

组别	判断句子 总数	正确判断 句子数	正确率 (%)	平均反应时 (ms)
快速组	130 (9)	125 (10)	96 (2.6)	1380 (94)
慢速组	73 (6)	70 (6)	96 (2.3)	2500 (244)

表2不同中央凹加工负荷下的前目标词与句子的基本信息(括号内为标准差)

中央凹加工负荷	词频(次/百万)	笔画数	句子通顺性	前目标词预测性(%)	目标词预测性(%)
低负荷	242.9 (295.7)	16.8 (1.8)	4.0 (0.3)	1.3 (3.7)	2.3 (4.9)
高负荷	0.4 (0.3)	16.6 (1.9)	3.9 (0.3)	0.6 (2.5)	4.5 (7.7)

表2不同中央凹加工负荷下的前目标词与句子的基本信息(括号内为标准差)

中央凹加工负荷	词频(次/百万)	笔画数	句子通顺性	前目标词预测性(%)	目标词预测性(%)
低负荷	242.9 (295.7)	16.8 (1.8)	4.0 (0.3)	1.3 (3.7)	2.3 (4.9)
高负荷	0.4 (0.3)	16.6 (1.9)	3.9 (0.3)	0.6 (2.5)	4.5 (7.7)

图1眼睛越过边界前后4种实验条件下的句子示例 注:“挑战/诱捕”为前目标词, “熊”为目标词, 虚线示意隐形边界所在位置, *代表边界前后的两个连续注视点
图1眼睛越过边界前后4种实验条件下的句子示例 注:“挑战/诱捕”为前目标词, “熊”为目标词, 虚线示意隐形边界所在位置, *代表边界前后的两个连续注视点



图2局部分析时对前目标词与目标词的兴趣区划分
图2局部分析时对前目标词与目标词的兴趣区划分


表3快速组与慢速组对句子的整体注视情况(括号内为标准差)

眼动指标	快速组	慢速组
句子总阅读时间(ms)	3013 (881)	4911 (1977)
平均注视时间(ms)	221 (23)	239 (20)
总注视次数	13.5 (3.6)	20.6 (8.3)
向前眼跳次数	9.3 (2.4)	13.6 (5.1)
回视眼跳次数	3.4 (1.1)	5.5 (3.1)
向前眼跳长度(字)	2.5 (0.6)	2.0 (0.6)
阅读速度(字/分)	458 (139)	299 (114)

表3快速组与慢速组对句子的整体注视情况(括号内为标准差)

眼动指标	快速组	慢速组
句子总阅读时间(ms)	3013 (881)	4911 (1977)
平均注视时间(ms)	221 (23)	239 (20)
总注视次数	13.5 (3.6)	20.6 (8.3)
向前眼跳次数	9.3 (2.4)	13.6 (5.1)
回视眼跳次数	3.4 (1.1)	5.5 (3.1)
向前眼跳长度(字)	2.5 (0.6)	2.0 (0.6)
阅读速度(字/分)	458 (139)	299 (114)

表4快速组与慢速组在句子指标上的固定效应估计值

眼动指标	阅读组别效应(慢速vs. 快速)
	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
句子总阅读时间	0.45	0.09	4.96	<0.001	[0.27, 0.63]
平均注视时间	0.08	0.03	3.21	<0.01	[0.03, 0.13]
总注视次数	0.37	0.09	4.28	<0.001	[0.20, 0.54]
向前眼跳次数	0.34	0.09	3.91	<0.001	[0.17, 0.52]
向前眼跳长度	-0.23	0.07	-3.48	<0.01	[-0.36, -0.10]
回视眼跳次数	0.39	0.12	3.30	<0.01	[0.16, 0.62]
阅读速度	-0.46	0.09	-4.98	<0.001	[-0.64, -0.28]

表4快速组与慢速组在句子指标上的固定效应估计值

眼动指标	阅读组别效应(慢速vs. 快速)
	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
句子总阅读时间	0.45	0.09	4.96	<0.001	[0.27, 0.63]
平均注视时间	0.08	0.03	3.21	<0.01	[0.03, 0.13]
总注视次数	0.37	0.09	4.28	<0.001	[0.20, 0.54]
向前眼跳次数	0.34	0.09	3.91	<0.001	[0.17, 0.52]
向前眼跳长度	-0.23	0.07	-3.48	<0.01	[-0.36, -0.10]
回视眼跳次数	0.39	0.12	3.30	<0.01	[0.16, 0.62]
阅读速度	-0.46	0.09	-4.98	<0.001	[-0.64, -0.28]

表5不同条件下快速组与慢速组对前目标词的注视时间和向前眼跳长度(括号内为标准差)

眼动指标	组别	低负荷-相同	低负荷-假字	高负荷-相同	高负荷-假字
首次注视时间(ms)	快速	219 (47)	207 (33)	229 (42)	245 (68)
	慢速	245 (36)	250 (39)	258 (44)	253 (41)
单次注视时间(ms)	快速	216 (47)	202 (36)	231 (46)	248 (70)
	慢速	248 (43)	257 (44)	263 (55)	246 (54)
凝视时间(ms)	快速	237 (52)	243 (62)	258 (68)	283 (90)
	慢速	317 (78)	329 (66)	387 (108)	379 (102)
向前眼跳长度(字)	快速	2.62 (0.97)	2.29 (0.72)	2.40 (0.82)	2.14 (0.75)
	慢速	1.99 (0.54)	1.73 (0.56)	1.82 (0.82)	1.57 (0.60)

表5不同条件下快速组与慢速组对前目标词的注视时间和向前眼跳长度(括号内为标准差)

眼动指标	组别	低负荷-相同	低负荷-假字	高负荷-相同	高负荷-假字
首次注视时间(ms)	快速	219 (47)	207 (33)	229 (42)	245 (68)
	慢速	245 (36)	250 (39)	258 (44)	253 (41)
单次注视时间(ms)	快速	216 (47)	202 (36)	231 (46)	248 (70)
	慢速	248 (43)	257 (44)	263 (55)	246 (54)
凝视时间(ms)	快速	237 (52)	243 (62)	258 (68)	283 (90)
	慢速	317 (78)	329 (66)	387 (108)	379 (102)
向前眼跳长度(字)	快速	2.62 (0.97)	2.29 (0.72)	2.40 (0.82)	2.14 (0.75)
	慢速	1.99 (0.54)	1.73 (0.56)	1.82 (0.82)	1.57 (0.60)

图3快速组与慢速组对高频和低频前目标词的单次注视时间(注:***表示p < 0.001)
图3快速组与慢速组对高频和低频前目标词的单次注视时间(注:***表示p < 0.001)


表6不同条件下快速组与慢速组对目标词的注视时间和跳读率(括号内为标准差)

眼动指标	组别	低负荷-相同	低负荷-假字	高负荷-相同	高负荷-假字
跳读率	快速	0.60 (0.27)	0.44 (0.22)	0.52 (0.23)	0.45 (0.25)
	慢速	0.44 (0.24)	0.32 (0.25)	0.38 (0.22)	0.23 (0.28)
首次注视时间(ms)	快速	245 (72)	272 (53)	234 (57)	269 (78)
	慢速	250 (51)	312 (65)	260 (53)	292 (78)
单次注视时间(ms)	快速	249 (73)	286 (74)	231 (56)	272 (78)
	慢速	262 (51)	315 (75)	252 (58)	316 (76)
凝视时间(ms)	快速	252 (73)	296 (70)	235 (61)	288 (72)
	慢速	267 (53)	326 (70)	273 (80)	336 (84)

表6不同条件下快速组与慢速组对目标词的注视时间和跳读率(括号内为标准差)

眼动指标	组别	低负荷-相同	低负荷-假字	高负荷-相同	高负荷-假字
跳读率	快速	0.60 (0.27)	0.44 (0.22)	0.52 (0.23)	0.45 (0.25)
	慢速	0.44 (0.24)	0.32 (0.25)	0.38 (0.22)	0.23 (0.28)
首次注视时间(ms)	快速	245 (72)	272 (53)	234 (57)	269 (78)
	慢速	250 (51)	312 (65)	260 (53)	292 (78)
单次注视时间(ms)	快速	249 (73)	286 (74)	231 (56)	272 (78)
	慢速	262 (51)	315 (75)	252 (58)	316 (76)
凝视时间(ms)	快速	252 (73)	296 (70)	235 (61)	288 (72)
	慢速	267 (53)	326 (70)	273 (80)	336 (84)

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