![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
1 北京第二外国语学院英语学院 北京 100024
2 唐山市开滦第二中学, 河北 唐山 063100
3 北京第二外国语学院欧洲学院, 北京 100024
4 马里兰大学帕克分校, 美国马里兰州 20742
收稿日期:
2018-11-30出版日期:
2020-02-25发布日期:
2019-12-24通讯作者:
吴建设,常嘉宝E-mail:wujianshe@bisu.edu.cn;changjiabao2016@163.com基金资助:
* 北京市长城****培养计划(PXM2017_014221_000070)The temporal process of visual word recognition of Chinese compound: Behavioral and ERP evidences based on homographic morphemes
WU Jianshe1(![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
1 English Dept., Beijing International Studies University, Beijing 100024, China
2 Tangshan Kailuan No. 2 High School, Tangshan 063100
3 French Dept., Beijing International Studies University, Beijing 100024, China
4 Human Development and Quantitative Methodology Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A. 20742
Received:
2018-11-30Online:
2020-02-25Published:
2019-12-24Contact:
WU Jianshe,CHANG Jiabao E-mail:wujianshe@bisu.edu.cn;changjiabao2016@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要: 基于同形语素抑制效应, 本研究探讨了汉语复合词视觉识别中的形音义激活进程。结果发现:(1) 同形异音、同形同音、相同条件相对于控制条件都产生了语素启动效应; (2) 在P2、晚期N400成分上, 同形同音条件与控制条件更为接近, 但与同形异音及相同条件差别显著; (3) 在早期N400成分上, 同形同音条件与相同条件更为接近, 但与同形异音条件差别显著。研究表明, 汉语复合词的视觉识别的早期阶段可能为基于词位的形态-正字法加工, 字形匹配与音位信息是首要影响因素, 但语义是否介入仍未可知; 而晚期阶段则可能为基于词条的形态-语义加工, 主要涉及语义竞争与选择。本研究结果支持了McClelland等****提出的“平行分布加工模型”。
图/表 9
表1实验材料举例及特征信息
特征 | +O-P-S | +O+P-S | +O+P+S | -O-P-S | 目标词 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
作坊 | 作息 | 作诗 | 账本 | 作画 | |
整词词频 | 2.85 (0.41) | 2.84 (0.48) | 2.88 (0.44) | 2.93 (0.38) | 2.87 (0.47) |
首字字频 | 5.31 (0.59) | 5.31 (0.59) | 5.31 (0.59) | 4.50 (0.73) | 5.31 (0.59) |
尾字字频 | 4.98 (0.84) | 4.90 (0.69) | 4.97 (0.67) | 4.55 (0.88) | 4.81 (0.88) |
整词笔画 | 16 (4.7) | 16 (4.6) | 17 (4.1) | 17 (4.3) | 16 (4.1) |
首字笔画 | 8.15 (3.33) | 8.15 (3.33) | 8.15 (3.33) | 8.26 (3.1) | 8.15 (3.33) |
尾字笔画 | 7.78 (3.24) | 8.33 (3.02) | 8.61 (2.6) | 9.07 (3.1) | 8.30 (2.5) |
语义相似度 | 1.87 (1.05) | 1.99 (1.11) | 4.58 (0.71) | 1.19 (0.53) | / |
音位相同度 | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.95 (0.22) | 0.96 (0.18) | 0.00 (0.00) | / |
表1实验材料举例及特征信息
特征 | +O-P-S | +O+P-S | +O+P+S | -O-P-S | 目标词 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
作坊 | 作息 | 作诗 | 账本 | 作画 | |
整词词频 | 2.85 (0.41) | 2.84 (0.48) | 2.88 (0.44) | 2.93 (0.38) | 2.87 (0.47) |
首字字频 | 5.31 (0.59) | 5.31 (0.59) | 5.31 (0.59) | 4.50 (0.73) | 5.31 (0.59) |
尾字字频 | 4.98 (0.84) | 4.90 (0.69) | 4.97 (0.67) | 4.55 (0.88) | 4.81 (0.88) |
整词笔画 | 16 (4.7) | 16 (4.6) | 17 (4.1) | 17 (4.3) | 16 (4.1) |
首字笔画 | 8.15 (3.33) | 8.15 (3.33) | 8.15 (3.33) | 8.26 (3.1) | 8.15 (3.33) |
尾字笔画 | 7.78 (3.24) | 8.33 (3.02) | 8.61 (2.6) | 9.07 (3.1) | 8.30 (2.5) |
语义相似度 | 1.87 (1.05) | 1.99 (1.11) | 4.58 (0.71) | 1.19 (0.53) | / |
音位相同度 | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.95 (0.22) | 0.96 (0.18) | 0.00 (0.00) | / |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_1.png)
图1实验1流程图
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_1.png)
表2不同启动类型的反应时和准确率
启动条件 | Acc | RT | 95% CI | 启动量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
+O-P-S | 0.96 | 605 (11) | 583, 628 | 36 |
+O+P-S | 0.96 | 613 (10) | 593, 634 | 28 |
+O+P+S | 0.97 | 601 (9) | 583, 619 | 40 |
-O-P-S | 0.95 | 641 (9) | 623, 660 | -- |
表2不同启动类型的反应时和准确率
启动条件 | Acc | RT | 95% CI | 启动量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
+O-P-S | 0.96 | 605 (11) | 583, 628 | 36 |
+O+P-S | 0.96 | 613 (10) | 593, 634 | 28 |
+O+P+S | 0.97 | 601 (9) | 583, 619 | 40 |
-O-P-S | 0.95 | 641 (9) | 623, 660 | -- |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_2.png)
图2实验2流程图
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_2.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_3.png)
图3统计分析中的电极分区
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_3.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_4.png)
图4不同启动类型ERP波形比较
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_4.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_5.png)
图5在Cz电极不同启动类型的ERP波形比较
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_5.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_6.png)
图6不同启动条件下的差异波地形图比较 注:参考Dominguez等(2004)等****研究, 采用了“控制条件-启动条件”。
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-2/Images/0439-755X-52-2-113/img_6.png)
表3P200、早期N400、晚期N400成分统计结果摘要表
成分 | 位置 | (I)基线 | (J)启动类型 | 差值(I-J) | p值 | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
下限 | 上限 | ||||||
P200 | 中线:额中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.686 | 0.065 | -1.4 | 0.029 |
+O+P+S | -0.685* | 0.014 | -1.264 | -0.107 | |||
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -0.704* | 0.038 | -1.381 | -0.028 | ||
+O+P+S | -0.704* | 0.049 | -1.406 | -0.002 | |||
中线:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -1.041* | 0.000 | -1.619 | -0.462 | |
+O+P+S | -0.589* | 0.022 | -1.116 | -0.063 | |||
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.078* | 0.002 | -1.831 | -0.325 | ||
早期 N400 | 中线:前额区 | -O-P-S | +O-P-S | -0.923* | 0.027 | -1.772 | -0.075 |
+O+P-S | -0.973* | 0.049 | -1.943 | -0.003 | |||
+O+P+S | -1.156* | 0.002 | -1.959 | -0.353 | |||
中线:额中央区 | -O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.066* | 0.025 | -2.035 | -0.098 | |
+O+P-S | -0.952 | 0.05 | -1.905 | 0.001 | |||
+O+P+S | -1.338* | 0.003 | -2.292 | -0.383 | |||
中线:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.581* | 0.027 | -1.113 | -0.048 | |
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.474* | 0.002 | -2.483 | -0.464 | ||
+O+P-S | -0.893* | 0.039 | -1.753 | -0.033 | |||
+O+P+S | -1.129* | 0.013 | -2.075 | -0.183 | |||
右侧:额中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.588* | 0.049 | -1.174 | -0.001 | |
右侧:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.617* | 0.02 | -1.162 | -0.072 | |
晚期 N400 | 中线:额中央区 | +O+P-S | +O+P+S | -1.073* | 0.003 | -1.832 | -0.314 |
中线:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.948* | 0.002 | -1.609 | -0.287 | |
+O+P+S | -1.125* | 0.000 | -1.774 | -0.476 | |||
中线:中顶区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.712* | 0.047 | -1.418 | -0.006 | |
+O+P+S | -1.010* | 0.001 | -1.645 | -0.375 | |||
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.015* | 0.049 | -2.028 | -0.003 | ||
+O+P+S | -1.313* | 0.014 | -2.421 | -0.205 | |||
中线:顶区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -1.067* | 0.02 | -2.007 | -0.127 | |
+O+P+S | -1.178* | 0.000 | -1.888 | -0.468 | |||
右侧:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.692* | 0.048 | -1.381 | -0.003 |
表3P200、早期N400、晚期N400成分统计结果摘要表
成分 | 位置 | (I)基线 | (J)启动类型 | 差值(I-J) | p值 | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
下限 | 上限 | ||||||
P200 | 中线:额中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.686 | 0.065 | -1.4 | 0.029 |
+O+P+S | -0.685* | 0.014 | -1.264 | -0.107 | |||
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -0.704* | 0.038 | -1.381 | -0.028 | ||
+O+P+S | -0.704* | 0.049 | -1.406 | -0.002 | |||
中线:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -1.041* | 0.000 | -1.619 | -0.462 | |
+O+P+S | -0.589* | 0.022 | -1.116 | -0.063 | |||
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.078* | 0.002 | -1.831 | -0.325 | ||
早期 N400 | 中线:前额区 | -O-P-S | +O-P-S | -0.923* | 0.027 | -1.772 | -0.075 |
+O+P-S | -0.973* | 0.049 | -1.943 | -0.003 | |||
+O+P+S | -1.156* | 0.002 | -1.959 | -0.353 | |||
中线:额中央区 | -O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.066* | 0.025 | -2.035 | -0.098 | |
+O+P-S | -0.952 | 0.05 | -1.905 | 0.001 | |||
+O+P+S | -1.338* | 0.003 | -2.292 | -0.383 | |||
中线:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.581* | 0.027 | -1.113 | -0.048 | |
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.474* | 0.002 | -2.483 | -0.464 | ||
+O+P-S | -0.893* | 0.039 | -1.753 | -0.033 | |||
+O+P+S | -1.129* | 0.013 | -2.075 | -0.183 | |||
右侧:额中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.588* | 0.049 | -1.174 | -0.001 | |
右侧:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.617* | 0.02 | -1.162 | -0.072 | |
晚期 N400 | 中线:额中央区 | +O+P-S | +O+P+S | -1.073* | 0.003 | -1.832 | -0.314 |
中线:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.948* | 0.002 | -1.609 | -0.287 | |
+O+P+S | -1.125* | 0.000 | -1.774 | -0.476 | |||
中线:中顶区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.712* | 0.047 | -1.418 | -0.006 | |
+O+P+S | -1.010* | 0.001 | -1.645 | -0.375 | |||
-O-P-S | +O-P-S | -1.015* | 0.049 | -2.028 | -0.003 | ||
+O+P+S | -1.313* | 0.014 | -2.421 | -0.205 | |||
中线:顶区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -1.067* | 0.02 | -2.007 | -0.127 | |
+O+P+S | -1.178* | 0.000 | -1.888 | -0.468 | |||
右侧:中央区 | +O+P-S | +O-P-S | -0.692* | 0.048 | -1.381 | -0.003 |
参考文献 83
[1] | Allen M., & Badecker W . (1999). Stem homograph Inhibition and stem allomorphy: Representing and processing inflected forms in a multilevel lexical system. Journal of Memory & Language, 41(1), 105-123. |
[2] | Amenta S., & Crepaldi D . (2012). Morphological processing as we know it: An analytical review of morphological effects in visual word identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 232-241. |
[3] | Baayen R. H., Milin P., Durdevic D. F., Hendrix P., & Marelli M . (2011). An amorphous model for morphological processing in visual comprehension based on naive discriminative learning. Psychological Review, 118(3), 438-481. |
[4] | Badecker W., & Allen M . (2002). Morphological parsing and the perception of lexical identity: A masked priming study of stem homographs. Journal of Memory & Language, 47(1), 125-144. |
[5] | Barber H., Dominguez A., & de Vega M . (2002). Human brain potentials indicate morphological decomposition in visual word recognition. Neuroscience Letters, 318(3), 149-152. |
[6] | Bentin S., Mouchetant-Rostaing Y., Giard M. H., Echallier J. F., & Pernier J . (1999). ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: Time course and scalp distribution. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(3), 235-260. |
[7] | Beyersmann E., Coltheart M., & Castles A . (2012). Parallel processing of whole words and morphemes in visual word recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(9), 1798-1819. |
[8] | Beyersmann E., Iakimova G., Ziegler J.C., & Colé P . (2014). Semantic processing during morphological priming: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1579, 45-55. |
[9] | Binder J. R., Medler D. A., Westbury C. F., Liebenthal E., & Buchanan L . (2006). Tuning of the human left fusiform gyrus to sublexical orthographic structure. Neuroimage, 33(2), 739-748. |
[10] | Burani C., & Caramazza A . (1987). Representation and processing of derived words. Language & Cognitive Processes, 2(3-4), 217-227. |
[11] | Carreiras M., Perdomo A., & Meseguer E . (2005). Are stem homographs and orthographic neighbours processed differently during silent reading? Language and Cognitive Processes, 20(1-2), 317-339. |
[12] | Chen B., Liu L., Wang L., Peng D., & Perfetti C. A . (2007). The timing of graphic, phonological and semantic activation of high and low frequency Chinese characters: An ERP study. Progress in Natural Science, 17(B07), 62-70. |
[13] | Chen B. G., & Peng D. L . (2001). The time course of graphic, phonological and semantic information processing in Chinese character recognition (I). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 33(1), 1-6. |
[ 陈宝国, 彭聃龄 . (2001). 汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的研究(I). 心理学报, 33(1), 1-6.] | |
[14] | Chen B. G., Wang L. X., & Peng D. L . (2003). The time course of graphic, phonological and semantic information processing in Chinese character recognition (II). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 35(5), 576-581. |
[ 陈宝国, 王立新, 彭聃龄 . (2003). 汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的研究(II). 心理学报, 35(5), 576-581.] | |
[15] | Crepaldi D., Rastle K., Coltheart M., & Nickels L . (2010). “Fell” primes“fall”, but does “bell” prime “ball”? Masked priming with irregularly inflected primes. Journal of Memory & Language, 63(1), 83-99. |
[16] | Dambacher M., Kliegl R., Hofmann M., & Jacobs A. M . (2006). Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading. Brain Research, 1084(1), 89-103. |
[17] | Diependaele K., Sandra D., & Grainger J . (2005). Masked cross-modal morphological priming: Unravelling morpho- orthographic and morpho-semantic influences in early word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20(1-2), 75-114. |
[18] | Diependaele K., Sandra D., & Grainger J . (2009). Semantic transparency and masked morphological priming: The case of prefixed words. Memory & Cognition, 37(6), 895-908. |
[19] | Dominguez A., Cuetos F., & Segui J . (2002). The time course of inflexional morphological priming. Linguistics, 40(2), 235-259. |
[20] | Dominguez A., de Vega. M., & Barber H . (2004). Event- related brain potentials elicited by morphological, homographic, orthographic, and semantic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(4), 598-608. |
[21] | Feldman L. B., Kostić A., Gvozdenović V., O’Connor P. A., & Martín F. M. P . (2012). Semantic similarity influences early morphological priming in Serbian: A challenge to form-then-meaning accounts of word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 19(4), 668-676. |
[22] | Feldman L. B., O’Connor P. A., & Martín F. M. P . (2009). Early morphological processing is morphosemantic and not simply morpho-orthographic: A violation of from-then- meaning accounts of word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16(4), 684-691. |
[23] | Ford M. A., Davis M. H., & Marslen-Wilson W. D . (2010). Derivational morphology and base morpheme frequency. Journal of Memory & Language, 63(1), 117-130. |
[24] | Forster K. I . (1998). The pros and cons of masked priming. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 27(2), 203-233. |
[25] | Giraudo H., & Grainger J . (2001). Priming complex words: Evidence for supralexical representation of morphology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(1), 127-131. |
[26] | Giraudo H., & Grainger J . (2003). A supralexical model for French derivational morphology. In D. Sandra & H. Assink (Eds.), Reading complex words (pp. 139-157). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Kluwer. |
[27] | Gonnerman L. M., Seidenberg M. S., & Andersen E. S . (2007). Graded semantic and phonological similarity effects in priming: Evidence for a distributed connectionist approach to morphology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 323-345. |
[28] | Grainger J., & Ziegler J. C . (2011). A dual-route approach to orthographic processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 54-67. |
[29] | Grainger J., Kiyonaga K., & Holcomb P. J . (2006). The time course of orthographic and phonological code activation. Psychology Science, 17(12), 1021-1026. |
[30] | Hackley S. A., Woldorff M., & Hillyard S. A . (1990). Cross-modal selective attention effects on retinal, myogenic, brainstem, and cerebral evoked potentials. Psychophysiology, 27(2), 195-208. |
[31] | Jarvikivi J., Pyykkonen P., & Niemi J . (2009). Exploiting degrees of inflectional ambiguity: stem form and the time course of morphological processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(1), 221-237. |
[32] | Kempen G., & Hoenkamp E . (1987). An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation. Cognitive Science, 11(2), 201-258. |
[33] | Kempen G., & Huijbers P . (1983). The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming: Indirect election of words. Cognition, 14(2), 185-209. |
[34] | Kiefer M., & Brendel D . (2006). Attentional modulation of unconscious “automatic” processes: Evidence from event-related potentials in a masked priming paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(2), 184-198. |
[35] | Kong L., Zhang J. X., Kang C., Du Y., Zhang B., & Wang S . (2010). P200 and phonological processing in Chinese word recognition. Neuroscience Letters, 473(1), 37-41. |
[36] | Landi N., & Perfetti C. A . (2007). An electrophysiological investigation of semantic and phonological processing in skilled and less skilled comprehenders. Brain and Language, 102(1), 30-45. |
[37] | Laszlo S., & Federmeier K. D . (2007). Better the dvl you know: Acronyms reveal the contribution of familiarity to single-word reading. Psychological Science, 18(2), 122-126. |
[38] | Laudanna A., Badecker W., & Caramazza A . (1989). Priming homographic stems. Journal of Memory and Language, 28(5), 531-546. |
[39] | Laudanna A., Badecker W., & Caramazza A . (1992). Processing inflectional and derivational morphology. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(3), 333-348. |
[40] | Laudanna A., Voghera M., & Gazzellini S . (2002). Lexical representations of written nouns and verbs in Italian. Brain and Language, 81(1-3), 250-263. |
[41] | Lee C. Y., Tsai J. L., Chan W. H., Hsu C. H., Hung D., & Tzeng O . (2007). Temporal dynamics of the consistency effect in reading Chinese: An event-related potentials study. Neuroreport, 18(2), 147-151. |
[42] | Levelt W . (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. |
[43] | Liu B., Jin Z., Qing Z., & Wang Z . (2011). The processing of phonological, orthographical, and lexical information of Chinese characters in sentence contexts: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1372, 81-91. |
[44] | Liu H., Zhang G., & Liu B . (2017). Semantic integration of audio-visual information of polyphonic characters in a sentence context: An event-related potential study. Experimental Brain Research, 235(4), 1119-1128. |
[45] | Liu Y., Perfetti C. A., & Hart L . (2003). ERP evidence for the time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic information in Chinese meaning and pronunciation decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(6), 1231-1247. |
[46] | Liu Y., Shu H., & Li P . (2007). Word naming and psycholinguistic norms: Chinese. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 192-198. |
[47] | Luck S. J., & Hillyard S. A . (1994). Electrophysiological correlates of feature analysis during visual search. Psychophysiology, 31(3), 291-308. |
[48] | Marslen-Wilson W., Tyler L. K., Waksler R., & Older L . (1994). Morphology and meaning in the English mental lexicon. Psychological Review, 101(1), 3-33. |
[49] | Martin F. H., Kaine A., & Kirby M . (2006). Event-related brain potentials elicited during word recognition by adult good and poor phonological decoders. Brain and Language, 96(1), 1-13. |
[50] | McClelland J. L., & Rumelhart D. E . (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception, Part I: An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88(5), 375-407. |
[51] | Meng X., Jian J., Shu H., Tian X., & Zhou X . (2008). ERP correlates of the development of orthographical and phonological processing during Chinese sentence reading. Brain Research, 1219, 91-102. |
[52] | Meunier F., & Longtin C. M . (2007). Morphological decomposition and semantic integration in word processing. Journal of Memory & Language, 56(4), 457-471. |
[53] | Meyler A., & Breznitz Z . (2005). Impaired phonological and orthographic word representations among adult dyslexic readers: Evidence from event-related potentials. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(2), 215-240. |
[54] | Morris J., Frank T., Grainger J., & Holcomb P. J . (2007). Semantic transparency and masked morphological priming: An ERP investigation. Psychophysiology, 44(4), 506-521. |
[55] | Niznikiewicz M., & Squires N. K . (1996). Phonological processing and the role of strategy in silent reading: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Brain and Language, 52(2), 342-364. |
[56] | Plaut D. C., & Booth J. R . (2000). Individual and developmental differences in semantic priming: Empirical and computational support for a single-mechanism account of lexical processing. Psychological Review, 107(4), 786-823. |
[57] | Rastle K., & Davis M. H . (2003). Reading morphologically complex words: Some thoughts from masked priming In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked Priming, the State of the Art (pp. 279-305). Hove, UK: Psychology Press. |
[58] | Rastle K., & Davis M. H . (2008). Morphological decomposition based on the analysis of orthography. Language & Cognitive Processes, 23(7-8), 942-971. |
[59] | Rastle K., Davis M. H., & New B . (2004). The broth in my brother’s brothel: Morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 11(6), 1090-1098. |
[60] | Seidenberg M. S., & McClelland J. L . (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96(4), 523-568. |
[61] | Sereno S. C., Rayner K., & Posner M. I . (1998). Establishing a time-line of word recognition: Evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials. Neuroreport, 9(10), 2195-2200. |
[62] | Simon D. A., Lewis G., & Marantz A . (2012). Disambiguating form and lexical frequency effects in MEG responses using homonyms. Language and Cognitive Processes, 27(2), 275-287. |
[63] | Su I.-F., Mak S.-C. C., Cheung L.-Y. M., & Law S.-P . (2012). Taking a radical position: Evidence for position specific radical representations in Chinese character recognition using masked priming ERP. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 333-344. |
[64] | Taft M . (1994). Interactive-activation as a framework for understanding morphological processing. Language & Cognitive Processes, 9(3), 271-294. |
[65] | Taft M . (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57(4), 745-765. |
[66] | Taft M., & Forster K. I . (1975). Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 14(6), 638-647. |
[67] | Taft M., & Nguyen-Hoan M . (2010). A sticky stick? The locus of morphological representation in the lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(2), 277-296. |
[68] | Tan L. H., & Peng D. L . (1991). Visual recognition processes of Chinese character: A research to the effect of grapheme and phoneme. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 23(3), 272-278. |
[ 谭力海, 彭聃龄 . (1991). 汉字的视觉识别过程: 对形码和音码作用的考察. 心理学报, 23(3), 272-278.] | |
[69] | Tan L. H., & Perfetti C. A . (1999). Phonological activation in visual identification of Chinese two-character words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory & Cognition, 25(2), 382-393. |
[70] | Tsang Y. K., & Chen H. C . (2010). Morphemic ambiguity resolution in Chinese: Activation of the subordinate meaning with a prior dominant-biased context. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(6), 875-881. |
[71] | Tsang Y. K., & Chen H. C . (2013a). Morpho-semantic processing in word recognition: evidence from balanced and biased ambiguous morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory & Cognition, 39(6), 1990-2001. |
[72] | Tsang Y. K., & Chen H. C . (2013b). Early morphological processing is sensitive to morphemic meanings: Evidence from processing ambiguous morphemes. Journal of Memory & Language, 68(3), 223-239. |
[73] | Tsang Y. K., Wong A. W. K., Huang J., & Chen H. C . (2014). Morpho-orthographic and morpho-semantic processing in word recognition and production: Evidence from ambiguous morphemes. Language Cognition and Neuroscience, 29(5), 543-560. |
[74] | Wu Y., Tsang Y. K., Wong A. W. K., & Chen H. C . (2016). The processing of homographic morphemes in Chinese: An ERP study. Language Cognition & Neuroscience, 32(1), 102-116. |
[75] | Xu J., & Taft M . (2014). Solely soles: Inter-lemma competition in inflected word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 76, 127-140. |
[76] | Zhang Q., Zhang J. X., & Kong L . (2009). An ERP study on the time course of phonological and semantic activation in Chinese word recognition. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73(3), 235-245. |
[77] | Zhang Q. F., & Yang Y. F . (2004). The time course of semantic, orthographic and phonological activation in Chinese word production. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 36(1), 1-8. |
[ 张清芳, 杨玉芳 . (2004). 汉语词汇产生中语义、字形和音韵激活的时间进程. 心理学报, 36(1), 1-8.] | |
[78] | Zhang Z., Zhang G., Zhang Y., Liu H., Xu J., & Liu B . (2017). Cross-modal integration of polyphonic characters in chinese audio-visual sentences: a mvpa study based on functional connectivity. Experimental Brain Research, 235(12), 3743-3755. |
[79] | Zhou L., Fong C. M., Minett J. W., Peng G., & Wang S. Y . (2014). Pre-lexical phonological processing in reading Chinese characters: An ERP study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 30, 14-26. |
[80] | Zhou X. L., Marslen-Wilson W., Taft M., & Shu H . (1999). Morphology, orthography and phonology reading Chinese compound words. Language & Cognitive Processes, 14(5-6), 525-565. |
[81] | Ziegler J. C., Benraiss A., & Besson M . (1999). From print to meaning: An electrophysiological investigation of the role of phonology in accessing word meaning. Psychophysiology, 36(6), 775-785. |
[82] | Zou L., Desroches A. S., Liu Y., Xia Z., & Shu H . (2012). Orthographic facilitation in Chinese spoken word recognition: An ERP study. Brain and Language, 123(3), 164-173. |
[83] | Zou L., Packard J. L., Xia Z., Liu Y., & Shu H . (2019). Morphological and whole-word semantic processing are distinct: Event related potentials evidence from spoken word recognition in Chinese. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 133-146. |
相关文章 1
[1] | 徐彩华, 宋凤宁, 张必隐, 李镗. 汉语儿童复合词构词意识的发展与阅读理解[J]. 心理学报, 2000, 32(增刊): 82-86. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4625