), 陆禹同1, 张启睿2, 张金桥3 1 中国人民大学心理学系、国家民委民族语言文化心理重点研究基地、教育部民族教育发展中心民族心理与教育重点研究基地, 北京 100872
2 中国人民公安大学法学与犯罪学学院, 北京 100038
3 暨南大学华文学院, 广州 510610
收稿日期:2019-08-16出版日期:2020-07-25发布日期:2020-05-25通讯作者:张积家E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com基金资助:* 国家民委民族研究重点项目“少数民族学生双语学习认知规律研究”(项目编号：2017-GMA-004)The effects of foreign language anxiety, nervousness and cognitive load on foreign language lying: Evidence from Chinese-English bilinguals
ZHANG Jijia1(), LU Yutong1, ZHANG Qirui2, ZHANG Jinqiao3 1 Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China; The State Ethnic Affairs Commission Key Research Center for Language, Cultural, and Psychology; Key Research Center for National Psychology and Education, the National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100872, China
2 School of Law and Criminology, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
3 College of Chinese Language and Culture, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510610, China
Received:2019-08-16Online:2020-07-25Published:2020-05-25Contact:ZHANG Jijia E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 采用错误陈述范式探究中-英双语者用母语和外语说真话和说谎时的认知神经差异, 涉及外语焦虑、认知负荷和说谎诱发的紧张情绪。对P200和CNV观察发现：(1)中-英双语者用英语说真话的P200波幅比用母语大, 说明被试用英语说话时受外语焦虑情绪影响; (2)中-英双语者用英语说谎与说真话的P200波幅无显著差异, 但用母语说谎和讲真话的P200波幅差异显著, 说明被试用外语说谎没有用母语说谎诱发的紧张情绪大; (3)中-英双语者说谎时的CNV波幅比说真话时大, 说明被试说谎比说真话的认知负荷更大; (4)中-英双语者用英语说谎时的CNV波幅比用汉语说谎时大, 说明被试用外语说谎比用母语说谎产生了更大的认知负荷。相关分析表明, 英语熟练程度是影响中-英双语者用母语和外语说谎时的认知神经差异的重要变量。
图/表 6
图1实验流程图
图1实验流程图表1被试在不同条件下的焦虑程度评定和任务难度评定(N = 34)
| 主观评分 | 实验条件 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | |
| 焦虑评定 | 1.65 (1.03) | 3.00 (1.06) | 2.41 (0.88) | 3.35 (1.05) |
| 难度评定 | 1.53 (0.81) | 2.47 (0.88) | 2.24 (1.03) | 3.38 (0.97) |
表1被试在不同条件下的焦虑程度评定和任务难度评定(N = 34)
| 主观评分 | 实验条件 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | |
| 焦虑评定 | 1.65 (1.03) | 3.00 (1.06) | 2.41 (0.88) | 3.35 (1.05) |
| 难度评定 | 1.53 (0.81) | 2.47 (0.88) | 2.24 (1.03) | 3.38 (0.97) |
表2被试在不同条件下的平均正确率(%)
| 描述语言 | 诚实与否 | |
|---|---|---|
| 说谎 | 说真话 | |
| 汉语 | 95.94 (3.02) | 98.22 (1.96) |
| 英语 | 94.28 (3.55) | 97.97 (1.78) |
表2被试在不同条件下的平均正确率(%)
| 描述语言 | 诚实与否 | |
|---|---|---|
| 说谎 | 说真话 | |
| 汉语 | 95.94 (3.02) | 98.22 (1.96) |
| 英语 | 94.28 (3.55) | 97.97 (1.78) |
图2被试用汉语和英语描述时的脑电波形图
图2被试用汉语和英语描述时的脑电波形图
图3被试用汉语和英语描述时的脑电地形图
图3被试用汉语和英语描述时的脑电地形图表3被试的英语能力自评分数、反应正确率和脑电反应指标的相关
| 相关性 | 正确率 | P200 | CNV | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | |
| 汉语快速 命名时长 | -0.16 | -0.04 | -0.22 | -0.04 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.29 | -0.35 | 0.06 | -0.24 |
| 英语快速 命名时长 | -0.19 | -0.29 | -0.26 | -0.20 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.44* | 0.05 | -0.15 | -0.16 | -0.44* |
| 英语语言 能力总分 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.38* | 0.23 | -0.26 | -0.21 | -0.20 | -0.27 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 0.25 |
| 听力理解 | -0.05 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.23 | -0.23 | -0.08 | -0.05 | -0.32 | -0.25 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 阅读理解 | -0.16 | 0.16 | 0.38* | 0.22 | -0.12 | -0.12 | 0.011 | -0.20 | -0.27 | 0.02 | 0.05 | -0.03 |
| 口头表达 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.42* | 0.17 | -0.23 | -0.20 | -0.14 | -0.24 | -0.15 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.11 |
| 书面表达 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.14 | -0.10 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.32 | -0.17 | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.05 |
| 组构能力 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.43* | 0.25 | -0.37 | -0.22 | -0.27 | -0.39* | -0.14 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.21 |
| 语用能力 | -0.12 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.15 | -0.19 | -0.17 | -0.07 | -0.36 | -0.25 | 0.04 | -0.08 | 0.16 |
表3被试的英语能力自评分数、反应正确率和脑电反应指标的相关
| 相关性 | 正确率 | P200 | CNV | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | 汉语真话 | 汉语谎话 | 英语真话 | 英语谎话 | |
| 汉语快速 命名时长 | -0.16 | -0.04 | -0.22 | -0.04 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.29 | -0.35 | 0.06 | -0.24 |
| 英语快速 命名时长 | -0.19 | -0.29 | -0.26 | -0.20 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.44* | 0.05 | -0.15 | -0.16 | -0.44* |
| 英语语言 能力总分 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.38* | 0.23 | -0.26 | -0.21 | -0.20 | -0.27 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 0.25 |
| 听力理解 | -0.05 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.23 | -0.23 | -0.08 | -0.05 | -0.32 | -0.25 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 阅读理解 | -0.16 | 0.16 | 0.38* | 0.22 | -0.12 | -0.12 | 0.011 | -0.20 | -0.27 | 0.02 | 0.05 | -0.03 |
| 口头表达 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.42* | 0.17 | -0.23 | -0.20 | -0.14 | -0.24 | -0.15 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.11 |
| 书面表达 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.14 | -0.10 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.32 | -0.17 | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.05 |
| 组构能力 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.43* | 0.25 | -0.37 | -0.22 | -0.27 | -0.39* | -0.14 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.21 |
| 语用能力 | -0.12 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.15 | -0.19 | -0.17 | -0.07 | -0.36 | -0.25 | 0.04 | -0.08 | 0.16 |
参考文献 73
| [1] | Aichhorn, N., & Puck, J. ( 2017). “I just don’t feel comfortable speaking English”: Foreign language anxiety as a catalyst for spoken-language barriers in MNCs. International Business Review, 26( 4), 749-763. |
| [2] | Amit, E., Algom, D., & Trope, Y. ( 2009). Distance-dependent processing of pictures and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(3), 400-415. |
| [3] | Arrieta, B. (2011). Improving lie detection accuracy by increasing cognitive load: The effect of repeated questioning. California State University, Fullerton, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. |
| [4] | Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., & Glickman, S. ( 2005). Attentional bias in anxiety: A behavioral and ERP study. Brain & Cognition, 59( 1), 11-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.03.005URLpmid: 15919145 |
| [5] | Bartholow, B. D., & Dickter, C. L. ( 2008). A response conflict account of the effects of stereotypes on racial categorization. Social Cognition, 26( 3), 314-332. |
| [6] | Baumeister, J. C., Francesco, F., Conrad, M., Rumiati, R. I., & Winkielman, P. ( 2017). Embodiment and emotional memory in first vs. second language. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 394. |
| [7] | Bourisly, A. K., & Shuaib, A. ( 2018). Neurophysiological effects of aging: A P200 ERP study. Translational Neuroscience, 9( 1), 61-66. |
| [8] | Bruno, V., Nils, C. K., Yoella, B. M., David, R., & Shaul, S. ( 2018). Taxing the brain to uncover lying? Meta-analyzing the effect of imposing cognitive load on the reaction-time costs of lying. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 7( 3), 462-469. |
| [9] | Buchanan, T. W., Laures-Gore, J. S., & Duff, M. C. ( 2014). Acute stress reduces speech fluency. Biological Psychology, 97, 60-66. |
| [10] | Caldwell-Harris, C. L., & Dinn, A. A. ( 2009). Emotion and lying in a non-native language. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71( 3), 193-204. URLpmid: 18929603 |
| [11] | Caldwell-Harris, C. L. ( 2014). Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language: Theoretical implications. Frontiers in Psychology,(5), 1055. |
| [12] | Carretié, L., Mercado, F., Tapia, M., & Jhinojosa, J. A. ( 2001). Emotion, attention, and the 'negativity bias', studied through event-related potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 41( 1), 75-85. |
| [13] | Cooper, G., & Sweller, J. ( 1987). Effects of schema acquisition and rule automation on mathematical problem-solving transfer. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79( 4), 347-362. |
| [14] | Costa, A., Foucart, A., Arnon, I., Aparici, M., & Apesteguia, J. ( 2014). “Piensa” twice: On the foreign language effect in decision making. Cognition, 130( 2), 236-254. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.002URLpmid: 24321623 |
| [15] | Cui, Q., & Zhang, Q. L. ( 2013). The neural mechanism processing feedbacks of lie detection: An event-related potential study. Journal of Psychological Science, 36( 1), 61-66. |
| [ 崔茜, 张庆林. ( 2013). 测谎中反馈加工的认知神经机制: 一项ERP研究. 心理科学, 36( 1), 61-66.] | |
| [16] | Cui, Q., Zhang, Q. L., Qiu, J., Liu, Q., Du, X. M., & Yuan, X. L. ( 2009). The functionally separation of P300 and CNV in lie detection. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 41( 4), 316-328. |
| [ 崔茜, 张庆林, 邱江, 刘强, 杜秀敏, 阮小林. ( 2009). P300和CNV在GKT的延时反应范式中测谎效果的分离. 心理学报, 41( 4), 316-328.] | |
| [17] | Da, Silva, C., S., & Leach, A. M. ( 2013). Detecting deception in second-language speakers. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 18( 1), 115-127. |
| [18] | Davis, R. C. ( 1961). Physiological responses as a means of evaluating information. In A. D. Biderman & H. Zimmer (Ed.). Manipulation of Human Behavior,(pp.142-168). New York: Wiley. |
| [19] | Denckla, M. B., & Rudel, R. ( 1974). Rapid “automatized” naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers by normal children. Cortex, 10( 2), 186-202. |
| [20] | Dennis, T. A., & Chen, C. C. ( 2007). Emotional face processing and attention performance in three domains: Neurophysiological mechanisms and moderating effects of trait anxiety. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 65( 1), 10-19. |
| [21] | DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. ( 2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129( 1), 74-118. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74URLpmid: 12555795 |
| [22] | Dewaele, J. M. ( 2008). The emotional weight of I love you in multilinguals' languages. Journal of Pragmatics, 40( 10), 1753-1780. |
| [23] | Dickter, C. L., & Bartholow, B. D. ( 2007). Racial ingroup and outgroup attention biases revealed by event-related brain potentials. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2( 3), 189-198. |
| [24] | Djigunovi, J. M. ( 2006). Language anxiety and language processing. EUROSLA Yearbook, 6( 1), 191-212. |
| [25] | Dong, G., Hu, Y., Lu, Q., & Wu, H. ( 2010). The presentation order of cue and target matters in deception study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6( 1), 63-72. |
| [26] | Du?abeitia J., A., & Costa, A. ( 2015). Lying in a native and foreign language. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22( 4), 1124-1129. doi: 10.3758/s13423-014-0781-4URLpmid: 25471047 |
| [27] | Evans, J. R., & Michael, S. W. ( 2014). Detecting deception in non-native English speakers. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28( 2), 226-237. |
| [28] | Fang, F., Liu, Y. T., Shen, Z. ( 2003). Lie detection with contingent negative variation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 50( 3), 247-255. |
| [29] | Fischer, S., Spoerri, C. M., Gmuer, A., Wingeier, M., Nater, U. M., Gaab, J., … Ditzen, B. ( 2019). Psychobiological impact of speaking a second language in healthy young men. Stress, 22( 3), 403-407. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1575805URLpmid: 30806128 |
| [30] | Fisher, J. E., Sass, S. M., Heller, W., Silton, R. L., Edgar, J. C., Stewart, J. L., & Miller, G. A. ( 2010). Time course of processing emotional stimuli as a function of perceived emotional intelligence, anxiety, and depression. Emotion, 10( 4), 486-497. |
| [31] | Gole, M., Sch?fer, A., & Schienle, A. ( 2012). Event-related potentials during exposure to aversion and its anticipation: The moderating effect of intolerance of uncertainty. Neuroscience Letters, 507( 2), 112-117. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.054URLpmid: 22172930 |
| [32] | Gül?ah, ?.Y, & Ahmet, E.Y. ( 2015). The effect of peer feedback on writing anxiety in Turkish EFL (English as a foreign language) students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 530-538. |
| [33] | Guo, J. F., & Luo, Y. J. ( 2007). Negativity bias of social emotions: An event-related potentials study. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15( 6), 574-576. |
| [ 郭军峰, 罗跃嘉. ( 2007). 社会情绪负性偏向的事件相关电位研究. 中国临床心理学杂志, 15( 6), 574-576.] | |
| [34] | Guo, N. ( 2009). L2 reduces guilty elicited by lying (Unpublished master's thesis). Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. |
| [ 郭楠. ( 2009). 第二语言减少说谎引起的负疚感(硕士学位论文). 中山大学, 广州.] | |
| [35] | Horwitz, E. K. ( 1986). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of a foreign language anxiety scale. TESOL Quarterly, 20 ( 3), 559-564. |
| [36] | Ito, T. A, & Urland, G. R. ( 2003). Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85( 4), 616-626. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.616URLpmid: 14561116 |
| [37] | Ito, T. A., & Urland, G. R. ( 2005). The influence of processing objectives on the perception of faces: An ERP study of race and gender perception. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5( 1), 2-36. |
| [38] | Jing, Z. ( 2017). Foreign language reading anxiety in a Chinese as a foreign language context. Reading in a Foreign Language, 29( 1), 155-173. |
| [39] | Ju, C. T., & Wang, Y. M. ( 2012). The cognitive neural basis of race effects in face recognition. Journal of Capital Normal University (Social Sciences Edition),( 4), 73-79. |
| [ 琚长庭, 汪亚珉. ( 2012). 面孔识别中种族效应的认知神经基础. 首都师范大学学报(社会科学版), ( 4), 73-79.] | |
| [40] | Keysar, B., Hayakawa, S. L., & An, S. G. ( 2012). The foreign-language effect: Thinking in a foreign tongue reduces decision biases. Psychological Science, 23( 6), 661-668. |
| [41] | Li, D., Zhou, T., Yue, Q., Hu, Q., & Cao, G. K. ( 2012). The brain mechanism of lying behavior. Health Care Research and Practice,( 1), 80-83. |
| [ 李冬, 周婷, 岳勤, 胡巧, 曹贵康. ( 2012). 说谎行为的脑机制探讨. 保健医学研究与实践, ( 1), 80-83.] | |
| [42] | Li, Y. C., Zhou, T. R., & Zhou, X. ( 2009). Construal level theory: From temporal distance to psychological distance. Advances in Psychological Science, 17( 4), 667-677. |
| [ 李雁晨, 周庭锐, 周琇. ( 2009). 解释水平理论: 从时间距离到心理距离. 心理科学进展, 17( 4), 667-677.] | |
| [43] | Liberman, N., Sagristano, M. D., & Trope, Y. ( 2002). The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38( 6), 523-534. |
| [44] | Liu, L., Liu, H. G., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. ( 2007). An event-related potential study of cheating behavior. Journal of Leshan Normal University, 22( 5), 19-22. |
| [ 刘莉, 刘洪广, 刘岩, 张昱. ( 2007). 欺骗行为的事件相关电位研究. 乐山师范学院学报, 22( 5), 19-22.] | |
| [45] | Luck, S. J, Woodman, G. F., & Vogel, E. K. ( 2000). Event related potential studies of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4( 11), 432-440. URLpmid: 11058821 |
| [46] | Luo, Y. J., Huang, Y. X., Li, X. Y., & Li, X. B. ( 2006). Effects of emotion on cognitive processing: Series of event-related potentials study. Advances in Psychological Science, 14( 4), 505-510. |
| [ 罗跃嘉, 黄宇霞, 李新影, 李雪冰. ( 2006). 情绪对认知加工的影响: 事件相关脑电位系列研究. 心理科学进展, 14( 4), 505-510.] | |
| [47] | Ma, J. L., Chen, X., & Wang, J. ( 2012). The neural mechanism of own-race bias. Advances in Psychological Science, 20( 3), 376-383. |
| [ 马建苓, 陈旭, 王婧. ( 2012). 本族效应的认知神经机制. 心理科学进展, 20( 3), 376-383.] | |
| [48] | Nathalie, A, & Jonas, P. ( 2017). “I just don’t feel comfortable speaking English”: Foreign language anxiety as a catalyst for spoken-language barriers in MNCs. International Business Review, 26( 4), 749-763. |
| [49] | Pu, X. L. ( 2006). Exlerimental study on P300-based lie detection (Unpublished master's thesis). Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China. |
| [ 浦晓黎. ( 2006). P300测谎的实验研究(硕士学位论文). 浙江师范大学, 金华.] | |
| [50] | Qin, J. G. ( 2009). Neural mechanisms of risk perception in different domains (Unpublished doctorial dissertation). Peking University, China. |
| [ 秦军刚. ( 2009). 不同领域风险认知的神经机制(博士学位论文). 北京大学.] | |
| [51] | Qin, Y., Xu, P., & Yao, D. ( 2010). A comparative study of different references for EEG default mode network: The use of the infinity reference. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121( 12), 1981-1991. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.056URLpmid: 20547470 |
| [52] | Saslow, L. R., McCoy, S., van der L?we, I., Cosley, B., Vartan, A., Oveis, C., .. Epel, E. S. ( 2014). Speaking under pressure: Low linguistic complexity is linked to high physiological and emotional stress reactivity. Psychophysiology, 51(3), 257-266. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12171URLpmid: 24354732 |
| [53] | Service, E., Simola, M., Mets?nheimo, O., & Maury, S. ( 2002). Bilingual working memory span is affected by language skill. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 14( 3), 383-408. |
| [54] | Shin, H. I., & Kim, J. ( 2017). Foreign language effect and psychological distance. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46( 6), 1339-1352. |
| [55] | Sibel, C. ( 2015). Examining EFL students’ foreign language speaking anxiety: The case at a Turkish State University. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 648-656. |
| [56] | Song, Y. ( 2007). The study of event related potential of cognitive course of different emotion (Unpublished master's thesis). Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China. |
| [ 宋阳. ( 2007). 不同情绪下认知过程的事件相关电位研究(硕士学位论文). 河北工业大学, 天津.] | |
| [57] | Suchotzki, K., Crombez, G., Smulders, F. T. Y., Meijer, E., & Verschuere, B. ( 2015). The cognitive mechanisms underlying deception: An event-related potential study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 95( 3), 395-405. URLpmid: 25661698 |
| [58] | Suchotzki, K., & Gamer, M. ( 2018). The language of lies: Behavioral and autonomic costs of lying in a native compared to a foreign language. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 147( 5), 734-746. |
| [59] | Sun, S. Y., Mai, X., Liu, C., Liu, J. Y., & Luo, Y. J. ( 2011). The processes leading to deception: ERP spatiotemporal principal component analysis and source analysis. Social Neuroscience, 6( 4), 348-359. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2010.544135URLpmid: 21225491 |
| [60] | Sylvester, C. M., Corbetta, M., Raichle, M. E., Rodebaugh, T. L., Schlaggar, B.L., Sheline, Y. I., .. Lenze, E. J. ( 2012). Functional network dysfunction in anxiety and anxiety disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 35( 9), 527-535. |
| [61] | Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. ( 2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117( 2), 440-463. URLpmid: 20438233 |
| [62] | Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. ( 2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17( 2), 83-95. doi: 10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70013-XURLpmid: 21822366 |
| [63] | Walczyk, J. J., Griffith, D. A., Yates, R., Visconte, S. R., Simoneaux, B., & Harris, L. L. ( 2012). Lie detection by inducing cognitive load: Eye movements and other cues to the false answers of “witnesses” to crimes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39( 7), 887-909. |
| [64] | Wang, C. K. ( 2003). The adaptation and validation of the foreign language classroom anxiety scale when applied to Chinese college students. Journal of Psychological Science, 26( 2), 281-284. |
| [ 王才康. ( 2003). 外语焦虑量表(Flcas)在大学生中的测试报告. 心理科学, 26( 2), 281-284.] | |
| [65] | Wei, J. H., & Luo, Y. J..( 2002). Cognitive event-related brain potential tutorial. Beijing: The Economic Daily Press. |
| [ 魏景汉, 罗跃嘉. (2002). 认知事件相关脑电位教程. 北京: 经济日报出版社.] | |
| [66] | Willadsen-Jensen, E. C., & Ito, T. A. ( 2006). Ambiguity and the timecourse of racial perception. Social Cognition, 24( 5), 580-606. |
| [67] | Xu, Y. L. ( 2012). Math Anxiety and Strategy Utilization in Arithmetic Cognition: An ERP Study (Unpublished doctorial dissertation). Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China. |
| [ 徐艳丽. ( 2012). 数学焦虑对算术策略运用的影响: ERP研究(博士学位论文). 山东师范大学, 济南.] | |
| [68] | Yu, J. W., Zhang, J. J., & Mu, Y. D. ( 2013). Chinese-English bilinguals comparison of emotion wake-up. Proceedings of the 16th National Conference on Psychology. Chinese Psychological Society, Beijing. |
| [ 俞锦旺, 张积家, 穆彦丁. ( 2013). 汉-英双语者两种语言的情绪唤醒比较. 第十六届全国心理学学术会议论文集. 中国心理学会, 北京.] | |
| [69] | Zhang, J. J., & Zhang, F. L. ( 2010). The asymmetric effect of bilingualism and diglossia on picture naming and picture classification. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 42( 4), 452-466. |
| [ 张积家, 张凤玲. ( 2010). 双语和双言对图片命名和分类的不对称影响. 心理学报, 42( 4), 452-466.] | |
| [70] | Zhang, Q. F., & Yang, Y. F. ( 2003). The determiners of picture naming latency. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 35( 4), 447-454. |
| [ 张清芳, 杨玉芳. ( 2003). 影响图画命名时间的因素. 心理学报, 35( 4), 447-454.] | |
| [71] | Zhang, R. S., & Yuan, L. M. ( 2004). Research on the relationship between foreign language anxiety, self-efficacy and English performance. Psychological Development and Education, 20( 3), 56-61. |
| [ 张日昇, 袁莉敏. ( 2004). 大学生外语焦虑、自我效能感与外语成绩关系的研究. 心理发展与教育, 20( 3), 56-61.] | |
| [72] | Zhao, L. (2004). ERP experiment course. Tianjin: Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press.] |
| [ 赵仑. (2004). ERP实验教程. 天津: 天津社会科学院出版社.] | |
| [73] | Zheng, H. L., Ding, T.C. ( 2007). New advances in lie detection technology. Journal of Chinese People’s Public Security University (Science and Technology), 13( 1), 44-49. |
| [ 郑红丽, 丁同春. ( 2007). 测谎技术的新进展. 中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版), 13( 1), 44-49.] |
相关文章 10
| [1] | 程家萍;罗跃嘉;崔芳. 认知负荷对疼痛共情的影响：来自ERP研究的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2017, 49(5): 622-630. |
| [2] | 李恒;张积家. 听觉任务下汉语母语者对不同类型时间句的加工[J]. 心理学报, 2016, 48(6): 617-624. |
| [3] | 周爱保;马小凤;李晶;崔丹. 提取练习在记忆保持与迁移中的优势效应：基于认知负荷理论的解释[J]. 心理学报, 2013, 45(8): 849-859. |
| [4] | 汪涛,张琴,张辉,周玲,刘洪深. 如何削弱产品来源国效应*—— 产品信息呈现方式的影响研究[J]. 心理学报, 2012, 44(6): 841-852. |
| [5] | 李金波,许百华,田学红. 人机交互中认知负荷变化预测模型的构建[J]. 心理学报, 2010, 42(05): 559-568. |
| [6] | 李金波,许百华. 人机交互过程中认知负荷的综合测评方法[J]. 心理学报, 2009, 41(01): 35-43. |
| [7] | 徐芬，王卫星，张文静. 幼儿说谎行为的特点及其与心理理论水平的关系[J]. 心理学报, 2005, 37(01): 73-78. |
| [8] | 王永德. 不同母语类型留学生表达汉语句子的比较[J]. 心理学报, 2004, 36(03): 274-280. |
| [9] | 徐芬,荆春燕,刘英,包雪华. 交往情景下个体对说谎的理解及其道德评价[J]. 心理学报, 2002, 34(01): 75-81. |
| [10] | 徐芬,傅根耀. 小学儿童对说谎及说真话的评价[J]. 心理学报, 1998, 30(4): 452-459. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4741
